AE23331 SOLID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT – V
BATCH - 1
1.Write any ten two marks from unit V.
1. What are biaxial stresses, and where are they commonly found?
Answer:
Biaxial stresses occur when two different stress components act simultaneously in
perpendicular directions. They are commonly found in structures like pressure vessels,
where stresses act in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions.
2. How are principal stresses determined in a biaxial stress system?
Answer:
Principal stresses in a biaxial stress system are calculated by resolving the stresses along
the principal directions (directions of maximum and minimum normal stress). For
stresses σx and σy with shear stress τxy, principal stresses σ1 and σ2 are:
3. What is the significance of Mohr’s Circle in determining principal stresses?
Answer:
Mohr’s Circle is a graphical tool used to determine principal stresses and principal
angles in a stress element. It helps visualize the relationship between normal and shear
stresses and simplifies the calculation of principal stresses and maximum shear stresses.
4. What are the two main types of stresses in thin-walled pressure vessels?
Answer:
The two main stresses in thin-walled pressure vessels are the **hoop stress**
(circumferential stress) and the **longitudinal stress**. Hoop stress acts around the
circumference, while longitudinal stress acts along the vessel's axis.
5. Give the hoop and longitudinal stress formulas for a cylindrical vessel.
Answer:
Hoop stress, Longitudinal stress
• σc: Circumferential or hoop stress, which acts along the circumference of the cylinder.
This stress tends to expand the cylinder's diameter.
• p: Internal pressure exerted on the walls of the cylinder.
• d: Diameter of the cylinder.
• t: Thickness of the cylinder wall.
6. What assumptions are made in analyzing stresses in thin-walled pressure
vessels?
Answer:
The primary assumptions are:
*The wall thickness t is small relative to the vessel radius r (i.e., t≤10).
*Stresses are uniformly distributed across the thickness.
*Effects of external pressure and bending are neglected.
7. How do bending, torsion, and axial loading combine in a circular shaft?
Answer:
In a circular shaft under combined loading, bending produces normal stress, torsion
generates shear stress, and axial loading introduces an additional normal stress. These
stresses combine at a given point on the shaft, affecting its overall stress distribution and
failure criteria.
8. How are principal stresses determined for a circular shaft under combined
loading?
Answer:
9. What is the maximum shear stress theory, and how is it applied to combined
loading?
Answer:
The maximum shear stress theory (also called Tresca’s criterion) states that yielding
occurs when the maximum shear stress reaches the shear yield strength of the material.
For a circular shaft under combined loading, this theory helps evaluate if the combined
stresses will cause failure by comparing the maximum shear stress to the material's yield
shear strength.
10. What is the difference in stress between open-coiled and closed-coiled helical
springs?
Answer:
Open-coiled springs experience both shear and bending stresses due to their non-zero
pitch angle, making their stress analysis more complex. In contrast, closed-coiled springs
are generally only subject to shear stress since their coils are nearly perpendicular to the
spring axis, simplifying the calculation. Open-coiled springs require additional terms to
account for the bending effects.
2.A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 100 MPa and a
compressive stress of 50 MPa on the plane at right angles to the former. Each of the above
stresses is accompanied by a shear stress of 60 MPa and that associated with former tensile
stress tends to rotate the block anticlockwise. Find the principal stresses and principal
planes and the maximum shear stress
Solution:
Tensile stress (σx) = 100 MPa =100 N/mm2
Compressive stress (σy) = −50 MPa = -50 N/mm2
Shear stress (τxy) = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm2
By substituting the value, we get
σ1,2=25± 96.1
σ1=25+96.1=121.05 N/mm2
σ2=25−96.1=−71.05 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress:
3. Direct stresses of 120 N/mm2 tensile and 90 N/mm2 compression exist on two
perpendicular planes at a certain point in a body. They are also accompanied by shear
stress on the planes. The greatest principal stress at the point due to these is 150 N/mm2.
(a) What must be the magnitude of the shearing stresses on the two planes?
(b) What will be the maximum shearing stress at the point.
Solution:
σ1 = 120 N/mm2
σ2 = - 90 N/mm2
4.A 2.5m diameter cylinder shell is made up of 1cm thick plates. If the efficiencies of the
circumferential and longitudinal joints are 50%and 80% respectively and the allowable
tensile stress is 100MN/m2, find the maximum safe internal pressure.
Solution:
Diameter of the shell, d=2.5 m=2500 mm
Thickness of the plate, t=1 cm=10 mm
Efficiency of circumferential joint, ηc=50%=0.5
Efficiency of longitudinal joint, ηl=80%=0.8
Allowable tensile stress, σallow=100 MN/m2=100 N/mm2
The maximum safe internal pressure is 0.4 N/mm2
5. Find two-part b questions (one on thin cylinders and one in combined bending torsion)
and solve it. (Note this problem must not be solved in the regular classes)
5.1) A boiler shell is to be made of 15 mm thick plate having a limiting tensile stress of
120N/mm2. If the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circumferential joints are 70% and
30% respectively determine:
(i) The maximum permissible diameter of the shell for an internal pressure of 2 N/mm2,
(ii) Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the shell diameter is 1.5 m.
Solution:
Thickness of boiler shell, t = 15 mm
Limiting tensile stress = 120 N/mm^2
Efficiency of longitudinal joint, ηl = 70% = 0.70
Efficiency of circumferential joint, ηc = 30% = 0.30
5.2) A solid circular shaft with a diameter of 80 mm ¸is subjected to a bending moment of
3×103 and a torque of 4×103 N. Calculate:
1. The bending stress σb at the outer surface of the shaft.
2. The torsional shear stress τ at the outer surface of the shaft.
3. The principal stresses σ1 and σ2 at the outer surface of the shaft.
4. The maximum shear stress τmax at the outer surface of the shaft.
Solution:
