Journal of

Computer & Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Sciences
Original Article DOI: 10.51271/JCEEES-0019

Wireless power transfer systems and wireless

charging design between electric vehicles
Eda Bilgiç1, Hasan Bilgiç2, Emrah Kantaroğlu1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkiye
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahmet Yesevi University, Ankara, Turkiye

Cite this article: Bilgiç, E., Bilgiç, H., & Kantaroğlu, E. (2024) Wireless power transfer systems and wireless charging design between electric vehicles. J Comp
Electr Electron Eng Sci, 2(2), 56-61.
Corresponding Author: Eda Bilgiç, [email protected]

Received: 21/08/2024 ◆ Accepted: 07/10/2024 ◆ Published: 29/10/2024

ABSTRACT
The fundamentals of wireless power transmission began with Nikola Tesla, who used a Tesla coil to transmit energy wirelessly.
These studies have paved the way for today’s wireless power transmission technologies. In recent years, wireless power
transmission has also garnered attention from phone companies and is now being considered for use in electric vehicles. One
of the main reasons lithium-ion batteries are preferred in electric vehicles is the ease of charging. These batteries provide longer
range compared to other types of batteries due to their high energy density, meaning they can store more energy relative to
their size. Additionally, their faster charging capabilities are a major advantage for electric vehicle owners. As a result, charging
technology is of great importance for electric vehicles. In this study, a design is presented that allows electric vehicles, which
are becoming more common in daily life due to advancing technology, to wirelessly transfer charge to each other in emergency
situations. In the design, the receiving coil is placed in the front hood of the vehicle, and the transmitting coil is placed in
the rear hood, with the model being configured accordingly. The design also allows the location of the transmitting coil to be
adjusted via distance sensors. When electric vehicles reach the optimum distance, the distance sensor gives an alert, allowing
enough charge to be transferred for the vehicle to reach the nearest charging station. Additionally, the system can be designed
to allow emergency vehicles (such as ambulances) to quickly receive energy from another vehicle in emergencies, due to the
ease of sharing provided by the system. This system reduces the towing costs of electric and hybrid vehicles and offers drivers
uninterrupted driving. Furthermore, the system provides numerous advantages such as eliminating cable clutter, offering ease
of use, compatibility with all devices, multi-charging capability, and durability.
Keywords: Electric cars, wireless charging, transportation

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the climate crisis and global warming have purchasing a brand-new electric vehicle will likely put their
made the search for sustainable solutions even more critical. internal combustion engine cars up for sale (%pek, 2022).
In response to the air pollution caused by fossil fuels, the This indicates a major transformation, where the demand for
importance of sustainable transportation has been steadily electric vehicle charging stations is growing daily. However,
increasing. Under current conditions, electric vehicles the significant increase in the number of electric vehicles
have become one of the key components of transportation. charging stations may still not be su&cient, as users will need
Compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, electric to charge their vehicles at the end of long trips. Currently,
cars offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective limiting factors for the widespread adoption of electric
energy alternative with a zero-emission principle. Based vehicles include parameters such as ion structures, anion/
on the prediction that these electric vehicles will replace cation material structures, normal charging times, and fast-
internal combustion engine vehicles worldwide and charging deformations. Despite these challenges, the number
eventually dominate the market, the idea for this study of electric vehicles is rapidly increasing, and these issues
emerged. In recent years, Turkiye has made remarkable are being addressed through new technologies. One of the
strides, even envied globally, with the introduction of 100% alternative methods proposed to address the issues of battery
electric TOGG vehicles and the establishment of a mass charging times or fast-charging problems is improving
production facility in Gebze. Along with the production of charging infrastructures. In this study, a different model for
100% electric domestic and national vehicles, it is anticipated charging infrastructure has been developed, exploring the
that vehicles with internal combustion engines currently possibility of wireless charging between vehicles. Relevant
in use will gradually be phased out. In other words, users studies in literature have been examined.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Electric vehicles

Literature Review (Karakaya, 2007). Wireless power transfer refers to the

Contactless electric vehicle charging systems are a research transmission of electrical energy from a power source to a
area that has attracted great attention in recent years to meet target without any physical connection. The idea of wireless
the energy needs of electric vehicles. These systems allow energy generation was introduced by Tesla at the beginning
vehicles to be charged wirelessly while in motion or parked. of the 1900s, and experimental studies were conducted to
Wireless charging, especially while on the move, can solve achieve this energy transfer. However, since the direction of
the range problem of vehicles and reduce dependence on the energy could not be controlled, the e&ciency remained
charging stations by continuously transferring energy along low (Arslan & Erkan, 2022). Today, despite the availability
the road. Most of the work in this field is based on inductive of different techniques, the most common wireless power
power transfer (IPT) technology. IPT provides energy transfer methods are magnetic resonance coupling, inductive
transfer from the primary coil to the secondary coil via a coupling, and microwave power transfer techniques (Imura
magnetic field. In vehicle charging systems, this technology et al., 2009). In a study aimed at designing a wireless electric
is used between a series of primary coils (transmitter) placed vehicle charging system, a wireless power transfer system
under the road and a secondary coil (receiver) placed under with hexagonal coils of 1 kW was established, achieving an
the vehicle. It is very important to determine the correct 85% charging e&ciency performance in 10 cm of atmospheric
inductance values for the coils to work effectively. At this air (Aydın & Aydemir, 2021). Kızıldağ and Yılmaz have
point, correct calculation of inductance is a critical factor in researched and examined studies on wireless power transfer
terms of energy transfer e&ciency and system performance. systems. They simulated the circuit in Matlab/Simulink and
analyzed the advantages of power transfer methods during
Studies in literature generally focus on the following areas. charging. At the end of their study, they concluded that
inductive power transfer technology is e&cient and reliable
Coil design and geometry: The inductance value depends
for transmitting electric power wirelessly (Kızıldağ & Yılmaz,
on factors such as the size and shape of the coils, the number
2021). In their studies, Yugendra Rao (2015), calculated the
of turns, the distance between them and the use of magnetic
mutual inductance between a pair of coils for wireless power
cores. That’s why coil design is important for energy e&ciency.
transfer applications using Ansys Maxwell, assigning the
Some studies provide optimized designs by analyzing how distance between the two coils as a variable. Tel & Kuşdoğan
coil geometry affects inductance. For example, planar chokes (2019), worked on charging electric vehicles using wireless
and ferrite core chokes have been widely studied to improve power transmission with ansys maxwell simplorer. This study
e&ciency. included the analysis results of the parameters on which the
inductance between the coils depends, and the optimal coil
Inductance calculation methods: There are various studies selection was made.
in which inductance is calculated using analytical, numerical
and experimental methods. FEM (finite element method) is In this study, based on the long-distance requirements of
commonly used as a tool for these calculations. the vehicles, the design of the energy transfer between them
for instantaneous vehicle charging is analytically designed.
Calculations based on electromagnetic principles such as The study also investigates the possible ways to improve the
Maxwell’s equations and Ampere’s law allow accurately energy e&ciency of electron transfer during charging.
model the magnetic field and inductance behavior of coils.

Energy transfer efficiency: In contactless charging systems, METHODS

studies on resonance frequencies are important to reduce
energy loss and increase e&ciency. Inductive charging In this study, the design of the coils that enable wireless
systems with magnetic resonance are used to optimize energy power transfer is very important. To increase the e&ciency of
transfer. the system, the coils are designed by considering parameters
such as material, thickness, length and distance of the
Dynamic charging technologies: Charging the vehicle while
terminals, number of turns, geometry and dimensions of the
it is in motion contributes to the expansion of the electric
coils. In wireless energy transfer, whether the transmitter and
vehicle infrastructure by reducing the number of charging
receiver coils are spatially and angularly aligned also affects
stations. The literature in this field is particularly focused on
e&ciency. If the coils are aligned, they can operate with
dynamic charging systems.
higher e&ciency in higher air gaps than angular and spatially
In addition to this literature survey, current advances unaligned coils (Ağçal & Doğan, 2021). When designing a
in wireless charging systems along the way include new wireless charger, features such as inductance, cross-section,
materials, electronic circuit designs, and more advanced number of windings and copper length should be considered
control algorithms to increase the broad applicability of the in the selection of a suitable coil, and coil dimensions should
systems. also be considered. Reducing the size of the coils for the same
number of turns decreases the inductance value of the coils.
With the increasing use of electronic devices, especially
The size of the coils will therefore be optimally adjusted to
mobile devices, wireless charging methods have been
suit all vehicles. The average air gap distance between the
developed to eliminate the disadvantages of wired charging
coils varies between 150-300 mm, in this study it is assumed
systems. Thanks to wireless power transmission, people
that the distance difference is within this range. Once the
have become more mobile, and cable dependency has been
design criteria have been determined, the prototype of the
removed, replacing the need for fixed positions and wiring.
system has the potential to be applied to model vehicles.
The simplicity and durability of wireless energy transfer offer
much more effective solutions in such cases. Furthermore, In this study, the inductance value between the coils was
wireless energy transfer is provided with high e&ciency first calculated analytically and then analyzed with Ansys

57
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Bilgiç et al.

Maxwell. When designing a wireless charger, inductance, prototype stage, size selection appropriate to reality will be
cross-section, number of windings and copper length should made. Analysis was carried out in two different geometries
be considered in addition to coil dimensions. Reducing and improvement efforts were directed according to the
the coil dimensions for the same number of windings will analysis results. In improvement works; Parameters such as
decrease the inductance value of the coils. For this reason, the coil geometry, number of windings, dimensions, materials
size of the coils is optimally adjusted to fit all vehicles. used, structure of the core, and cross-section selection were
studied. As a result of the analysis, the data was examined,
The calculation of the circuit element values in the wireless
and the most e&cient coil distance was determined to be 50
power system is done with the following equations. In
mm in the selected dimensions. As the distance increases,
Equation 1, the values of the circuit elements, i.e. resistance
the connection factor and inductance value decrease. For
elements, were calculated (Tang et al., 2012).
this purpose, the optimum distance should be selected in the
preferred coil design. These parameters were considered in
(1) the study to reduce losses and increase system e&ciency. The
In Equation 2 and Equation 3, the values of system elements simulation of the selected coil structure of the design under
such as capacitance were calculated. specified conditions was solved in Ansys Maxwell and Ansys
Maxwell simplorer programs.
Primary Coil:
Characterization of Materials
(2) Experiments were carried out on the materials of the coils:
Secondary Coil: copper, steel 4300, steel 4340 and copper-coated silver.
Analysis showed that copper has high electrical conductivity
but low magnetic field. Steel was found to have a higher
(3) magnetic field and lower conductivity than copper. Material
In addition, the square coil cross-sectional area is 49 mm2, selection was based on criteria such as low cost, long life,
and the resistivity of copper is 1.7(10-8 )m. high e&ciency, conductivity and magnetic field generated.
In recent years, efforts to increase e&ciency on the coil and
Inductance values of the designed system are given below.
core have been ongoing. The analysis was performed at
For distance 60 mm: room temperature and in the air. As a result of the analysis,
inductance values, coupling factor, e&ciency and magnetic
LTx (L1)=119.86 µH, LRx(L2)=134.75 µH and k=0.3781.
field value of the coils were calculated using ansys maxwell.
The coil dimensions are determined as 400*400, and the
thickness of the wire is 7 mm in the system. Analysis of Aluminum Core Coil in Square Dimensions
*0=2*π*f0 (angular frequency)=2* π* 10*103=62.83*103 (4) The properties of the sized aluminum core coil are shown in
Table 1. Since aluminum is a paramagnetic material, it is a
material with a relative permeability slightly greater than 1.
(5) When placed in a magnetic field, they are weakly magnetized
in the direction of the field. Ferrite is a ferromagnetic material.
(6) They are substances with a relative magnetic permeability
much greater than 1. When placed in a magnetic field, they
Finally, the calculations showed that the system is e&cient magnetize very strongly in the direction of the field (Jackson
when the source frequency is above 10 kHz. & John; 1998 and Jiles & David; 1998). For this reason, the
According to this data, the e&ciency was calculated as in inductance value obtained from the coils we obtained using
Equation 7. aluminum core was lower. Here material selection is a good
way to increase e&ciency.
E&ciency(n)= (7)
Table 1. Analysis results of square aluminum core coil
In the design, the voltage at the receiver coil is calculated as
Features of the transmitter coil Features of the receiver coil
vout (Rms)= 194.4544 V and the current value at the output
Widht=7 mm NTx=14 Height=7 mm NRx=14
is calculated as I (Rms)= 77.7817 A and according to these
values, the receiver coil power is calculated in Equation 8. Distance between windings =1 mm (2*poligon radius=radius change)
Power equation taken from (Cro,, Terrell; Summers, Wilford
Geometry of Square Aluminum core coil and core 400*400 mm
I. 1987)
Core thickness= 20 mm, Distance = 60 mm
(8)

Parameters Affecting the Analysis of Designed Coils

Analysis studies on the coils whose dimensions were
determined were carried out on two different coil geometries:
circular and square. According to the studies conducted by
(Mahesh et al., 2021), it was determined that the effects of
misalignment were less in square-sized coils and rectangular
geometry was studied in the analysis. Coil sizes are determined LTx =67.2204 µH LRx = 72.6084 µH
by what the Maxwell student version can decipher. At the k=0.2357

58
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Electric vehicles

The analysis results of the aluminum core coil, the dimensions

of which were determined, are shown in Figure 1. Looking
at the results in Figure 1, the inductance value obtained for
70 mm is maximum. In addition, it was determined because
of the analysis that the ferrite core coil used in the same
dimensions is more e&cient than the aluminum core coil.

Figure 3. Change of coupling factor in coils depending on distance for the

ferrite core coil

RESULTS
In this study, a design is presented that enables electric
vehicles, which are becoming more and more widespread in
daily life with the developing technology, to transfer their
Figure 1. Change of inductance values in the receiver coil depending on
distance loads to each other in emergency situations in a contactless
way. The 3D models are transferred to simplorer file and the
e&ciency of the system is calculated. The simplified structure
Analysis of Ferrite Core Coils with Square Dimensions
of the system will be prepared in Ansys Maxwell simplorer
The properties of the ferrite core coil, the dimensions of which and the circuit structure of the system is prepared by making
were determined, are shown in Table 2. The disadvantage of numerical calculations according to the inductance values
the ferrite core is that it has corrosion, and the way to prevent obtained from the coils. As a result of the analysis, a sinzoidal
this is by coating the ferrite core. Or another alternative is to graph was obtained and the e&ciency of the system in the
use an aluminum core over a ferrite core, which would be a charging state was found to be 78.72%. Simplorer circuit
design to reduce corrosion. results for these values are as follows. The geometry we
created in ansys maxwell 3D and transferred to the simplified
Table 2. Analysis results of the ferrite core coil in square dimensions
wireless power transmission system is shown in Figure 4.
Features of the transmitter coil Features of the receiver coil
Widht = 7 mm NTx = 14 Height = 7 mm NRx = 14
Distance between windings = 1 mm (2*poligon radius=radius change)
Geometry of the quadratic ferrite core coil and core = 400*400 mm
Core thickness 20 mm, Distance = 60 mm, Magnetic field = 0.017 T

LTx = 119.8622 µH LRx = 134.7552 µH Figure 4. Importing Ansys Maxwell 3D component to simplorer file
k = 0.3781 M = 47.874 µH
The simulation results obtained by transferring the geometry
The analysis results of the ferrite core coil, whose dimensions created in Ansys Maxwell 3D to the simplified wireless power
were determined, are shown in Figure 2, 3. As can be seen transmission system are shown in Figure 5.
from the analysis, when ferrite material was used as the
core, inductance values increased more than aluminum. The
reason for this is that ferrite material has a better magnetic
permeability than aluminum material.

Figure 5. Graph of the sinusoidal input and output voltage resulting from
the analysis

The resonant circuit shown in Figure 6 is made to avoid losses

that may occur during the transfer of the Maxwell file. The
Figure 2. Change of inductance values in the receiver coil depending on
distance for the ferrite core coil result of the analysis of the resonant circuit model is shown in

59
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Bilgiç et al.

Figure 7. The simplified resonant circuit model is taken from have been carried out on different materials. It can reduce
(Aditya, 2016). the disadvantage of other materials, which causes an
increase in the power drawn from the source due to their
low conductivity, by charging the battery with renewable
energy or by coating the coils. This study has the following
limitations.

ETHICAL DECLARATIONS

Referee Evaluation Process

Externally peer-reviewed.

Figure 6. Creating the resonance circuit model in simplorer Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have no con-icts of interest to declare.

Financial Disclosure
The authors declared that this study has received no financial
support.

Author Contributions
All of the authors declare that they have all participated in
the design, execution, and analysis of the paper, and that they
have approved the final version.

Acknowledgments
Figure 7. Graph of input and output power as a result of the analysis of the We would like to thank the Ministry of Transport and
resonance circuit model
Infrastructure for supporting this work with the “Reaching
and Accessing Turkiye 2053 Idea Contest”.
Limitations
The analyzes used in the study could not be supported by
experimental studies. The system has limitations such as REFERENCES
charging speed, heating problems, distance restriction
1. Aditya, K. (2016). Design and implementation of and inductive power
and misalignment. These limitations may decrease as transfer system for wireless charging of future electric transportation.
studies progress. Studies that can be done in the future; the A Thesis, University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa,
expected performance can be achieved with studies such as Canada, 1-190.
advanced cooling systems, moving alignment and material 2. Ağçal, A., & Doğan, T.H. (2021). 1 Kw gücündeki enerji transfer sistemi
tasarımı ve insan sağlığına etkileri. Müh Bil Tasar Derg, 9(3),1-10.
improvements.
3. Arslan, M.T., & Erkan, K. (2022). Literature review on wireless power
transmission by magnetic resonance coupling method. Eur J Sci
CONCLUSION Technol, 42,118-125. doi:10.31590/ejosat.1187350
4. Aydın, E., & Aydemir, M.T. (2021). A 1-kW wireless power transfer
In short, in this study; vehicles will be able to charge enough system for electric vehicle charging withhexagonal -at spiral coil. Turk
to reach the charging station via wireless power transmission. J Electric Eng Comput Sci, 29(5),2346-2361. doi:10.3906/elk-2012-68
In this way, drivers will be able to control the process in 5. Cro,, T. & Summers, W. (1987). American electricians’ handbook
(Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-013932-6.
emergency situations without panicking. When designing
the wireless charger, inductance, cross-section, number of 6. IEEE, (2019). Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure
to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz.
windings, copper length, as well as coil dimensions should IEEE Std C95.1-2019. 1-312. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8859679
be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate 7. Imura, T., Okabe, H., & Hori, Y. (2009). Basic experimental study on
coil. Decreasing the coil dimensions for the same number of helical antennas of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles by using
windings reduces the inductance value of the coils. Therefore, magnetic resonant couplings. 5th IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion
Conference, VPPC ’09, 936-940.
the size of the coils will be optimally adjusted to be compatible
with all vehicles. The magnetic field formed in ferrite-core 8. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP), (1998). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying
copper coils is below 0.02 Tesla, meaning that the system electric and magnetic fields for low frequencies (1 Hz–100 kHz). Health
alone is not at a level that can affect human health. ICNIRP Phys, 99,818-836.
(ICNIRP, 1998) and IEEE standards were taken as reference 9. %pek, B. (2022). Electric vehicles, electric charging stations and electric
to examine the harms of the wireless power transmission vehicle quantity future forecast for Turkey (Dissertation). %stanbul
Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Turkiye.
system to human health IEEE, (2019). The magnetic field
emitted by the system is below these reference values. 10. Jackson, J.D. (1998). Classical electrodynamics (3rd ed.). New York:
Wiley. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-471-30932-1.
However, we continue to work on the magnetic field that will
11. Jiles, D. (1998). Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials.
occur if more than one user activates the system in heavy CRC Press, 354. ISBN 978-0-412-79860-3.
tra&c. Protective shield works to protect against magnetic
12. Karakaya, U. (2007). Motor control via wireless energy and information
fields will be concentrated in the future. If we compare transfer (Dissertation). %stanbul Technical University, Institute of
it with the article by (Tel & Kuşdoğan; 2019), trial studies Science and Technology, Türkiye.

60
J Comp Electr Electron Eng Sci 2024, 2(2), 56-61 Electric vehicles

13. Kızıldağ, U. & Yılmaz, A.S. (2021). Wireless charging systems in

electric vehicles and a sample system investigation. J Eng Sci Adıyaman
Uni, 8(14), 209-224.
14. Mahesh, A., Chokkalingam, B., & Mihet-Popa, L. (2021). Inductive
wireless power transfer charging for electric vehicles-a review. IEEE
Access, 9,137667-137713. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116678
15. Tang, Z., Cristini, M., & Koga, T. (2012). Wireless power transfer using
maxwell and simplorer. Automotive Simulation World Congress.
16. Tel, Ö.F., & Kuşdoğan, .. (2019). Charging of electric vehicles with
wireless power transmission. Kocaeli Üni Fen Bil Derg, 2(1),15-26.
17. Yugendra Rao, K.N. (2015). Dynamic modeling and calculation of
self and mutual inductance between a pair of coils for wireless power
transfer applications using ANSYS Maxwell. Int Adv Res J Sci Eng
Technol, 2(10),1-3. doi:10.17148/IARJSET.2015.21002

61
View publication stats