Structural Analysis II

email: [email protected]
phone number: 09022270633
Content

Slope
Moment
Statically Deflection
distribution
Introduction indeterminate method Arches
method for
structures (frame
frame
/beams)

2
References
Structural Analysis: A unified classical and matrix approach
by Amin Ghali and Adam Neville

Analysis of Engineering Structures

by Branko S. Bedenik and Colin B. Besant

3
 Attendance/G
Grading roup Work
10%

Test
20%

Exam
Snap Test 60%
10%

4
Introduction
STRUCTURES

SUSPENDED
BRIDGE
SPACE INDUSTRY SENATE BUILDING

5
Introduction
STRUCTURE DESIGN

• loads on the structure

• stresses and their resultants (internal forces)
• stresses have to be within desired limits

Avoid failure

6
Introduction
IDEALIZE OF STRUCTURE

1D 2D 3D
7
Introduction
JOINTS/TRUSSES

8
Introduction
JOINTS/TRUSSES

Trusses:
straight members.
members are pin-connected and subjected to external
forces only at the connections;
the internal forces in the members are axial tension or
compression.
In modern trusses, the members are usually nearly-rigidly
connected (although assumed pinned in analysis).
9
Introduction
JOINTS/FRAME

If the members are connected by rigid joints, then the

structure is a frame

10
Introduction
ARCH AND CABLE

Arches have developed because of confidence in the

compressive strength of the material being used.
Cable relies on the tensile capacity of the material (as
opposed to the arch, which uses the compressive
capacity of the material) and hence its early use was in
areas where natural rope-making materials are
plentiful.
11
Introduction
PLATES AND SHELLS

Thickness is small in comparison to their other

dimensions

12
Introduction
COMPUTER PROGRAMS

ANSYS, COMSOL, PLANEG

MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, PYTHON AND

MAPLE

13
Introduction
STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS

14
 Introduction
NORMAL STRESS

𝑁 = න 𝜌 𝑑𝑎 𝑀𝑥 = න 𝜌 𝑦 𝑑𝑎 𝑀𝑦 = න 𝜌 𝑥 𝑑𝑎

where N is normal force at the centroid of the cross-

sectional area; Mx and My are moments about the
centroidal axes x and y respectively.
15
 Introduction
NORMAL STRESS

𝜕𝜀 𝜕𝜀 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜎
𝜀 = 𝜀0 + + 𝜎 = 𝜎0 + +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜎0 = 𝐸𝜀0

The stress resultants are

𝑁 = න 𝜎 𝑑𝑎 𝑀𝑥 = න 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝑎 𝑀𝑦 = න 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑎

16
Introduction
NORMAL STRESS

Thus, the stress at any point (x , y ) is

𝑁 𝑀𝑥 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝜎= + 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑥
𝑎 𝐼𝑥𝑦 − 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑦 − 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦

17
 Statically determinate structures
Snap Test

Find member forces and reaction components in x and y

18
Statically Indeterminate
Structures: Slope
StructuralMethod
Deflection Analysis II
Content
Statically
determinate
structures
(review)

Statically
Examples indeterminate
structures

20
statically determinate
The analysis of a structure is usually carried out to determine the
reactions at the supports and the internal stress resultants. If these
can be determined entirely from the equations of statics alone, then
the structure is statically determinate

21
statically determinate
Equilibrium equations

For a body in equilibrium, components of the resultant

in the x , y , and z directions must vanish, so that the
following equations apply:

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 , ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 , ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

෍ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 , ෍ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 , ෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

22
statically determinate
Equilibrium equations

When all the forces acting on the free body are in one
plane, only three of the six equations of statics are
meaningful.

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 , ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 , ෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

23
 Statically determinate structures
Snap Test

Find member forces and reaction components in x and y

24
Statically indeterminate

The indeterminacy of a structure may either be EXTERNAL,

INTERNAL , OR BOTH. A structure is said to be externally
indeterminate if the number of reaction components
exceeds the number of equations of equilibrium.

25
Statically indeterminate

Thus, a SPACE structure is in general externally statically

indeterminate when the number of reaction components is
more than six. The corresponding number in a PLANE
structure is three

26
Statically indeterminate
External
1 1

1
0

27
Statically indeterminate
External

2 2

4-3 9-3 28
Statically indeterminate
Internal

1 3
29
Statically indeterminate
Theory

For truss
𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗

Pin-jointed space frame

𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗
30
Statically indeterminate
Theory

𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗
31
Statically indeterminate
Theory

For plane rigid joint frame

𝑖 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗

For space rigid joint frame

𝑖 = 6𝑚 + 𝑟 − 6𝑗
32
 General methods
Objectives

To determine the external forces and the internal

forces (stress resultants).
The forces must satisfy the conditions of equilibrium
and produce deformations compatible with the
continuity of the structure and the support
conditions.
33
 General methods
Methods

• Slope deflection method

• Moment distribution method
• Kani’s Method
• Matrix Flexibility Method (force method)
• Matrix Stiffness Method (displacement method)

34
 Slope deflection method

Solving the frame is the process of finding primarily

the Bending Moments at the ends of each and
every members such as A-B

𝑀𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝐵 for each member

35
 Slope deflection method
Theory

(a) 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 and 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 due to

transverse loading
(b) Moments due to rotation
𝜃𝐴 of A only (keeping the
rotation at B and vertical
displacements at A and B
as zero
36
 Slope deflection method
Theory

(c) Moments due to the

rotation 𝜃𝐵 of B ONLY
(d) Moments due to the
deflections ∆𝐴 at A and ∆𝐵 at
B
∆= ∆𝐵 - ∆𝐴
37
 Slope deflection method
Theory

Slope deflection equations express the final end

moments of each member in a frame in terms of

(1) Fixed end moments

(2) Moments due to rotation at A
(3) Moments due to the rotation at B
(4) Moments due to differential displacement of B
above A 38
Slope deflection method
Challenging?

39
Slope deflection method
Theory

4 𝐸 𝐼 𝜃𝐴 2 𝐸 𝐼 𝜃𝐵 6 𝐸 𝐼 ∆
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + + − 2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝐸 𝐼 𝜃𝐴 4 𝐸 𝐼 𝜃𝐵 6 𝐸 𝐼 ∆
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙2

40
Slope deflection method
Theory

3∆
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2𝐸𝑘 2 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙
3∆
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + 2𝐸𝑘 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙
𝐼
𝑘= 41
Examples

80kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B D
4m 2m
2I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown by slope deflection

method and sketch the BM diagram

42
Examples

TABLE TO BE SENT
43
 (1) Fixed end moments
Examples (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment

2
𝑤𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑏2 𝑤𝑎𝑏2
𝑀 =± 𝑀 = ± 2 , 𝑀 = ± 2
12 𝑙 𝑙

𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −26.67𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 26.67𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −106.67𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 106.67𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷 = −20𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 20𝑘𝑁𝑚
44
 (1) Fixed end moments
Span A-B (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 40kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

3∆
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2𝐸𝑘 2 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙
𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −26.67 + 2 0 + 𝜃𝐵 − 0
4
𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −26.67 + 𝜃𝐵
2 45
 (1) Fixed end moments
Span B-A (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 80kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

3∆
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + 2𝐸𝑘 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙
𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 26.67 + 2 2𝜃𝐵
4
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 26.67 + 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵
46
 (1) Fixed end moments
Span B-C (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 40kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

3∆
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 2𝐸𝑘 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙
𝐸 2 𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −106.67 + 2 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶
6
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −106.67 + 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶
3 47
 (1) Fixed end moments
Span C-B (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 40kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

3∆
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 + 2𝐸𝑘 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙
𝐸2𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 106.67 + 2 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶
6
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 106.67 + 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶
3 48
 (1) Fixed end moments
Span C-D (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 40kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −20 + 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐶

𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 20 + 𝜃𝐶
2
49
 (1) Fixed end moments
Equilibrium equation (2)
(3)
Slope deflection equation
Equilibrium equation
(4) Final moment 40kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B 2 D
4m 2m
I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −26.67 + 𝜃𝐵 , 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 26.67 + 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵
2

2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −106.67 + 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 , 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 106.67 + 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶
3 3

𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −20 + 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐶 , 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 20 + 𝜃𝐶
2
𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
50
 Rotations and Moments
𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0

𝜃𝐵 1 48.88
ൠ=
𝜃𝐶 𝐸𝐼 −51.11
𝐸𝐼 48.88 48.88
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −26.67 +
2 𝐸𝐼
=-2.23kNm, 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 26.67 + 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
=75.55kNm
2𝐸𝐼 48.88 51.11 2𝐸𝐼 48.88 51.11
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −106.67 +
3
2
𝐸𝐼
−
𝐸𝐼
=-75.57kNm 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 106.67 + 3 𝐸𝐼
−2
𝐸𝐼
=71.11kNm

51.11 𝐸𝐼 51.11
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −20 + 𝐸𝐼 −
𝐸𝐼
=−71.11kNm , 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 20 + 2
−
𝐸𝐼
=-5.55kNm
51
 80kN 80kN
20kN/m 15kN/m
A I B D
4m 2m
2I
2m 2m
C 4m
I

-75.55 -71

-2.23 -5.55

?? ?? ??
52
Draw the shear force diagram

53
Example 2

A D
6m
B 6m
C 6m

Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown by slope deflection

method and sketch the BM diagram. The supports B and C sink

10mm and 5mm respectively and support D rotates through an

anticlockwise angle 0.1 radian. E=2e5MPa,I=4e7 mm4

54
A C D
6m B 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 2 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × 10
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 2 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 200
55
Example 2 A
B C D
6m 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × 10
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0 + 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 200
56
Example 2 A
B C D
6m 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × −5
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0 + 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 +
𝑙 400
57
Example 2 A
B C D
6m 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 + 2 𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × −5
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0 + 2 𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐵 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 2 𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐵 +
𝑙 400
58
Example 2 A
B C D
6m 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷 + 2 𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐷 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × −5
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0 + 2 𝜃𝐶 − 0.1 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2 𝜃𝐶 − 0.1 +
𝑙 400
59
Example 2 A
B C D
6m 6m 6m

2𝐸𝐼 3∆
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝑀𝐹𝐷𝐶 + 2 𝜃𝐷 + 𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 3 × −5
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 0 + 2 −0.1 + 𝜃𝐶 −
𝑙 6000
2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 0.2 + 𝜃𝐶 +
𝑙 400
60
Equilibrium A B C D
6m 6m 6m

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0 𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0

𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝜃𝐵 = −0.0073 𝜃𝐶 = 0.0255

,

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0.027𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = −3.573𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚

,

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 3.573𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 12.32𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚

,

𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −12.32𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = −45.87𝑒7𝑁𝑚𝑚

, 61
Example 3 50kN
20kN/m

A D
6m
B 3m C 6m
3m

Analyse the continuous beam slope deflection method. The

supports B sinks by 10mm. E=2e5Pa,I=16e7 mm4 . Sketch the BM

and SF

62
Example 3 50kN
20kN/m

A D
6m
B 3m C 6m
3m

𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −60𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 60𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −15𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 15𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷 = −37.5𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 37.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
63
 𝐸𝐼 3 × 10 𝐸𝐼 3 × 10
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −60 + 𝜃𝐵 − 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 60 + 2𝜃𝐵 −
3 6000 3 6000

2𝐸𝐼 1 2𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −15 + 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 15 + 2𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐵 +
3 100 3 100

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −37.5 + 2𝜃𝐶 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 37.5 + 𝜃𝐶
3 3

64
𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0

𝜃𝐶 −1Τ464
=
𝜃𝐵 −1Τ402

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −139.843 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = −46.354 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 46.354 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 83.35 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −83.48 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 14.51 𝑘𝑁𝑚

65
Thank You

66