COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING

1. INTRODUCTION
Modern rapid changing manufacturing industries; new technologies make production more
efficient, innovative and cost effective. Exponential advancement of 3D printing, rapid
manufacturing and desktop manufacturing have transformed how products are produced
allowing for better customization, rapid production and easy access to manufacturing process.
These advancements also support more sustainable practice by minimizing material waste. This
reduces the negative environmental impact a lot. With evolving advancements, revolutionary
industry machinery makes it more accessible, efficient, and more adaptable.

2. 3D PRINTING
3D-Printing, or the additive manufacturing involves making Three-Dimensional objects by
layering material sequentially with the aid of digital instructions. This approach makes it
possible to produce intricate geometries and sections which otherwise would not be possible
with other techniques of manufacturing.

FIGURE 1 : 3D PRINTING

 PROCEDURE
 A model is produced by Computer Aided Design (CAD) software like Tinkercad or
Fusion 360
 3D model imported to a slicing software. By software like Cura, Pruslicer it converts
the 3D model into layers and generate G-codes
 Printer set by inputting filament (PLA,ABS,PETG) into it. Then print bed is level to
avoid print failures.
 Load the g-code file to the printer via an SD card, USB or any direct connection
from the computer.
 Printer extruder heats up and melt the filament into a required temperature. Then
printer follow the g-code instructions.
  Material built up layer by layer to produce the object. Print is monitored to ensure
there are no issues such as warping, layer shifting or filament jams.
 When the print is complete object is carefully removed from the print bed. Remove
any support structures. Sand the rough edges or apply additional finishing touches
like painting and more smoothing.
 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TYPES
1. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is an
approach to additive manufacturing that construct objects one layer at a time. Fused
deposition modeling uses thermoplastic filaments that are melted into a gelation plate
and then solidified successively into the physical objects.

FIGURE 2 : FDM 3D PRINTER

2. Stereolithography (SLA)
Laser cures a liquid resin into hardened plastic layer by layer. SLA printing offer fast
speed. it has high resolution and accuracy with sharpest details and smooth surface
finishes.

FIGURE 3 : STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)

3. Selective Laser Sintering

 Selective laser sintering or SLS is a form of 3D printing where high wattage lasers are
used to melt dust into a solid material. It uses a printer to spread a thin layer of powder
and uses a laser to selectively sinter the material. This is done step by step and continues
adding on layer by layer until the part is wholly complete.

FIGURE 4: SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)

4. Digital Light Processing

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing it is a 3D printing technology that rapidly builds
photopolymer parts. It employs a light source that casts a projection to harden the
complete layer at one go, manufacturing the part layer upon layer.

FIGURE 5 :DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING

 3D PRINTING APPLICATIONS
 Protypes : creates prototypes quickly for testing and development.
  Aerospace : produce lightweight but strong parts. Which reduces the overall
aircraft weight and improves fuel efficiency.
 Medical field : surgeons use 3D printed models of patients’ anatomy for
surgical planning; leads to better outcome and also used for implants and
prosthetics with custom dimensions.
 Automative : for testing and analyze the functions before full scale
production.
 Consumer goods : personal custom made products like eyewear, jewelry,
footwear are tailored to individual preference.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Customization flexibility and rapid prototyping capabilities
 Can make complex geometries
 Reduce waste compared to subtractive manufacturing

Disadvantages

 limited material options compared to conventional manufacturing

 longer production time for large numbers
 most of the time low strength in some materials compared to conventional methods.

3. RAPID MANUFACTURING

 INTRODUCTION
First, rapid manufacturing includes the processes of building complete parts, specific goods,
and limited batches of products. It is also extendable to the production of bridge production
items. Conventional production processes use heavy equipment and complex machines, and
are consequently very time-consuming in manufacturing new products. Injection molding,
forming and joining processes can be classified as such methods of method of
manufacturing.

On the other hand, rapid manufacturing can produce both easy and complex parts faster and
at a lesser cost by utilizing software systems and new techniques. This leads to effective
production of the final products since it is fast, and the costs are low.
 RAPID MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
1. CNC Machining
This process involves the use of sophisticated technology to assist firms to meet all their
manufacturing needs. Because of the applied software automation, it allows for the quick
creation of high-quality, precision parts.
2. 3D Printing
The technology itself commonly referred to as 3D Printing has been on a steady rise
over the last decade with the technologies that back it also improving. It is a process of
depositing molten thermoplastic to create an object through a printer head that fuses
material as it continues to add layer by layer. Products are built up in succession in
layers from the bottom to the top until a complete form is formed.
3. Injection Molding
The injection molding process is widely used for the large scale production of parts in
large quantities. It is perfect for making the same part over and over using molds to
create copies and manufacturers can produce between hundreds, thousands, and even
millions of similar components with relatively basic structures.
4. Metal Fabrication
Metal fabrication is a process that focuses on the construction of products, parts or
equipment from metal materials. It is a form of fast manufacturing whereby the use of
various tools like cutting, welding forming and machining is employed to minimize time
used in manufacturing these parts.
 APPLICATIONS
1. Electronics: Custom enclosures for electronic devices are produced through rapid
manufacturing since it is a process that involves the quick production of a
product that fulfills special needs. It also favors manufacturing of prototypes and
small scale production of special circuity board at lesser cost.
2. Industrial Equipment: Rapidly producing spare parts reduces downtime in
manufacturing operations.
3. Jewelry: Rapid manufacturing is used to create jewelry by creating the designs
and molds that are adopted in the establishment of the models and the actual
jewelry items. This approach helps them to produce new designs as soon as
possible before a lot of cash has been spent in procuring items such as gold or
platinum.
4. Architecture: For presentations and approval of the structure by the clients,
architects design and develop small scaled models of buildings and structures.
  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RAPID MANUFACTURING
Advantages
 quick production for new products
 cost reductions for smaller scale
 flexibility

disadvantages

 initial high investment

 not cost-effective for large scale production
 limited Material and Process Option compared to conventional Manufacturing

4. DESKTOP MANUFACTURING
Through mini and cheap 3D printers, the concept of using desktop manufacturing shifts the mantle
of production to individual enthusiasts and doorstep entrepreneurs and educational institutions.
Such democratization of manufacturing technology leads to the production of goods under minimal
industrial base and setting.

 DESKTOP MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

1. Laser cutters : Flux laser cutters and engravers consists of a high intense laser beam to
perform the task of cutting out parts from a material sheet or writing text and graphics
on the outer layer of an object. They are modular machines that can into a number of
materials. Even the larger desktop sizes are sufficiently sturdy to cut through all kinds of
fabric, woods and acrylics.
2. CNC Machines : Desktop CNC machines work similar to full-sized CNC machines,
hence the Pocket NC. These can also be a source of capital for small or medium
businesses, or even only manufacturers to create affordable high-quality products – from
the machine parts to the self-design decorations. Although they are quite versatile,
smaller than comparable CNC machines they lack size and can make only comparatively
small parts in one session.
3. Water Jet Cutters : Water jet cutting machines use a high pressurized water jet with
abrasive particles to have an enhanced cutting stream. Although such machines have
been large and expensive in the past, the Water make this technology more affordable to
a larger number of users.
4. Circuit Board Printers : Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are not a new concept, but the
ability to produce them right at your desk is. Desktop PCB printers can quickly create
functional and intricate circuits in just a few hours. Advanced models, such as those
 from Voltera, can even print flexible and stretchable PCBs, making them suitable for
biomedical applications.
 APPLICATIONS
1. Designers: Specialists make devices, components, and extras especially for enthusiasts’
projects. Makers are able to create custom products for individual use or for small start-
up enterprises.
2. Education: Desktop 3D printers are used in teaching aids and models at school and
Universities, since they can make models for physical and interactive science subjects.
The concept of 3D printing enables students to build prototypes of various projects
enhancing their learning.
3. Small Businesses: SMEs can produce low volume of products as they do not need to
construct large scale industries so they can provide products according to the customers’
requirements.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Accessible for individuals and small businesses
 Low cost compared to industrial grade equipment
 Innovative and creativity increase due to flexibility

Disadvantages

 Limited for small scale production

 Low production speed and low capacity
 Quality and material limited

5. FUTURE WORKS

 Material Innovations:

New materials, such as composites, metals, ceramics, and bio-derived polymers, will add value to
3D printing and bring new applications to the field, medicine and aerospace in particular.

 Integration with AI and IoT:

AI will help in cutting down design cycles and lowering product development cycles and IoT
sensors will help in enabling proactive maintenance, making manufacturing systems more flexible.

 Sustainability:

The utilization of 3D printing also results in less wastage, more recycling and local production
hence resulting to minimal carbon emission’s. Moreover, the use of sustainable materials to support
sustainability practice shall be enhanced.
  Customization and Personalization:

3D printing allows customization during production and this could be very productive in the health
domain as well as in the different market segments.

 Education and Workforce Development:

Integrating the use of 3D printing within teaching learning, and maker spaces will assist in
developing US skills and knowledge, enhance access to sophisticated manufacturing processes and
to inovate and embark on entrepreneurship.

 Global Manufacturing Shifts:

Decentralised manufacturing will enhance the supply chain flexibility and reach so that production
responds well to the local needs effectively.

6. CONCLUSION
Today, 3D printing, rapid manufacturing, and desktop manufacturing are rapidly changing the
manufacturing industry for the better through the creation of new opportunities for innovation,
productivity improvement, and broad access to manufacturing technologies. These technologies not
only upgrade the conventional production methodologies but also help and support an individual
and small business firm for the actualization of its ideas. Through the provision of just-in-order
production systems of sophisticated and customized commodities, they are promoting an
organizational culture that supports creativity and idea generation. In addition, these manufacturing
processes are being enhanced by the use of artificial intelligence and the internet of things to
become smarter and far more responsive to changes within the market. However, these technologies
also hold potential to assist with the promotion of sustainable materials and general improvement of
manufacturing environmentally. The further developments of these fields seem to be likely to
contribute to the continuous growth in terms of efficiency, response to customers’ needs, and
sustainability creating a stronger and more flexible manufacturing sector which can satisfy the
varied needs of the global consumer.
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