International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Digital Divide
Paul A. Adekunte1, Matthew N. O. Sadiku2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
2
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Paul A.

“Digital divide” is the unequal access to digital technology, including Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet
smartphones, tablets, laptops, and the internet. This leads to O. Sadiku "Digital Divide" Published in
worsening inequality around access to information and resources in International
Journal of Trend in
the present Information Age in which people with no access to the
Scientific Research
Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for being unable and Development
or less able to connect with others, find and apply for jobs, shop, and (ijtsrd), ISSN:
learn (on-line learning). The causes due to digital divide are many 2456-6470,
and include homelessness, people living in poverty, age, gender, Volume-8 | Issue-6, IJTSRD72679
educational disparities, rural-urban disparities, and class December 2024,
differentiation among others. pp.723-732, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd72679.pdf
The paper delves into the causes, challenges, possible solutions to
digital divide, and the future aspects of the impact on people. Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
KEYWORDS: Digital divide, internet, digital technology, poverty,
Scientific Research and Development
gender, rural-urban disparity, information age, digital literacy Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF DIGITAL DIVIDE

The total or partial exclusion to access to digital The digital divide metaphor became popular in the
technology such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, mid-1990s, when the National Telecommunications
computers, and the internet is referred to as digital and Information Administration (NTIA) of the U. S.
divide, which worsens the inequality around access to Department of Commerce published “Falling
information and resources, making people unable to Through the Net: A survey of the ‘Have Nots’ in
connect with others, as shown in Figures 1-4 [1, 2, 3]. Rural and Urban America” (1995), which was a
Digital divide is the gap that exists between research report on Internet Diffusion among
individuals who have access to modern information Americans. The report revealed widespread
and communication technology and those who lack inequalities in national ICT access, with migrant or
access. There are three key stages that influence ethnic minority groups and older, less-affluent people
digital inequality worldwide. This is evident between living in rural areas with low educational attainments
communities living in urban areas and those living in being equally excluded from internet services. The
rural settlements; between socioeconomic groups; pattern was confirmed by follow-up surveys by
between less economically developed countries and NTIA, which indicated also an initial gender gap in
more economically developed countries; between the favour of men, as shown in Figure 5 [5].
educated and uneducated population. Individuals with The historical roots of the digital divide in America,
access to a broadband connection can be digitally as shown in Figure 6, refer to the increasing gap that
split via low-performance computers, limited occurred during the early modern period between
broadband speeds and limited access to subscription- those who could and who could not access the real
based content i. e. leading to widening the digital gap time forms of calculation, decision-making, and
[4]. visualization offered via written and printed media
[6]. Within this context, ethical discussions regarding
the relationship between education and the free

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distribution of information were raised by thinkers US elderly population; with more than 50% reporting
such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Immanuel Kant and an inadequate knowledge of devices and more than
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). In Great Britain one-third reporting lack of confidence [11, 15]. In
during the Industrial Revolution, Rousseau’s idea various Asian countries, report by a UN research
helped to justify poor laws that created a safety net paper said that those above the age of 74 reported a
for those who were harmed by new forms of lower and more confused usage of digital devices
production. Later when telegraph and postal systems [16].
evolved, many used Rousseau’s ideas to argue for full
CAUSES OF DIGITAL DIVIDE
access to those services, even if it meant subsidizing
Some of the causes of digital divide are as follows
hard-to-serve citizens. Thus, “universal services” [7]
[17, 18]:
referred to innovations in regulation and taxation that
1. Age-related issues: It is very rare for children,
would allow phone services, such as AT&T in the
teens, and young adults below the age of thirty to
United States to serve hard-to-serve rural users. In
avoid or not have access to the internet or
1996, as telecommunications companies merged with
technology. However, statistics for people over
internet companies, the Federal Communications
the age of sixty-five showed that 44 percent have
Commission adopted Telecommunications Services
no access or do not use it. This is due to poor
Act of 1996 to consider regulatory strategies and
education about its benefits and use and lifestyle
taxation policies to close the digital divide. The term
situations that do not necessitate connectivity.
“digital divide” was coined among consumer groups
that sought to tax and regulate information and 2. Socioeconomic factors: People with economic
communications technology (ICeT) companies to well withal or have more money, have more
close the digital divide, the topic soon moved onto a access to technology and the internet. So also are
global stage, as shown in Figure 7 [8]. people that have achieved higher educational
levels who have more knowledge about its uses
The World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to
and benefits. The digital divide mimics the
assuage anti-globalization forces in 1999, hosted the
divisions caused by income, education, and social
“Financial Solutions to Digital Divide” in Seattle, US,
standing all over the world – serving to even
co-organized by Craig Warren Smith of Digital
widen the more the socioeconomic gaps and
Divide Institute and Bill Gates Sr. the chairman of the
inequalities across the board.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – this catalyzed a
full-scale global movement to close the digital divide, 3. Geographical causes: As omnipresent as the
which quickly spread to all sectors of the global internet appears to be, there are many locations in
economy [9]. the US and in the world with no or limited high-
speed access. Full coverage and access are
During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments
available in urban areas and most suburbs, but the
worldwide, issued stay-at-home orders that brought
residents in rural areas are much less likely to
about lockdowns, quarantines, restrictions, and
have and enjoy digital services. Geographic,
closures. This brought about interruptions to
accessibility, and financial issues must be found
schooling, public services, and business operations
to able to solve this particular problem.
and drove nearly half of the world’s population into
seeking alternative methods to live while in isolation 4. Racial, cultural and language issues: Most of the
[10]. People resorted to telemedicine, virtual problems to the access to the internet and
classrooms, online shopping, technology-based social technology are said to occur along racial, cultural
interactions and working remotely, all of which and language lines. This matches most
require access to high-speed or broadband internet discrepancies like the wage gap, access to high-
access and digital technologies, as shown in Figures 8 level education and healthcare, cum other health-
and 9. According to a Pew Research Center study, it related environmental factors. As an example,
was reported that 90% of Americans described the those primarily speaking Spanish or another non-
use of the internet as “essential” during the pandemic English language would be less likely to use
[11]. The pandemic exposed inequality causing online resources, since this is not accessible in the
discrepancies in learning as shown by more than 30% format they can understand. There are some other
of K-12 students living below the poverty threshold people who are not just interested in connecting to
among American Indian/Alaska Native, Black and the internet, maybe due to not knowing the
Hispanic students [12-14]. benefits or they prefer a different type of lifestyle
– this is the only reason that does not need a
The lack of “tech readiness”, that is, confident and
definitive solution.
independent use of devices, was reported among the

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5. Faster development in technology: The faster of technology could mean a lower life expectancy
development of computers and cellphones are not and inequality of life.
the only kinds of technology developing at
 Social economic impact: Individual economic
exponential rates. With the rollout of 5G, the
loss on a massive scale – caused by technology
digital divide is becoming wider as technology
divide – negatively impacts entire economies. The
advances and becomes crucial for many different
reports by the World Bank states that increasing
elements of daily life. COVID-19 pandemic has
broadband penetration by 10 percent increases
made many aspects of life that previously took
gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.21% in
place in person have now moved online, such as
developed nations and 1.38% in developing
education, medicine and healthcare, virtual
countries [18], as shown in Figure 11.
meetings and conferences, etc.
 Increased racial inequalities: Digital divide
6. Infrastructure: This is another cause in digital
worsens pre-existing inequalities. According to
divide, since accessing a website requires a
Bhaskar Chakravorti, in the US, nearly half of
computer and an internet connection i.e.
Americans without at-home internet access were
broadband or fiber-optic connectivity, or the user
in Hispanic or Black households. Up to 40% of
of a smartphone with data,
students from Black, Latino, and indigenous
7. Digital literacy: The digital divide is not just an communities struggle with insufficient digital
issue of who has access to digital tools but also literacy. As more jobs require digital skills,
who can use them safely and effectively. It means without proper intervention, a majority of Black
what information is safe to share online, how to and Hispanic workers could be locked out of 86%
spot disinformation on the internet, and the use of of jobs by 2045 [18].
digital skills to improve one’s life. This
 Gender digital divide: Women are said to face
information should be taught, which is why
some of the harshest results of the digital divide.
closing the digital gap isn’t only a matter of
According to UNESCO, 2 billion women globally
building infrastructure, but closing the knowledge
are not connected to the internet – resulting to
gap by educating people on digital literacy, as
gender divide. Before the COVID-19 pandemic
shown in Figure 10.
hit, 130 million girls were denied education.
8. Institutions: The lack of support from institutions Now, because of COVID-19 disruptions in
such as the national, state, or local governments education and the switch to digital learning,
contributes to the digital divide. Hence, UNESCO has estimated that an additional 11
governments should fund or subsidize access to million girls are at the risk of not returning to the
broadband internet, educate individuals about classroom [18], as shown in Figure 12.
technology, use, and safety. In countries where
 Income divide: In a study 191 countries, showed
this is not the case, people are likely to be on the
that higher income and educational attainment are
wrong side of the digital divide.
positively linked with access to technology.
It should be noted too that it is our responsibility to Higher GDP per capita correlates with higher
use technology in a way that doesn’t harm others and information and communication technology (ICT)
to be aware of the impact that technology has on our dispersion, which is true for developing
health, environment, and the society at large. Digital economies and rural areas within developed
responsibility refers to using technology in an nations [18].
appropriate, constructive way for oneself and others.
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE
IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL DIVIDE Many countries, institutions, and industries are
The digital divide apart from causing economic working assiduously to bridge the digital divide, some
disadvantages, it can also stunt the economic growth of which are the European Union, the Republic of
of an entire society/nation. Worst still, the technology Korea, and Estonia that are building infrastructure,
divide is deepening pre-existing inequalities around prioritizing digital education, and promoting public-
the world. Some of the impacts include: private partnerships [18]. The digital divide can be
 Personal economic impact: The lack of closed by implementing digital inclusive policies,
connectivity means that individuals may miss out programs and tools that incorporate the following [19,
on education and healthcare, since higher 20]:
educational attainment is linked with higher  Affordable, reliable broadband internet
earning potential, and losing healthcare because service/increased connectivity

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Figure 1. Digital divide

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=V14eNWie6xnL7M&vssid=mosaic

Figure 2. Digital divide

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=TaILwVwtc29oIM&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 3. Global digital divide

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=oG-rLzt8smKDXM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 4. Global digital divide

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=bQRB6Ir3lyUwPM&vssid=mosai

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Figure 5. Gender disparity in computing

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+women+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&sca_esv=c74
4cb070de47b7e&udm=2&biw=1034&bih=539&sxsrf=ADLYWILJDQU4076zDf47V59EJtBjIIsXlQ%3A1
732541817472&ei=eX1EZ8jJHOirur8PwsW2Ao&ved=0ahUKEwiI6tqczfeJAxXole4BHcKiDa8Q4dUDCB
A&oq=images+on+women+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciK2ltYWdlcyBvbiB3b21lbiBk
aWdpdGFsIGRpdmlkZSBieSB3aWtpcGVkaWFIj05QwwZYuChwAXgAkAEEmAHoFaAB71-
qAQ8zLTMuMS4wLjEuMS4yLjK4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB68F&sclient=img#
vhid=ohsB9IYDxsHiLM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 6. Digital divide in the United States

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=rgov8vF9yVO41M&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 7. Digital media

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=3njCb9b1AZHKcM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 8. Information and telecommunications technology

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=51-laD0tBtl4wM&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 9. Information age

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=_Y-MqCtjSIsTzM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 10. Digital literacy

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=c744cb070de47b7e&sxsrf=ADLYWIIhC2WKbr44fOa_B
espebNK8zgLKg:1732539151796&q=images+on+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0A
a4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3JyJJclJuzBPl12qJyPx7ESJehObpS5jg6J88CCM-
RK72qUv4GOvBp3LxAsC35pUAVd1mVJIz_kJEl7OpW0Y42rOM96fEVibRmxJCzmEqh53sBnJMLdHFy
YMnh1J8SLKdTBIS0c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix5M6lw_eJAxVAPUQIHXN2FP4QtKgLegQIExAB&biw
=1034&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=Lq2UXB1PTdHrbM&vssid=mosaic

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470

Figure 11. Digital economy

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+socioeconomic+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&sca_e
sv=c744cb070de47b7e&udm=2&biw=1034&bih=539&sxsrf=ADLYWIImo4RQqHrV_DYoTmCcXEvZGi
dJhQ%3A1732541975164&ei=F35EZ_YCeShkPIPqef3iAk&ved=0ahUKEwivwPPnzfeJAxXkEEQIHanzH
ZEQ4dUDCBA&oq=images+on+socioeconomic+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciM2ltY
WdlcyBvbiBzb2Npb2Vjb25vbWljIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGl2aWRlIGJ5IHdpa2lwZWRpYUjqoQFQpgZYt2xw
AngAkAEHmAGEFKAB3IkBqgETMC4xLjAuMS4xLjMuMi40LjIuMrgBDMgBAPgBAZgCAqAC8QPC
AgQQIxgnmAMAiAYBkgcFMS40LTGgB6oJ&sclient=img#vhid=DpoBpRGmV0xI1M&vssid=mosaic

Figure 12. Fichier: Reducing gender digital divide

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+women+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&sca_esv=c74
4cb070de47b7e&udm=2&biw=1034&bih=539&sxsrf=ADLYWILJDQU4076zDf47V59EJtBjIIsXlQ%3A1
732541817472&ei=eX1EZ8jJHOirur8PwsW2Ao&ved=0ahUKEwiI6tqczfeJAxXole4BHcKiDa8Q4dUDCB
A&oq=images+on+women+digital+divide+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciK2ltYWdlcyBvbiB3b21lbiBk
aWdpdGFsIGRpdmlkZSBieSB3aWtpcGVkaWFIj05QwwZYuChwAXgAkAEEmAHoFaAB71-
qAQ8zLTMuMS4wLjEuMS4yLjK4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB68F&sclient=img#
vhid=ZlKnA-yovCCQ2M&vssid=mosaic

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