International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 81~89

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp81-89  81

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port

converter technology

Sharma Sha, Rajambal Kalayanasundaram

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Puducherry Technological University
(Erstwhile Pondicherry Engineering College), Puducherry, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper analyses the four-port converter (FPC) based PV system. The
discussed FPC is developed for hybrid energy sources (HES) with the merits
Received Mar 11, 2024 of a single converting stage, fewer switches, and simple topology. By tapping
Revised Sep 9, 2024 two source ports from the midway of its two switching legs, the FPC
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 presented in this work is developed from the basic full bridge converter
(FBC). The pulses are produced using the phase angle control with pulse
width modulation (PPAS) technique. Different modes of operation of the FPC
Keywords: are analyzed elaborately to give an insight into its topology. To efficiently
manage power distribution among the ports and regulate their voltage, two
DC-DC converter key control variables have been utilized: duty ratio and phase angle. An in-
Hybrid energy sources depth presentation is provided on the design and modeling of a four-port
Multiport converter converter. It provides autonomous management of power allocation among
Photovoltaic system terminals and regulation of load voltage. Finally, simulated key waveforms of
PPAS control technique the FPC and simulation results to demonstrate the decoupled regulation of
power sharing and load voltage of a PV system under varying input and
output conditions are presented. The experimental prototype of the four-port
converter results is discussed and presented in detail.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sharma Sha
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Puducherry Technological University (Erstwhile Pondicherry Engineering College)
Puducherry, India
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the continually increasing demand for energy, the world is attracted to renewable energy
systems. Renewable energy sources (RES) can generate energy without affecting the environment, which is
reproducible and can generate a tremendous amount of energy continuously. Enhancing the efficiency of the
entire system is attainable via the integration of a photovoltaic (PV) system with an energy storage system
(ESS). As illustrated in Figure 1, traditionally, different power sources are managed individually by multiple
converters, each corresponding to the number of power sources cited in [1]-[5]. Figure 2 illustrates the range
of multiport converters (MPCs) that have been created and planned to integrate numerous renewable energy
systems and minimize the number of converters.
There are two types of multi-port converters, isolated topology and non-isolated topology mentioned in
[6]. Multiport DC-DC converters with an isolated architecture are appropriate for high-voltage gain applications
which use high-frequency transformers. However, the isolated transformer increases the size, cost, and losses.
Low-voltage applications benefit more from non-isolated multiport DC-DC converters. Unidirectional
converters are advised for their great efficiency and minimal switch count. The interface between the storage
units is created via bidirectional converters. These are mentioned in several recent studies [7]-[12].

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

82  ISSN: 2252-8792

Figure 1. Integration of renewable energy sources Figure 2. Sources with MPC

with individual converters

For standalone applications, a three-port converter is appropriate. For standalone systems, the
renewable energy sources are linked to a three-port converter. Typically, the expansion of a three-port
converter into a four-port converter involves the addition of one port to the system. The converters would be
controlled by shifted-phase, interleaved switching signals with the same switching frequency. A simple boost
converter raises a DC voltage by converting it. Reduced ripple currents in both the input and output circuits
represent an additional benefit of interleaving. Sato et al. [13] say dividing the output current into two
pathways results in higher efficiency and much lower I2R and inductor alternating current (AC) losses. The
interleaved boost converter stands out as an excellent option for high-power applications due to its ability to
provide reduced input and output ripple, heightened efficiency, and increased power density. With an
interleaved converter, you may get higher efficiency, lower ripple voltage, lower ripple inductor current, and
faster switching speed mentioned in these articles [14]-[22].
In the pulse width modulation with phase angle shift (PPAS) control approach, the switch duty cycle
and phase angle of interleaved converters serve as two independent control parameters shown in [23].
Liang et al. and Yadav et al. [24], [25] say that enables the attainment of decoupled voltage regulation across
multiple ports within a specified operational range. Additionally, the phase angle adjustment of the
interleaved buck-boost converter enhances control flexibility, facilitating precise management of secondary
output voltage. By integrating ESS, one may achieve a broad output voltage gain, high efficiency, cheap cost,
small size, and high stability about these techniques were analyzed in [26], [27].
This study focuses on a four-port converter comprising two photovoltaic (PV) inputs, a battery port,
and a load port for analysis and get efficiency better than compared to the literatures. The converters are
meticulously modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The converter's performance is evaluated
across different duty cycles, and the findings are comprehensively showcased. Furthermore, a hardware
prototype of the four-port converter is developed to validate the simulation outcomes.

2. THE PROPOSED METHOD

The pulse width modulation (PWM) plus phase angle scheme for a four-port DC-DC converter
enhances the control and efficiency of power distribution among multiple ports. In this scheme, each port can
be independently controlled to optimize power transfer and minimize losses. PWM controls the duty cycle of
the switching devices, regulating the average voltage, and current delivered to each port. By adjusting the
pulse width, the converter can precisely manage the power flow to match the load requirements. Phase angle
control adds another layer of precision by adjusting the timing of the switching devices within the converter.
By setting the phase angles for each port, the scheme ensures that power transfer is not only efficient but also
synchronized, reducing interference, and harmonics. This combined approach allows for the phase-shifted
operation of multiple ports, which can help reduce the overall ripple and improve the dynamic response of
the converter. Implementing this scheme in a four-port DC-DC converter involves a detailed control strategy.
First, the phase angles for each port are calculated based on the load demands and the desired power sharing
among the ports. These phase angles determine the timing of the switch activation. Next, PWM is applied
within these phase-controlled periods to regulate the power delivered to each port. This synchronized
approach ensures that the converter operates efficiently, providing stable and precise power to all connected
loads. The PWM plus phase angle scheme is particularly beneficial in applications where multiple loads with
different power requirements need to be managed simultaneously, such as in renewable energy systems,
electric vehicles, and distributed power systems. It offers improved control, reduced electromagnetic

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  83

interference, and enhanced overall efficiency of the DC-DC conversion process. Figure 3 depicts the full
bridge–four port converter (FB-FPC). It has two source ports that are linked to the PV array, as well as a
storage port and a load port. The converter has two PV arrays are connected to the input port using a
transformer with a turns ratio of 1: n. The primary side of the transformer employs a traditional full bridge
converter, connecting two sources to the midpoint of each leg, thus establishing two-source ports. Moreover,
a storage port is also integrated on the primary side. On the secondary side, a conventional diode bridge
rectifier is employed, connected to the load port. When it is observed from the source port, the source port to
the battery port forms a boost converter circuit. Hence as a whole primary side is composed of two PV ports,
a battery port, and four switches to form a bi-phase boost converter or an interleaved boost converter.
As mentioned earlier, the input side of the converter under consideration features a full-bridge
configuration, comprising complementary switches on each leg. Based on the duty ratio assigned to each leg,
a rectangular voltage waveform is generated from the midpoint of each leg (U a, Ub). The battery port is
parallel-connected to the capacitor on the primary side to facilitate both charging and discharging operations.
The power from the source like dual PV panels (Source port 1, Source port 2) is connected parallelly to each
capacitor connected with inductors (Ll, L2). Switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 constitute the complete bridge
converter circuit. To regulate the power balance between the photovoltaic (PV) sources and the batteries, the
duty ratio of switches S1 and S3 serves as two control variables (i.e DPV1, DPV2). The voltage difference
between Ua and Ub, denoted as Uab, is applied to the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer.
Furthermore, the two voltages Ua and Ub are phase-shifted (ϕ), which is used as the third variable to control
the output voltage.

Figure 3. Full bridge four port converter

One switching cycle of period TS comprises six states, as depicted in Figure 4. To produce a
rectangular voltage from the midpoint of each leg, two switches on each leg operate in a complementary
manner. The duty cycles of S2 (S1) and S4 (S3) function as a pair of control variables, governing the electrical
power exchange among PV1 and the energy storage unit, and PV2 and the battery, correspondingly.
Moreover, the two rectangular-waveform voltages, Ua and Ub, obtained from the midpoints of the two legs,
are phase-shifted by an angle ϕ to control and regulate the output voltage Uo.
The transformer's turns ratio is denoted with a ratio of N P: NS = 1: n, with the voltage across the
capacitor block Cb represented as UCb. Within one switching operations cycle, there are six switching states.
Each state has corresponding equivalent circuit and switching table which is given in Figure 5 and Table 1
respectively. This state persists until S1 is deactivated and S2 is activated. Subsequently, a new switching
period commences.

Table 1. Switching table

State Switches ON L1 L2 Diode ON Primary voltage
I S2, S3 Charges Discharges All -(Ub+Ucb)
II S2, S3 Charges Discharges D01, D04 -(Ub+Ucb)
III S2, S4 Charges Charges D01, D04 -Ucb
IV S1, S4 Discharges Charges All Ub-Ucb
V S1, S4 Discharges Charges D02, D03 Ub-Ucb
VI S1, S3 Discharges Discharges D02, D03 -Ucb

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology (Sharma Sha)
84  ISSN: 2252-8792

Figure 4. Switching modes of operation of FPC

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  85

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 5. Equivalent circuit of FPC in different switching modes: (a) t0-t1, (b) t1-t2, (c) t2-t3, (d) t3-t4,
(e) t4-t5, and (f) t5-t6

The final output equation derived from the switching modes of the system written as (1).

𝜑
𝑛𝑈𝑏 [ (1 − ∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 ) + 2∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 − 2∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 2 ] , ∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 > 0
2𝜋
𝜑
𝑈𝑜 = 𝑛𝑈𝑏 [ (1 + ∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 )] , ∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 < 0 (1)
2𝜋
𝜑
{ 𝑛𝑈𝑏 [ ] , ∆𝐷𝑃𝑉21 = 0
2𝜋

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology (Sharma Sha)
86  ISSN: 2252-8792

Where ΔDPV21=DPV2-DPV1. According to (1), the duty cycles DPV1 and DPV2 can be utilized to equalize the
powers from the photovoltaic (PV) sources and the batteries, while the phase angle ϕ is adjustable to regulate
the output voltage on the secondary side. These three control parameters ensure the full controllability of the
four-variable system. Additionally, as illustrated in Figure 6, ensuring controllability of the phase angle ϕ
involves a constraint. It can be written as (2). From Figure 6, it's evident that if the constraint condition isn't
met, the output voltage Uo cannot be regulated solely by the phase angle ϕ. This situation leads to the loss of
the control variable associated with the voltage output.
𝜑 𝜑
≤ 𝐷𝑃𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1 − 𝐷𝑃𝑉2 (2)
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝜑 𝜑
Figure 6. Primary voltage and current waveform for ≤ 𝐷, ≤ (1 − 𝐷)
2𝜋 2𝜋

3. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation model for the four-port converter is constructed using MATLAB/Simulink.
Switching pulses are generated using a plus phase angle shift (PPAS) PWM scheme as discussed in section 2
with a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Table 2 gives the circuit parameters used for simulation. Two
modules of Kyocera KD135GX-LP are connected in series to generate 270 W. A comprehensive analysis of
the converter’s performance is conducted, examining various solar irradiances and loading conditions in
detail. The effect of duty ratio is studied and the results are discussed.

3.1. Simulation results for various solar irradiances

Figure 7 shows the simulation results at a rated irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and duty ratio DPV1 =
DPV2 = 0.5 with 0.25 phase shift. Figure 7(a) displays the switching pulses corresponding to switches S1-S4.
The phase shift is noted to be 0.25. Figure 7(b) illustrates the resultant primary voltage and current, while
Figure 7(c) depicts the resultant secondary voltage and current. The primary side inductor currents iL1 and
iL2 are presented in Figure 7(d).
Simulation is carried out to study the performance of various solar irradiances. The irradiance is
varied in steps and the results are observed and shown in Figure 8. As observed in Figures 8(a) and 8(b), the
output voltage and current of the PV module demonstrate an increase with rising irradiance. The
corresponding fluctuations in load voltage and current are observed and depicted in Figures 8(c) and 8(d)
respectively. It is noted that the output voltage remains below the rated voltage of 100 V for irradiances
below 700 W/m2. Furthermore, the charging and discharging patterns of the battery under various irradiances
are illustrated in Figures 8(e) and 8(f).

3.2. Effect of duty ratio and phase shift (φ)

The output voltage of the converter is controlled by adjusting the phase shift (φ). Figure 9 illustrates
the variation of the phase shift with irradiance to maintain the output voltage at 100 V. It's observed that the
phase angle decreases with an increase in irradiance to regulate the voltage. It is 0.25 at 1000 W/m 2
irradiance and increased progressively up to 0.35 for 400 W/m 2.

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  87

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 7. Simulation results at rated irradiance: (a) switching pulse of S1-S4, (b) primary side voltage and
current, (c) secondary side voltage and current, and (d) inductor current of L 1 and L2

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 8. Simulation results of various solar irradiances: (a) various intensity, (b) PV voltage, (c) PV current,
(d) output voltage, (e) output current, and (f) battery current

Table 2. Circuit parameters

Panel voltage (Upv1, Upv2) 30 ~ 50 V Panel voltage (Upv1, Upv2) 30 ~ 50 V
Output voltage Uo 100 V Output power (Po) 0 ~ 500 W
Battery voltage Ub 75 V Filter capacitors (Co) 470 µF
L1 and L2 72 µH Filter inductor (Lo) 80 µH
Turns ratio (n) 1.66 Switching freq. 100 kHz
Panel power (PPV) 0 ~ 500 W

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology (Sharma Sha)
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Figure 9. Output voltage regulation for various irradiances

4. CONCLUSION
A four-port converter, comprising a fundamental complete bridge and a bidirectional converter is
analyzed. It delineates DC-linked sourcing/storage ports along with an isolated load port. The operational
principles and diverse switching states are provided in the discussed topology. The utilization
of pulse width modulation with phase angle shift facilitates decoupled management of power sharing and load
voltage. Future work could focus on efficiency optimization, real-time implementation, and scalability to multi-
port and renewable energy systems. Enhancements like fault tolerance, harmonic mitigation, and AI-based
control can improve performance and adaptability. Additionally, an economic feasibility study can assess the
topology's market potential.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Sharma Sha received his bachelor of technology degree in electrical and

electronics engineering from Pondicherry University in the year 2016. He completed a masters
of technology degree in renewable energy from Gandhigram Rural Institute in the year 2019.
Currently, he pursuing Ph.D. degree from Puducherry Technolgical University (Erstwhile
Pondicherry Engineering College). His areas of research expand power electronics, renewable
energy systems, and electrical machines. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected] or [email protected].

Rajambal Kalayanasundaram received her bachelor of engineering degree in

electrical engineering and master of engineering degree in power electronics from Anna
University, Chennai, India, in 1991 and 1993, respectively. She received her Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Anna University in 2005. Currently, she is working as a professor
in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of EEE at Puducherry Technological
University (Erstwhile Pondicherry Engineering College). Her areas of research include power
electronics, electrical drives, renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology (Sharma Sha)