Electrical Engineering Notes
Electrical Engineering Notes
Cite this article: Bilgiç, E., Bilgiç, H., & Kantaroğlu, E. (2024) Wireless power transfer systems and wireless charging design between electric vehicles. J Comp
Electr Electron Eng Sci, 2(2), 56-61.
Corresponding Author: Eda Bilgiç, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The fundamentals of wireless power transmission began with Nikola Tesla, who used a Tesla coil to transmit energy wirelessly.
These studies have paved the way for today’s wireless power transmission technologies. In recent years, wireless power
transmission has also garnered attention from phone companies and is now being considered for use in electric vehicles. One
of the main reasons lithium-ion batteries are preferred in electric vehicles is the ease of charging. These batteries provide longer
range compared to other types of batteries due to their high energy density, meaning they can store more energy relative to
their size. Additionally, their faster charging capabilities are a major advantage for electric vehicle owners. As a result, charging
technology is of great importance for electric vehicles. In this study, a design is presented that allows electric vehicles, which
are becoming more common in daily life due to advancing technology, to wirelessly transfer charge to each other in emergency
situations. In the design, the receiving coil is placed in the front hood of the vehicle, and the transmitting coil is placed in
the rear hood, with the model being configured accordingly. The design also allows the location of the transmitting coil to be
adjusted via distance sensors. When electric vehicles reach the optimum distance, the distance sensor gives an alert, allowing
enough charge to be transferred for the vehicle to reach the nearest charging station. Additionally, the system can be designed
to allow emergency vehicles (such as ambulances) to quickly receive energy from another vehicle in emergencies, due to the
ease of sharing provided by the system. This system reduces the towing costs of electric and hybrid vehicles and offers drivers
uninterrupted driving. Furthermore, the system provides numerous advantages such as eliminating cable clutter, offering ease
of use, compatibility with all devices, multi-charging capability, and durability.
Keywords: Electric cars, wireless charging, transportation
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the climate crisis and global warming have purchasing a brand-new electric vehicle will likely put their
made the search for sustainable solutions even more critical. internal combustion engine cars up for sale (%pek, 2022).
In response to the air pollution caused by fossil fuels, the This indicates a major transformation, where the demand for
importance of sustainable transportation has been steadily electric vehicle charging stations is growing daily. However,
increasing. Under current conditions, electric vehicles the significant increase in the number of electric vehicles
have become one of the key components of transportation. charging stations may still not be su&cient, as users will need
Compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, electric to charge their vehicles at the end of long trips. Currently,
cars offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective limiting factors for the widespread adoption of electric
energy alternative with a zero-emission principle. Based vehicles include parameters such as ion structures, anion/
on the prediction that these electric vehicles will replace cation material structures, normal charging times, and fast-
internal combustion engine vehicles worldwide and charging deformations. Despite these challenges, the number
eventually dominate the market, the idea for this study of electric vehicles is rapidly increasing, and these issues
emerged. In recent years, Turkiye has made remarkable are being addressed through new technologies. One of the
strides, even envied globally, with the introduction of 100% alternative methods proposed to address the issues of battery
electric TOGG vehicles and the establishment of a mass charging times or fast-charging problems is improving
production facility in Gebze. Along with the production of charging infrastructures. In this study, a different model for
100% electric domestic and national vehicles, it is anticipated charging infrastructure has been developed, exploring the
that vehicles with internal combustion engines currently possibility of wireless charging between vehicles. Relevant
in use will gradually be phased out. In other words, users studies in literature have been examined.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Electric vehicles
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J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Bilgiç et al.
Maxwell. When designing a wireless charger, inductance, prototype stage, size selection appropriate to reality will be
cross-section, number of windings and copper length should made. Analysis was carried out in two different geometries
be considered in addition to coil dimensions. Reducing and improvement efforts were directed according to the
the coil dimensions for the same number of windings will analysis results. In improvement works; Parameters such as
decrease the inductance value of the coils. For this reason, the coil geometry, number of windings, dimensions, materials
size of the coils is optimally adjusted to fit all vehicles. used, structure of the core, and cross-section selection were
studied. As a result of the analysis, the data was examined,
The calculation of the circuit element values in the wireless
and the most e&cient coil distance was determined to be 50
power system is done with the following equations. In
mm in the selected dimensions. As the distance increases,
Equation 1, the values of the circuit elements, i.e. resistance
the connection factor and inductance value decrease. For
elements, were calculated (Tang et al., 2012).
this purpose, the optimum distance should be selected in the
preferred coil design. These parameters were considered in
(1) the study to reduce losses and increase system e&ciency. The
In Equation 2 and Equation 3, the values of system elements simulation of the selected coil structure of the design under
such as capacitance were calculated. specified conditions was solved in Ansys Maxwell and Ansys
Maxwell simplorer programs.
Primary Coil:
Characterization of Materials
(2) Experiments were carried out on the materials of the coils:
Secondary Coil: copper, steel 4300, steel 4340 and copper-coated silver.
Analysis showed that copper has high electrical conductivity
but low magnetic field. Steel was found to have a higher
(3) magnetic field and lower conductivity than copper. Material
In addition, the square coil cross-sectional area is 49 mm2, selection was based on criteria such as low cost, long life,
and the resistivity of copper is 1.7(10-8 )m. high e&ciency, conductivity and magnetic field generated.
In recent years, efforts to increase e&ciency on the coil and
Inductance values of the designed system are given below.
core have been ongoing. The analysis was performed at
For distance 60 mm: room temperature and in the air. As a result of the analysis,
inductance values, coupling factor, e&ciency and magnetic
LTx (L1)=119.86 µH, LRx(L2)=134.75 µH and k=0.3781.
field value of the coils were calculated using ansys maxwell.
The coil dimensions are determined as 400*400, and the
thickness of the wire is 7 mm in the system. Analysis of Aluminum Core Coil in Square Dimensions
*0=2*π*f0 (angular frequency)=2* π* 10*103=62.83*103 (4) The properties of the sized aluminum core coil are shown in
Table 1. Since aluminum is a paramagnetic material, it is a
material with a relative permeability slightly greater than 1.
(5) When placed in a magnetic field, they are weakly magnetized
in the direction of the field. Ferrite is a ferromagnetic material.
(6) They are substances with a relative magnetic permeability
much greater than 1. When placed in a magnetic field, they
Finally, the calculations showed that the system is e&cient magnetize very strongly in the direction of the field (Jackson
when the source frequency is above 10 kHz. & John; 1998 and Jiles & David; 1998). For this reason, the
According to this data, the e&ciency was calculated as in inductance value obtained from the coils we obtained using
Equation 7. aluminum core was lower. Here material selection is a good
way to increase e&ciency.
E&ciency(n)= (7)
Table 1. Analysis results of square aluminum core coil
In the design, the voltage at the receiver coil is calculated as
Features of the transmitter coil Features of the receiver coil
vout (Rms)= 194.4544 V and the current value at the output
Widht=7 mm NTx=14 Height=7 mm NRx=14
is calculated as I (Rms)= 77.7817 A and according to these
values, the receiver coil power is calculated in Equation 8. Distance between windings =1 mm (2*poligon radius=radius change)
Power equation taken from (Cro,, Terrell; Summers, Wilford
Geometry of Square Aluminum core coil and core 400*400 mm
I. 1987)
Core thickness= 20 mm, Distance = 60 mm
(8)
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J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Electric vehicles
RESULTS
In this study, a design is presented that enables electric
vehicles, which are becoming more and more widespread in
daily life with the developing technology, to transfer their
Figure 1. Change of inductance values in the receiver coil depending on
distance loads to each other in emergency situations in a contactless
way. The 3D models are transferred to simplorer file and the
e&ciency of the system is calculated. The simplified structure
Analysis of Ferrite Core Coils with Square Dimensions
of the system will be prepared in Ansys Maxwell simplorer
The properties of the ferrite core coil, the dimensions of which and the circuit structure of the system is prepared by making
were determined, are shown in Table 2. The disadvantage of numerical calculations according to the inductance values
the ferrite core is that it has corrosion, and the way to prevent obtained from the coils. As a result of the analysis, a sinzoidal
this is by coating the ferrite core. Or another alternative is to graph was obtained and the e&ciency of the system in the
use an aluminum core over a ferrite core, which would be a charging state was found to be 78.72%. Simplorer circuit
design to reduce corrosion. results for these values are as follows. The geometry we
created in ansys maxwell 3D and transferred to the simplified
Table 2. Analysis results of the ferrite core coil in square dimensions
wireless power transmission system is shown in Figure 4.
Features of the transmitter coil Features of the receiver coil
Widht = 7 mm NTx = 14 Height = 7 mm NRx = 14
Distance between windings = 1 mm (2*poligon radius=radius change)
Geometry of the quadratic ferrite core coil and core = 400*400 mm
Core thickness 20 mm, Distance = 60 mm, Magnetic field = 0.017 T
LTx = 119.8622 µH LRx = 134.7552 µH Figure 4. Importing Ansys Maxwell 3D component to simplorer file
k = 0.3781 M = 47.874 µH
The simulation results obtained by transferring the geometry
The analysis results of the ferrite core coil, whose dimensions created in Ansys Maxwell 3D to the simplified wireless power
were determined, are shown in Figure 2, 3. As can be seen transmission system are shown in Figure 5.
from the analysis, when ferrite material was used as the
core, inductance values increased more than aluminum. The
reason for this is that ferrite material has a better magnetic
permeability than aluminum material.
Figure 5. Graph of the sinusoidal input and output voltage resulting from
the analysis
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J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Bilgiç et al.
Figure 7. The simplified resonant circuit model is taken from have been carried out on different materials. It can reduce
(Aditya, 2016). the disadvantage of other materials, which causes an
increase in the power drawn from the source due to their
low conductivity, by charging the battery with renewable
energy or by coating the coils. This study has the following
limitations.
ETHICAL DECLARATIONS
Figure 6. Creating the resonance circuit model in simplorer Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have no con-icts of interest to declare.
Financial Disclosure
The authors declared that this study has received no financial
support.
Author Contributions
All of the authors declare that they have all participated in
the design, execution, and analysis of the paper, and that they
have approved the final version.
Acknowledgments
Figure 7. Graph of input and output power as a result of the analysis of the We would like to thank the Ministry of Transport and
resonance circuit model
Infrastructure for supporting this work with the “Reaching
and Accessing Turkiye 2053 Idea Contest”.
Limitations
The analyzes used in the study could not be supported by
experimental studies. The system has limitations such as REFERENCES
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