Jurnal Medik Veteriner December 2023, Vol.6 No.

3, 99106
DOI: 10.20473/jmv.vol6.iss3.2023.99106 online at https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV

Effect of Probiotic Administration of Bacillus subtilis and

Bacillus coagulans Isolate on Growth Performance in Broiler
Chicken
Berliana Elok Faiqoh 1, Mirni Lamid 1*, Ratna Damayanti 2, Sri Chusniati 3,
Mohammad Anam Al Arif 1, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito 1, Tita Damayanti Lestari 4,
Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo 3, Saifur Rehman 3,5, Muhammad Asif Hussain 6
1
Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia,
2
Division of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya,
Indonesia, 3Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia, 4Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, 5Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary
and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan, 6Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Husbandry and
Veterinary Science, and Animal Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of probiotic administration of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus
coagulans isolate in improving feed intake, and body weight, and feed conversion rate (FCR) in broiler chicken.
A total of 24 broiler chickens divided into four treatments i.e. (P0) was a group without probiotics, (P1), (P2),
and (P3) were experimental treatment groups consist of probiotic 2 mL/day, 4 mL/day, and 6 mL/day per orally.
In results, feed intake, body weight, and FCR values in all treatment groups (P1, P2, P3) were significantly
different (p < 0.05) from (P0) group. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between P1 and
P3 group. It can be concluded that the effect of B. subtilis and B. coagulans as probiotics with a dose of 4
mL/day had a noticeable impact on feed intake, body weight, and decreased FCR.

Keywords: Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, broiler chicken, probiotic, zero hunger

Received: 10 June 2023 Revised: 27 October 2023 Accepted: 27 November 2023

INTRODUCTION aminotransferase (AST), and alanine

aminotransferase (ALT), which can lead to
Based on data from the Directorate General indications of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity
of Livestock and Animal Health, the Ministry of (Haque et al., 2018). In addition, it can cause
Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia (2020) antibiotic residues in meat that have adverse
stated that the amount of broiler meat production effects on consumer health in the long term (Amer
in the 2016–2020 period dominates with an and Khan, 2012) and can lead to resistance of
average growth of 17.56% per year. The feed cost pathogenic bacteria to certain antibiotics, thus
in the broiler farming business reaches 60–70% of requiring a continuous increase in dosage to get
the total production cost (Irawan et al., 2020). the effect (Wolfenden et al., 2010; Andriani et al.,
This condition is an obstacle for broiler chicken 2020).
farms because of the dependence of chickens on Probiotics that are widely used are lactic acid
imported feed raw materials such as corn, bacteria because they can increase the ability of
soybean meal, and fish meal (Resnawati, 2012). non-specific immunity (Widiyaningsih, 2011). In
Many breeders use antibiotic growth addition, lactic acid bacteria can also increase the
promoters (AGP) as feed additives to reduce the efficiency of digestion and absorption of nutrients
cost of feed, which is getting higher (Kompiang, (Murhadi et al., 2012). One of the microbes that
2009). However, these conditions were banned by have the potential to be used as probiotics is
the Indonesian government because of the risks. Bacillus spp. Some of the factors that make
Such as increased creatinine, aspartate Bacillus coagulans a good probiotic to use,

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 Jurnal Medik Veteriner Berliana Elok Faiqoh, et al

among others, the bacteria are easy to cultivate in and B. coagulans. The concentration of these
large numbers, the bacteria produce organic acids, isolates was maintained at a concentration of
and the bacteria can sporulate (Hyronimus et al., 1x107 CFU/mL, with the source being PT. Centra
2000). Biotech Indonesia—a reputable supplier known
Based on the description above, study on the for its quality biotechnological products.
effect of B. subtilis and B. coagulans isolates as To ensure the welfare of the broiler chickens
probiotics was conducted to analyze feed intake, during this study, they were housed in specially
body weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in designed plastic battery cages, each boasting
broiler chickens. dimensions of 155 cm in length, 55 cm in width,
and 55 cm in height. These cages were
MATERIALS AND METHODS thoughtfully equipped with dedicated sections for
food and water, ensuring the animals had
Ethical Approval convenient access to sustenance. The broiler
This study was approved by Universitas chickens were sustained on a commercial broiler
Airlangga, Animal Care and Use Committee chicken feed diet, identified explicitly as HI
(ACUC) Ethical Clearance No: 801-KE. PROVITE 512-Br.

Study Period and Location Data Analysis

This study was performed at October– The data obtained in this study were
December 2022. The experimental animals were analyzed by using SPSS for the Windows 20.0
treated in animal laboratory, Faculty of program with ANOVA followed by Duncan's
Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. multiple distance test with a significant level of
5%.
Experimental Design
A total of 24 Cobb strain broiler chickens, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
aged of 20 days were recruited as the study
subjects, with no distinction made based on their Feed Intake
gender—hence, they were considered unsexed. Based on the results of the data analysis,
Before subjecting the broiler chickens to the there was a significant difference (p < 0.05)
treatment protocols, a preparatory phase of seven between P0 and P1, P2, and P3. However, P1 was
days was implemented to facilitate their not significantly different (p > 0.05) from P3
adaptation to the experimental environment and (Table 1 and Figure 1).
conditions. The results of data analysis showed that the
To facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of administration of B. subtilis and B. coagulans
the potential impacts of bacterial isolates, these 24 bacteria isolates as probiotics in P2 treatment at a
broiler chickens were thoughtfully divided into dose of 4 mL/day was able to increase feed intake
four treatment groups, each meticulously in broiler chickens compared to other treatments.
designed to probe the consequences of different This is because probiotics have antimicrobial
dosages of bacterial isolates. The treatment properties that can balance the microflora in the
groups were as follows, (P0) was received no intestines so that they can inhibit the growth of
bacterial isolates and was intended to serve as the pathogenic bacteria and make nutrient absorption
baseline reference, (P1) was administered 2 better (Widiawati et al., 2018). The presence of
mL/day of bacterial isolate orally, (P2) was pathogenic bacteria itself can cause damage to the
administered a dosage of 4 mL/day of bacterial intestinal villi, so it interferes with the absorption
isolate, and (P3) was administered a dosage of 6 of nutrients. This is in line with Lokapirnasari's
mL/day of bacterial isolate. study (2016), which stated that giving liquid
The bacterial isolates used in this study probiotics to feed intake can increase digestibility
hailed from two prominent strains i.e. B. subtilis so that feed intake can increase. When the

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 Jurnal Medik Veteriner Berliana Elok Faiqoh, et al

digestibility of broiler chickens increases, the The results of data analysis showed that the
absorption of feed and the emptying of the administration of bacterial isolates of B. subtilis
digestive tract is faster, so the broilers become and B. coagulans as probiotics in treatment P2
hungry faster (Pratama et al., 2021). had the highest weight gain value among all
The P3 treatment with the highest dose treatments, namely 89.466 g/head. This weight
showed lower feed intake than the P2 treatment. gain was in line with the high P2 treatment feed
These results are thought to be due to competition intake. This shows that the feed consumed by
for nutrients between bacteria, causing the broiler chickens is quite efficient and is widely
bacterial population and activity of the used for growth. This study supported the opinion
endoglucanase enzyme to be lower and resulting of Astini et al. (2014) that weight gain is
in slower digestion and absorption of nutrients in influenced by the amount of feed consumed. The
the P3 treatment (Sinta et al., 2020). In addition, higher the level of feed intake, the higher the
probiotics will not work well if the dose of resulting weight gain, and vice versa. Increased
probiotics given is not appropriate or the way of feed intake will result in high nutrient intake, one
giving probiotics is not appropriate (Astuti et al., of which is protein, which plays a role in
2015). Giving probiotics with high doses causes increasing the growth of broiler chickens. The use
large bacterial colonization so that they are more of Bacillus spp. for the weight gain of chickens
competitive in getting nutrients from the larger following study by Yang et al. (2019), which
substrate so that bacteria that lack nutrients will stated that the use of Bacillus spp. after 28 days of
be hampered by their activities and lead to death treatment showed that the chickens had a higher
and cannot have the maximum effect as body weight than the control group.
probiotics. The higher the dose, the more energy Increasing the dose of probiotics at a dose of
is used in metabolism because during this 6 mL/day (P3) did not affect body weight gain.
metabolism, the bacteria will produce enzymes This is presumably due to reduced appetite in
and organic acids which result in decreased feed chickens caused by the suppression of pathogenic
intake (Mas’ad et al., 2020; Wardiana et al., bacteria in the small intestine due to competition
2021). between pathogenic bacteria and probiotics and
Sen et al. (2012) also stated that Bacillus spp. the presence of bacteriocin produced from
administration caused histomorphological probiotic bacteria (Warwick et al., 1995). This
changes in broiler intestines, increasing villi shows optimal limits in chickens in their tolerance
height to crypt depth ratio to increase nutrient to microbial populations in the digestive tract
digestibility and absorption capacity of the small (Wiryawan et al., 2005). Then, according to
intestine. Broiler chickens fed Bacillus spp. Mahdavi et al. (2005), probiotic microbes can
supplementation showed a decrease in digest produce an optimum response in the digestive
viscosity, which could affect the availability and tract in certain doses.
absorption of nutrients (Latorre et al., 2015). Azizah et al. (2020) stated that probiotics
Factors that affect feed intake in broilers are body could increase the activity of digestive enzymes
weight, strain, production level, stress level, so that the decomposition and absorption of feed
livestock activity, energy content in feed, and became well absorbed and could be utilized by
environmental temperature (Sjofjan et al., 2016). chickens to increase body weight. Probiotics play
a role in increasing metabolic products that
Body Weight benefit livestock's body. These metabolic
Based on the results of the data analysis, products are utilized optimally to form or increase
there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) the size of new tissues. Based on Wizna et al.
between P0 and P1, P2, and P3. However, P1 was (2013) stated that B. coagulans bacteria could
not significantly different (p > 0.05) from P3 produce several enzymes to help digest food
(Table 1 and Figure 1). substances needed for growth in chickens.

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Jurnal Medik Veteriner Berliana Elok Faiqoh, et al

Table 1. Feed intake, weight gain and FCR value in all treatment groups
Treatments Feed intake Weight gain FCR
P0 80.675a ± 7.929 43.966a ± 6.562 1.855c ± 0.241
P1 96.485b ± 5.135 59.133b ± 6.864 1.638b ± 0.123
c
P2 118.051 ± 8.780 89.466c ± 1.473 1.315a ± 0.081
b
P3 90.853 ± 9.764 55.016 ± 4.770 1.656b ± 0.130
b

Different superscript in the same column indicate significant different (p < 0.05).

a b c
Figure 1. Trend graph of (a) feed intake, (b) weight gain, (c) and FCR.

The factors that affect weight gain are Based on the P0 group showed the highest
regular feeding and the content of the feed FCR compared to the other three treatments. The
provided also includes everything needed by the higher FCR was due to a large amount of feed
livestock (Chandra et al., 2022). Then, in terms of consumed and not matched by weight gain
the development of the livestock, its balanced (Agustono et al., 2019). In addition, the condition
between weight gain and harvest time (Salim, of the small intestine is less efficient in the
2017). process of absorption of food and irritates due to
pathogenic bacteria, so food substances that
FCR Evaluation should be needed for livestock growth may be
Based on the results of the data analysis, used to repair the irritated surface of the small
there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) intestine (Hidayat, 2013). These results are
between P0 and P1, P2, and P3. However, P1 was consistent with previous studies using B. subtilis
not significantly different (p > 0.05) from P3 probiotics to improve FCR in poultry
(Table 1 and Figure 1). (Mingmongkolchai and Panbangred, 2018).
The results of data analysis showed that the Wizna et al. (2013) stated that the increase in
administration of B. subtilis and B. coagulans weight gain was in line with the increase in the
bacteria isolates as probiotics in P2 treatment was number of colonies of B. coagulans in the small
able to reduce the FCR of broiler chickens with intestine because this B. coagulans can benefit the
the lowest value of 1.315. This is because the feed growth of broiler chickens to increase feed
consumed to the maximum in the growth process efficiency (Hamid et al., 2022). In addition, B.
can affect the weight gain of chickens. The lower coagulans can help the digestive process of
the FCR, the more efficient the feed, which means broiler chickens in digesting food substances.
that the use of the feed is economical (Azizah et Rodas et al. (1996) stated that the efficiency of
al., 2020). The FCR is one of the business success feed use had a significant effect when probiotics
factors for farmers (Utomo et al., 2022). A were added to feed that had a balanced
comparison of feed intake and weight gain will composition and nutrition to give the result that
produce an economic calculation value. This is in the feed given probiotics at a dose of 4 mL/day
line with the effect of efficient probiotics on feed (P2) was the most efficient dose to achieve
intake and weight gain (Abdurrahman et al., optimal growth. Maximum and more profitable
2022). when compared to the control treatment (P0).

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 Jurnal Medik Veteriner Berliana Elok Faiqoh, et al

According to Salim (2017), the FCR is influenced

by livestock conditions, livestock digestibility, Agustono, B., Al Arif, M. A., Yunita, M. N.,
nation, feed quality and quantity, and Purnama, M. T. E., & Ulkhaq, F. (2019).
environmental factors. The provision of Bioactivity of digestive enzymes and
probiotics in the feed will reduce FCR because it histological descriptions of jejunum of
increases the digestibility value and feed broilers supplemented with sunflower seed
efficiency in utilizing nutrients in metabolic flour (Helianthus Annuus L). Indian
processes in animal tissues (Lokapirnasari et al., Veterinary Journal, 96(8), 12–15.
2022).
Amer, M. Y., & Khan, S. H. (2012). A
CONCLUSION Comparison Between The Effects of A
Probiotic and An Antibiotic on The
We can concluded that the provision of B. Performance of Desi Chickens. Veterinary
subtilis and B. coagulans isolates as probiotics at World, 5(3), 160–165.
a dose of 4 mL/day can increase the amount of
feed intake, weight gain and reduce FCR in Andriani, A. D., Lokapirnasari, W. P., Karimah,
broiler chickens. B., Hidanah, S., Al-Arif, M. A., Soeharsono,
N. H., & Harijani, N. (2020). Effectivty of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Probiotic Lactobacillus casei and
Lactobacillus rhamnosus as Alternate
This study was supported by the Faculty of Antibiotic Growth Promoter on Cholesterol,
Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Low Density Lipoprotein and High Density
Lipoprotein of Broiler Chickens. Jurnal
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS Medik Veteriner, 3(1), 114–122.

ML: Conceptualization and drafted the Astini, W., Al Arif, M. A., & Mulyati, S. (2014).
manuscript. BEF, RD, SC, MAA, and SHW: The Potensial Of Commercial Probiotic to
Treated the animal laboratory. TDL and HMR: Broiler's Weight Gain, Feed Consumtion and
Validation, supervision, and formal analysis. SR Feed Conversation of Broiler. Agroveteriner,
and MAH: Performed the statistical analysis and 2(2).
the preparation of table and figures. All authors
have read, reviewed, and approved the final Astuti, Farida, K., Woro, B., & Osfar, S. (2015).
manuscript. Pengaruh Penambahan Probiotik Cair dalam
Pakan Terhadap Penampilan Produksi pada
COMPETING INTERESTS Ayam Pedaging. Indonesian Journal of
Environment and Sustainable Development,
The authors declare that they have no 6(2).
competing interests.
Azizah, Nanda, K., Sarmanu, S., Budi, Utomo.,
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