UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA

School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi Fundamental Concept of ICT

Edna Owusu Bempah
LECTURER 1
DANIEL OPOKU
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Differentiate between information, communication
and technology
✓ Define ICT and Identify some ICT tools
✓ Some importance of ICT
✓ Explain the Uses of ICT
✓ Various career opportunities in ICT
✓ Some ICT Certifications
✓ Ethics of using ICT tools
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Sending message in the age-old days

✓ In the early year, when there was no
television or radio. The ‘Beduk’ play
an important role.

✓ The Headman of the village was the

one who announced any news, be it
birth, death, time of prayers or
even when the village was in danger.

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Sending message in the age-old days

✓ Different rhythms signified different events. The
rhythm of the ‘Beduk’ to announce death was
different from the rhythm used to announce
prayers.

✓ A good way to think about ICT is to think about all

the ways digital technology is used to help
individuals, businesses and organisations use
information. ICT will store, retrieve, manipulate,
transmit or receive information electronically.
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Information Technology
✓ The term Information Technology (IT) was
first used in the early 1980s to indicate the
convergence of computer technology and
communication technology.
✓ In the 1990s, the term Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) was more
widely used to replace IT which is to give a
greater emphasis on communication aspect.
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

ICT
✓ ICT is an acronym that stands for Information
and Communications Technology. There is no
universally accepted definition for ICT because of
its evolving nature.

✓ The Acronym has three component:

Information
Communication
Technology
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Information
✓ Information refers to the knowledge obtained
from reading, investigation, study or research.

✓ The tools to transmit information are the

telephone, television and radio.

✓ Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfil

our daily tasks. For example, forecasting the
stock exchange market
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Information
✓ We need information to make decisions and to
predict the future.
✓ For example, scientists can detect the formation
of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn
the public to avoid disasters in the affected
areas

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Communication
✓ Communication is an act of transmitting
messages.
✓ It is a process whereby information is exchanged
between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal
interactions.
✓ Previously, people communicated through signs or
symbols, performing drama and poetry.

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Communication
✓ With the advent of technology, these ‘older’
forms of communication are less utilized as
compared to the use of the internet, e-mail or
video conferencing.
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Technology
✓ Is the use of scientific knowledge, experience,
and resources to create processes and products
that fulfil human needs?
▪ Aiding Communication - telephone and fax machines
are the devices used in extending communication.
✓ Spreading Information – To broadcast information
such as news or weather reports effectively.
▪ Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web
(www) are powerful tools that can be used.

LECTURER 1
 Science And Technology
• Science is all about acquiring knowledge of the natural
phenomenon along with the reasons for such
phenomenon, like:

✓ Why the sky is blue?

✓ Why are leaves green?
✓ Why rainfall occurs?
✓ Why we have white and black human beings?
✓ How do plants make their food?
DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU
[email protected]
 Science And Technology
✓ When this knowledge is put to practice, to solve human
needs or problems, it is termed as technology.

✓ Science deals with theories, principles and laws whereas

technology is all about products, processes and designs.

✓ Technology refers to “all the ways people use their

inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and
desires.
DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU
[email protected]
 Science And Technology

✓ Technology is the application of knowledge and skills

to make goods or to provide services. It includes the
tools and machines that people use to convert
natural resources into items they need.

✓ Technology, therefore is both product and process.

✓ Technology is not only hardware. Software's form
part of technology.

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU

[email protected]
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

ICT Definition
✓ ICTs are defined as technologies that are used
for collecting, storing, processing and
communicating information by electronic means
(Parsons & Oja, 2014).

✓ ICT can be defined as the computing and

communications facilities and features that
support everyday living (Vermaat et al., 2018).

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What do you think is an example of ICT?

✓ Anything that help you to access, use, and
share information is ICT: from a computer,
digital television, robots and some household
devices
✓ Class discussion: identity 10 examples of ICT
tools in your home.
✓ How has ICT affected our relationship with
people?

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Some importance of ICT

✓ ICT enables an organisation or a society to access large
amount of information as well as to communicate and
transfer information from one place to another at a very
rapid rate.
✓ We can read our local newspapers using online newspaper.
✓ We can get connected to our family, relatives, or
colleagues even if we are abroad by using electronic
mails, yahoo messengers, call or video conferencing.
✓ The use of ICT in education has added value in teaching
and learning, by adding a dimension to learning that was
not previously available
LECTURER 1
 ❖Social media securities

Always use 10
Within sensible password
to 15 minutes e.g. bible password
Jeremiah 4: 1-13

Avoid using names or numbers e.g. what a shock?

alone
!that is all you know!
Girl friend/boy names, phone
numbers !wofa papabi!

Password should alphanumeric or Onipa nua1234!

alphanumeric+ symbols Wop3 saaa paaaa

Never use the same username and f3firimesu

password for your social network
weikume4321
sites

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU

[email protected]
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

EDUCATION
✓ Teachers use computers to research teaching
materials, participate in an online forum and online
conference.
✓ Students use computers as reference tools for
looking for information on the Internet.
✓ Researchers use computers to collect and process
data.
✓ School administrators use computers for
administrative purposes to ensure that entire
operations run smoothly.
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

BANKING
✓Bank administrators can control the entire
banking system and banking activities.
✓To provide electronic banking services for
customers.
✓Businessman can save their time by using online
services offered by banks

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

INDUSTRY
✓To help workers operate machines.
✓To help researchers analyze and collect
research data for future references.
✓To help administrators to oversee and control
entire operations in the factory.
✓To facilitate production planning and control
system.

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

E-COMMERCE
✓ To make buying and selling activities faster and
more efficient through the Internet
✓ To connect online customers with suppliers to
purchase products. This method can save time
and cost.
✓ To help employees to communicate with their
customers for any inquires and to get the latest
updates inventory to be informed to the
customers.
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

SOCIAL PURPOSES
✓ Communication
✓ Establishing relationships
✓ Entertainment
✓ Disseminating
✓ Sharing experiences

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

HEALTH PURPOSES:
✓ For medical research
✓ For keeping patient history
✓ For sharing medical information
✓ For conducting complicated surgery and
operations.
✓ For monitoring the progress of patients.

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Usage of ICT in everyday life/Some Areas

BUSINESS OR ECONOMIC
✓ Advertising
✓ Online trading
✓ Improving products
✓ Recruitment
✓ Expanding products
✓ Expanding markets

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

✓ There are various career opportunities in ICT. The

following are examples of career opportunities in ICT
✓ Programmer or software developer
✓ Systems administrator
✓ Network administrator
✓ Application engineer
✓ Database administrator
✓ ICT coordinator
✓ Web developer
✓ Webmaster
LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

✓ Some ICT Certification

✓ Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)
✓ Certified Information Systems Security
Professional (CISSP)
✓ Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
✓ Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)
✓ Global Information Assurance Certification
(GIAC)
✓ Database Management

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

✓ Where to get some online Certification

✓ Lynda/ LinkedIn Learning (Largest Range Of
Courses) ...
✓ Udemy (Great For Marketing/ Design) ...
✓ Alison (Great For IT, Science, Coding) ...
✓ Google Digital Garage (Best For Digital Marketing) ...
✓ Oxford Home Study (Great For Management) ...
✓ Openlearning (University Quality Learning)
✓ Coursera

LECTURER 1
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Ethics of using ICT tools

✓ Ethics is a set of moral values or principles that
govern the conduct of an individual or group.

✓ You should not use a computer to harm other people.

✓ You should not interfere with other people's computer work.
✓ You should not snoop around in other people's computer files.
✓ You should not use a computer to steal.
✓ You should not copy or use proprietary software for which you
have not paid
✓ You should not use other people's computer resources without
authorization
✓ You should always use a computer in ways that ensure
consideration and respect for others
LECTURER 1
 Advantages of ICT

• Processing of data is much faster on a

computer
• Searching of data is much faster
• Data storage capacity is very high
• Data communication is fast and accurate
• Data can be put on the computer using
variety of formats

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU

[email protected]
 Disadvantages of ICT

• Job loss
• Reduce personal interaction
• Reduce physical activity
• Security issues
• Cost of using ICT is quite expensive
• Reducing the quality of education and
understanding
DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU
[email protected]
 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi Computers and Digital Basics

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU LECTURER 2
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Define a computer/Data Representation
✓ Component of the computer system
✓ Understand the various classification of computers
{ Size, Type/Mechanism and Purpose}
✓ Advantages/Disadvantages of Computer
✓ Computing threats
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Computer
✓ A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory, that can accept data, process the
data according to specified rules, produce
results, and store the results for future use.

✓ A computer is an electronic device that can

follow instructions to accept input, process
that input, and produce information.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Data Representation
✓ Data refers to the words, numbers, figures,
sounds, and graphics that describe people, events,
things, and ideas.
✓ A computer represents “on” with a 1 and “off” with
a 0. These numbers are referred to as binary
digits, or bits.
✓ A series of eight bits is called a byte
✓ A kilobyte (KB or simply K) is 1024 bytes, or
approximately one thousand bytes
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Data Representation ..
✓ megabyte (MB) is 1,048,576 bytes, or about one
million bytes;
✓ A gigabyte (GB) is 1,073,741,824 bytes, or about
one billion bytes;
✓ and a terabyte (TB) is 1024 GB, or approximately
one trillion bytes.
✓ The symbols KB, MB, GB, and TB refer to
processing capacity, storage capacity, and file
sizes. HARDDISK SIZE 250GB, 500GB, 1TB
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Components of the computer System

✓ The basic components of a computer system
includes:
✓ Hardware
✓ Software
✓ User (liveware)
✓ Procedure (the interaction between the user
and the computer
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CC System - Hardware
✓ The hardware refers to the physical
components of the computer. Examples of
hardware include:
✓ Monitor
✓ Mouse
✓ Keyboard
✓ Scanner
✓ Printer
✓ System unit
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CC System - Software
✓ Software is also referred to as programs.
✓ Software refers to the electronic instructions
that tell the computer how to perform its task.
Examples of computer software include:
✓ Windows Operating system
✓ VLC media player
✓ Mozilla firefox
✓ Microsoft office
✓ SPSS
✓ PC DJ
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CC System – Users/Liveware
✓ The user, also referred to as Liveware is the
human beings who operate or use the computer
✓ Examples of users of computer may include:
✓ Students
✓ Researchers
✓ Administrators
✓ Programmers
✓ webmasters
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CC System – Procedure
✓ Procedure refers to a series of actions
taken to achieve something.
✓ The computer may not function as
expected if users do not follow the
actions used in operating it.
✓ For example, the procedure used in
playing music is different from the
procedure used in sending e-mails.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Classification Of Computers
✓ Computers can be classified according to
their:
✓ Capacity or size
✓ Purpose
✓ Type/Mechanism
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Super Computers
✓ The most powerful computers in terms of
performance and data processing are the
Supercomputers.
✓ These are specialized and task specific computers
used by large organizations.
✓ The supercomputers are very expensive and very
large in size. It can be accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms; some super computers can span
an entire building
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Super Computers..
✓ These computers are used for
research and exploration purposes,
like National Aeronautics and Space
Agency (NASA)

✓ NASA uses supercomputers for

launching space shuttles, controlling
them and for space exploration
purpose.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Super Computers..
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Mainframe Computers
✓ Mainframe computers are also large
computers occupying specially wired and air
conditioned rooms.
✓ They have high processing speed and large
storage capacities.
✓ Mainframe computers are also used by large
organisations like universities, banks, telecom
companies and some government agencies.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Mainframe Computers
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Minicomputers
✓ Minicomputers are also referred to as mid-
range computers.
✓ They are desk-sized computers which fall
within the abilities and size of mainframes
and microcomputers.
✓ However, minicomputers process data
relatively slower than mainframes.
✓ They are used by medium sized companies.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Minicomputers
• They are use as web Servers,
Database and Gaming Services
• These computers are not designed
for a single user.
• For example, a production department
can use Mini-computers for
monitoring certain production process
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Microcomputers
✓ Microcomputers are the most widely used and the
fastest growing type of computers.
✓ They are physically small in size and also very small
storage capacities.
✓ They are less expensive compared to the
supercomputers, mainframes and the minicomputers.
✓ They are used in schools, offices business
establishments.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Microcomputers
Examples of Microcomputer
✓ Laptops
✓ Notebooks
✓ Netbooks
✓ Palmtops
✓ Personal digital assistants (PDA)
✓ Smart phones
✓ Tablets
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Computers by Purpose
✓ Computers can be classified by what they
are used for.
✓ Computers that are classified according to
purpose may fall under one of the following
categories.
✓ General-purpose computers
✓ Specific-purpose computers
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

General Purpose
✓ They are designed to solve a large variety of
problems.
✓ They can be given different software to solve
different types of problems.
✓ They can store large amount of data as well as the
software necessary to process them.
✓ Examples are:
✓ Desktop computers
✓ Laptop computers
✓ tablets
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Special or Specific Purpose

✓ They are designed to solve specific problems.
✓ These computers usually have a particular type
of software installed in them for performing a
particular type of task.
✓ Examples are:
✓ Cameras
✓ Game consoles
✓ Digital thermometer
✓ Media player
✓ Traffic lights
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Type or Mechanism
✓ Computers may also be categorized according
to their mode of operation.
✓ Classification according type may include:
✓ Digital computers
✓ Analogue computers
✓ Hybrid computers
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Digital Computer
✓ This refers to computers that solve problems
by processing information that is expressed in
binary forms. i.e. Using two digits 0 and 1.
✓ Examples are:
✓ Desktop computers,
✓ Laptops
✓ Palmtops
✓ Mobile phones
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Analogue Computer
✓ Analogue computers represent data as physical
quantities and operate by manipulating these
quantities.
✓ It can be defined as information device that
operates using physical quantities received from
continuously varying variables.
✓ Examples are
✓ Speedometer (measures speed)
✓ A thermometer (measures temperature)
✓ Hydrometer (humidity)
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Hybrid Computer
✓ The hybrid computer refers to the fusion of both
digital and analogue computers.
✓ This type of computers combines both the
features of digital and analogue computers.
✓ Examples are:
✓ Automated Teller Machines (ATM)
✓ Money counting machine
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Advantages of using computers

Speed Reliability Consistency

Storage Communications
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Disadvantages of using computers

Violation of Impact on
Privacy Labor Force

Impact on
Health Risks
Environment
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Threats in Computing
✓ Threats are dangerous persons or things with
the intent to cause harm or damage to the
computer
✓ The following are types of computer threats
✓ Natural threats to computers
✓ Human or man-made threats to computers
✓ Threats to computer users
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Natural threats to computers

✓ These are threats that are caused by
nature or things in nature.
✓ These threats include
✓ Heat
✓ Flood
✓ Rodents
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Human or man-made threats to computers

✓ These are threats caused by humans.
✓ They include:
✓ Electrical faults
✓ Theft
✓ Dust
✓ Water
✓ Viruses
✓ Adware
✓ Human errors
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Threats to computer users

✓ Computer users are also exposed to threats.
✓ These threats include:
✓ Bad posture
✓ Poor vision
✓ Wrist pains
✓ Electric shock or electrocution
 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi The Computer System Unit

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU LECTURER 3
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Define a Hardware/Identify Hardware Categories
✓ Define a System Unit/Chassis
✓ Identify the Some components of the system Units
✓ Understand the functions of some of the
components of the system Unit.
✓ How to Keep your Laptop/Desktop computer Clean
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Computer Hardware
✓ The computer hardware refers to all the physical
parts of the computer.
✓ The hardware refers to parts of the computer
that we can see, touch and feel.
✓ The four main categories of computer hardware
include:
✓ System unit
✓ Input devices/Output devices
✓ Storage devices
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The System Unit

✓ The Case that contains electronic components
of the computer used to process data
✓ It contains or houses components such as the
CD-ROM drive, motherboard, Central Processing
Unit (CPU), Power supply unit, hard disk, floppy
disk drive, primary memory (RAM), and many
more.
• Am empty plastic or the metal box is known as
Chassis
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The System Unit

➢ Processor power supply drive bays

➢ Memory
➢ Adapter processor
cards
ports
▪ Sound card
memory
▪ Video card
➢ Ports
➢ Drive bays
➢ Power supply
➢ Motherboard
➢ Hard disk video card sound card
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The System Unit

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Mother Board

✓ Main circuit board in system unit
✓ Contains adapter cards, processor
chips, and
memory chips
✓ Also called system board or
Circuit Board
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Mother Board

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Chip
✓ Small piece of semi-conducting material on
which integrated circuits are etched
✓ Integrated circuits contain many microscopic
pathways capable of carrying electrical current
✓ Chips are packaged so they can be attached to
a circuit board
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Central Processing Unit

✓ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply
called the processor.
✓ It is often plugged into CPU socket on the
motherboard.
✓ The processor is made up of two main units.
They include:
✓ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
✓ Control Unit (CU)
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

✓ It is the part of the CPU that performs all the
arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and makes
logical comparisons between two or more items.

✓ It uses Registers in its operations.

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

✓ Registers
✓ Is a temporary high-speed storage area that
holds data and instructions
✓ Stores location from where instruction
was fetched
✓ Stores instruction while it is being decoded
✓ Stores results of calculation
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Registers (Instructions)

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 (2+3) = 5 12
CPU (into the memory)
13 14 15 16 Register store where the
instruction was fetched

CPU (Calculation) CPU (move from memory

(registers store the results and decode it) (registers store
of the calculation where the instruction was
decoded
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Control Unit
✓ The control unit is the component of the
processor that ensures that operations are
well carried out by the CPU.
✓ The control unit controls the Machine cycle.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Machine Cycle

✓ The steps the CPU use to complete a task.
✓ Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine
cycle
✓ Fetch >> obtain instructions from memory
✓ Decode >> translate instructions into
commands
✓ Execute >> Carry out command
✓ Store >> Write Results into Memory
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

System Clock
✓ Controls timing of all computer operations

Clock Speed Most clock speeds are

Each tick
The operating speed in the gigahertz (GHz) or
is a of a computer Millions of instruction
clock cycle expressed in Per second
cycles per second

The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by the clock

cycle
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Cooling System
✓ Heat sink—component
with fun that cools
processor
✓ Heat pipe—smaller
device for notebook
computers
✓ Liquid cooling—uses a
continuous flow of fluids
to transfer heat away
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Memory
✓ Electronic components that store
instructions, data, and results
✓ Each byte stored in unique location
called an address, similar to seats
in a concert hall
✓ The two main Memory we normally
talk about is the RAM and ROM.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The RAM – Random Access Memory

✓ The RAM is a temporal working area for the
CPU. It stores data and instructions that will
be needed shortly by the CPU.
✓ All data on the RAM vanishes when the
computer is turned off. This makes it Volatile.
✓ The capacity of the RAM is measured in
Bytes.
✓ Example: Static and Dynamic Ram
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Static and Dynamic RAM

✓ Static RAM is fast and expensive, and
dynamic RAM is less expensive and slower.
✓ Static RAM do not have to be re-energized
as often as DRAM
✓ Most computers use both types, but DRAM
is far more common and does the majority of
the work
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The ROM – Read Only Memory

✓ The ROM chips are also known as firmware.
✓ They are chips that can not be written on or
erased by the computer user.
✓ They contain permanent instructions that
need to be available to the computer at all
times so that the computer can boot or
reboot.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The ROM – Read Only Memory

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Flash Memory
✓ Non-volatile memory that can be
erased electronically and
rewritten

✓ Used with PDAs, digital cameras,

smart phones, music players,
digital voice recorders, printers,
Internet receivers, and pagers
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Hard Disk

✓ The hard disk is a permanent storage device
that holds data and program instructions that
are to be used by either memory or the CPU.
✓ It provides lots of storage capacity
✓ It provides fast access to files.
✓ It is very reliable and economical.
✓ The capacity of the hard disk is measured in
Gigabytes (GB).
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

The Hard Disk

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CD ROM Drive
✓ The term CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc
Read-Only Memory.
✓ It is also referred to as the Optical drive.
✓ It is the part responsible for playing music,
viewing files, watching videos and installing
software on the computer using Compact Disc
(CD)
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

CD ROM Drive
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Expansion Slot
✓ An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card
✓ With Plug and Play,
the computer
automatically
configures cards
and other devices
as you install them
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Ports and Connectors

✓ Port connects external devices to system unit
✓ Connector joins cable to peripheral
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Serial Port
✓ Transmits one bit of
data at a time
✓ Connects slow-speed
devices, such as
mouse, keyboard,
modem
✓ Usually called Female
connector
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Parallel
✓ Connects devices that
can transfer more than
one bit at a time, such as
a printer

✓ Usually called Male

connector
Introduction to Information and Communication Technology
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Connectors
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

System Bus
✓ Channel that allows devices inside
computer to communicate with each
other
✓ System bus connects processor and
RAM
✓ Bus width determines number of bits
transmitted at one time
✓ Word size is the number of
bits processor can interpret
and execute at a given time
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Bay
✓ Open area inside
system unit used to
install additional
equipment
✓ Drive bays typically
hold disk drives
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Power Supply
✓ It is the unit that converts power from
Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC).
✓ The electricity from a standard wall outlet is an
Alternating Current (AC), but microcomputers
run on Direct Current (DC).
✓ The PSU is usually provided with a fans.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Keeping Your Computer Clean

✓ Over time, the system unit
collects dust – even in a clean
environment
✓ Clean your machine Regular
 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi The Computer Software

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU LECTURER 3
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Define a Software
✓ Explain the various categories of software
✓ Software upgrade and Update
✓ Software Installation/ Uninstallation.
✓ Software copyright and Licenses
✓ Software Security
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Computer Software
✓ As noted earlier, computers cannot work
with only hardware and operating
systems. To benefit from your computer,
you need application software.

✓ Software is defined as written programs,

procedures or rules and associated
documentation that direct the computer
to accomplish a task.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Computer Software
✓ Software is divided into two major
categories:
✓ System Software
✓ Application Software.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Types of System Software

✓ System Software is categorize
into three: :
✓ Operating System
✓ Utilities Software
✓ Device Driver
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Operating System
✓ Controls basic input and
output, allocates system
resources, manages storage
space, maintains security, and
detects equipment failure.
✓ E.g. Windows, Macintosh,
Linux, Unix etc.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Utilities Software
✓ Are programs that augments
the operating system by
taking over some of its
responsibility for allocating
hardware resources.

✓ E.g. Tune Up, Clean Master,

Antivirus
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Device Drivers
✓ A device driver is software
that helps a peripheral device
establish communication with a
computer.
✓
✓ Handle the transmission
protocol between a computer
and its peripherals. E.g. Drivers
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is Application Software

✓ Application software helps the user carry out a
variety of specific tasks.
Uses
✓ To make business activities more efficient.
✓ To assist with graphics and multimedia projects.
✓ To support home, personal, and educational
tasks.
✓ To facilitate communications
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Business Software
✓ Software that assists people in
becoming more effective and
efficient.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Examples of Business Software

✓ Word Processing Software
Allows users to create and manipulate text and
graphics
✓ Clip art is a collection
of graphics
that you can
insert in
documents
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Examples of Business Software

✓ Spreadsheet Software
✓ Organizes data
✓ Performs calculations and
recalculates when data changes

▪ Columns identified by letters

▪ Rows identified by numbers
▪ A cell is the intersection of a column and row
▪ Example: MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Google sheet etc.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Examples of Business Software

 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Examples of Business Software

✓ Function in Spreadsheet Application
✓ A predefined formula that performs common
calculations
✓ =C4+C5+C6+C7+C8
✓ =SUM(C4:C8)
✓ Allows you to display spreadsheet data in
graphical form
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Examples of Business Software

✓ Database Software
✓ Allows you to create and manage data.
✓ Add, change, delete, sort, and retrieve data
✓ A table contains records
✓ A record is a row in a table that contains
information about a given person, product, or event
✓ A field is a column in a table that contains a specific
piece of information within
a record
Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

✓ Database Software
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Graphics and Multimedia Software

✓ Desktop publishing software

✓ Enables you to design

and produce
sophisticated
documents that
contain text,
graphics, and many
colours
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Graphics and Multimedia Software

✓ Paint/image editing software

✓ Used to create and

modify graphical
images
✓ Sometimes called
illustration
software
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Graphics and Multimedia Software

✓ Video and Audio editing software
✓ Video editing software
allows you to modify a
segment of a video,
called a clip
✓ Audio editing software
allows you to modify
audio clips
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Graphics and Multimedia Software

✓ Multimedia Authoring Software
✓ Allows you to combine
text, graphics, audio,
video, and animation
into an interactive
presentation
✓ E.g. Adobe after effect,
✓ Maya, etc.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Graphics and Multimedia Software

✓ Web page authoring software
✓ Allows users of all skill levels to create
Web pages
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Mobile Apps
✓ A mobile app is designed for a handheld
device, such as a smartphone, tablet
computer, or enhanced media player.
✓ Most handheld devices can use both Web
apps and mobile apps
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Mobile Apps
✓ Mobile apps can be purchased from an app
store
✓ Apple App Store
✓ Android Market
✓ Apps are available from other sources,
but using them requires an unauthorized
change to the device’s software called a
jailbreak
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Portable software
✓ Portable software is designed
to run from removable
storage, such as a CD or USB
flash drive
✓ Installation is simply a
matter of getting program
files to the media on which
they are supposed to run
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Software Upgrades and Updates

✓ Periodically, software publishers replace
older versions of a software product
with a new version that’s sometimes
referred to as a software upgrade

✓ A software update is a small section of

program code that replaces part of the
software you currently have installed
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Software Copyrights and Licenses

✓ A copyright is a form of legal protection that
grants the author of an original “work”
exclusive rights
✓ Software licenses, also called license
agreements, define the ways in which you may
use a computer program.
✓ Single-user license
✓ Site license
✓ Multiple-user
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Some Key terms

✓ Freeware is copyrighted software that is
available for free.
✓ Shareware is a copyrighted software that is
available for some period.
✓ Open source software (OSS) is software that
is distributed for free with accessible source
code that can be modified and improved by
anyone.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Some Key terms

✓ Product activation is a means of protecting
software from illegal copying by requiring
users to enter a product key or activation
code before the software can be used
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Malware
✓ Malware” is short for “malicious
software” - computer programs designed
to infiltrate and damage computers
without the users consent.
✓ “Malware” is the general term covering
all the different types of threats to
your computer safety such as viruses,
spyware, worms, trojans, rootkits and so
on
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Malware
✓ Virus: A software program capable of
reproducing itself and usually capable of
causing great harm to files or other
programs on the same computer.

✓ Antiviruses are software that checks a

computer for viruses and prevents their
spread.
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Scanning Process
✓ Most experts recommend that you configure
your antivirus software to periodically scan all
the files on your computer

✓ If, during the scanning process, your virus

protection software identifies a virus, worm,
Trojan horse, or bot in a file or attachment, it
can try to remove the infection, put the file
into quarantine, or simply delete the file
 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi The Computer Input Devices

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU LECTURER 5
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Define an input
✓ Identify the various computer input devices
✓ Explain the functions of some input devices
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is input?
➢ Data or instructions
entered into memory
of computer
➢ Input device is any
hardware
component that
allows users to
enter data and
instructions
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What are the two types of

input?
➢ Data
▪ Unprocessed text,
numbers, images,
audio, and video
➢ Instructions
▪ Programs
▪ Commands
▪ User responses
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

How is the keyboard divided?

➢ Typing area
➢ Numeric keypad
➢ Function
keys,
special
keys that
issue
commands
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is the insertion point?

➢ Blinking vertical bar that indicates
where next character you type will
display
➢ Pointer changes
location and shape
as you move mouse
or other pointing
device
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a cordless keyboard?

➢ Communicate with a
receiver attached to a
port on the system unit
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a cordless keyboard?

➢ Communicate with a
receiver attached to a
port on the system unit

➢ Notebook and many

handheld computers
have built-in keyboards
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a mouse?
➢ Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
▪ Pointing device mouse buttons
controls movement of wheel
button
pointer, also called
mouse pointer
➢ Mechanical mouse ball

has rubber or metal

ball on underside

mouse pad
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is an optical mouse?

➢ No moving mechanical
parts inside
➢ Senses light to detect
mouse’s movement
➢ More precise than
mechanical mouse
➢ Connects using a
cable, or wireless
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a trackball?
➢ Stationary pointing
device with a ball on its
top or side
➢ To move pointer, rotate
ball with thumb, fingers,
or palm of hand
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What are a touchpad and a

pointing stick?
➢ Touchpad is small, flat, rectangular
pointing device sensitive to
pressure and motion

➢ Pointing stick is pointing device

shaped like pencil eraser positioned
between keys on keyboard
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What are a joystick and a wheel?

➢ Joystick is vertical
lever mounted
on a base
➢ Wheel is steering-wheel-type
input device
▪ Pedal simulates
car brakes and accelerator
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a light pen?

➢ Handheld input device
that can detect light
▪ Press light pen
against screen
surface and then
press button on pen
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a touch screen?

➢ Touch areas of
screen with finger
➢ Often used with
kiosks
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a stylus and a digital pen?

Stylus
➢ Looks like a ballpoint pen,
but uses pressure to write
text and draw lines
Digital
➢ Used with graphics tablets,
flat electronic boards
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a portable keyboard and a docking

station?

➢ A portable keyboard is a
full-sized keyboard you
conveniently attach to and
remove from PDA
➢ A docking station is an
external device that holds
a mobile computer
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a digital camera?

➢ Allows you to take
digital pictures
➢ Images viewable
immediately on
camera
▪ Download to computer
▪ Post pictures
to Web
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is resolution?
➢ Sharpness and clarity of image
➢ The higher the resolution, the better the
image quality, but the more expensive the
camera
➢ Pixel (picture element)
is single point in
electronic image
▪ Greater the number of
pixels, the better the
image quality
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is video input?

➢ Video capture card is
adapter card that converts
analog video signal into
digital signal that
computer can use
➢ Digital video (DV) camera
records video as digital
signals
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What are a PC video camera and a Web cam?

➢ PC video camera — DV camera used to capture
c c

video and still images, and to make

video telephone calls on Internet
▪ Also called PC camera
➢ Web cam — video camera
c c

whose output displays on

a Web page
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a scanner?
➢ Light-sensing device that reads Flatbed
printed text and graphics
▪ Used for image processing,
converting paper documents into
electronic images
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is an optical reader?

➢ Device that uses light source to read characters, marks,
and codes and then converts them into digital data

▪ Optical character recognition

(OCR) reads characters in
OCR font
▪ Optical mark recognition (OMR)
reads hand-drawn pencil marks,
such as small circles
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a bar code reader?

➢ Uses laser beams to read bar codes

What is a bar code?

➢ Identification code that consists of a
set of vertical lines and spaces of
different widths
➢ Universal Product Code (UPC)
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is an RFID reader?

➢ Reads information on the
tag via radio waves
▪ Can be handheld devices
or mounted in a stationary
object
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a magnetic stripe card reader?

➢ Reads the magnetic stripe on
the back of a credit card
➢ Exposure to a magnetic field can
erase the contents of a card’s
magnetic stripe
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

What is a magnetic-ink character recognition

(MICR) reader?

➢ Can read text printed with magnetized ink

➢ Banking industry almost exclusively uses
MICR for check processing
 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi The Web Technology

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU LECTURER 6
 Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Learning Outcomes
✓ Differentiate between the internet and the web
✓ Differentiate between Client and Server
✓ Explain URL and domain with examples
✓ Explain browsers, search engines,
✓ Differentiate between Http and HTML
✓ Understand some basics terminologies
✓ Understand some online security threats
 The Internet
The Internet, linking your computer to other
computers around the world, is a way of transporting
content.
Internet is a network of networks connecting billions
of computers globally. Developed while U.S. was in
midst of Cold War with Soviet Union
Created to respond to two concerns:
❖ Establishing a secure form of military communications
❖ Creating a means by which all computers could
communicate

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 The Internet
• Evolved from Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET)
– Vinton Cerf
– Robert Kahn
• First communication occurred in 1969
• World Wide Web is subset of the Internet
✓Common protocols enable computers to talk to
each other
✓Special links enable navigation
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 How does the internet work?

• Computer connected to the Internet acts

in one of two ways:
– Client is computer that asks for data
– Server receives the request and returns data
to the client

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 Communicating and Collaborating Through
the Internet
• Different ways to communicate
– Instant messaging
– Group communications
– Social networking
– Web and video logs
– Wikis
– Podcasts and Webcasts

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 The Web

• The Web is a collection of document, image,

video, and sound files
• Generation of the Word Wide Web
• Web 1.0
• Web 2.0

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 The Web

• Web 1.0 is the first generation of the World wide

web evolution. Personal pages were common
consisting of mainly static pages hosted on
Internet Service Providers (ISP).

• Web 2.0 is the second generation of the world

wide web that allows anyone to create and share
online information or materials created. Examples
include: social networking, podcasting, blogs,
Wikis etc..
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 The Web or Internet
Web or Internet, both are not the same

The Internet is a collection of computers or

networking devices connecting together. Devices
can communicate with each other.

The Web is a collection of documents that are

interconnected by hyper-links. These documents
are accessed by web browsers and provided by
web servers.
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 How does the web work
✓The web information is stored in the web pages. (In
HTML Format)
✓The web pages are stored in the computers called
web servers. (In the web server file system.)
✓The computer reading the pages is called web clients
with specific web browsers. ( IE, Netscape, Mozilla,
Chrome, Safari, Opera etc.)
✓The web server waits for the request from the web
clients over the Internet.

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 Web Basics

• A Web server accepts requests from

browsers
• A Web page is the product or output of
one or more Web-based files displayed
in a format similar to a page in a book
• Every Web page has a unique address
called a URL ( Uniform Resource
Locator )
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 The URL

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 Top-Level Domain
Domain Name Who Can Use the Domain Name
.biz Businesses
Originally for commercial sites but can be used by
.com
anyone now
.edu Degree-granting institutions
.gov Local, state, and United States government
.info Information service providers
.mil United States military
.name Individuals
Originally for networking organizations, no longer
.net
restricted
.org Organizations (often nonprofits)

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 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

• Set of specifications for

creating documents that a
browser can display as a Web
page

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 HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of

rules for transferring files, such as text, graphic
images, sound, video, and other multimedia files, on
the World Wide Web
✓ A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
✓ An web server receives the request
✓ The server runs an application to process the request
✓ The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the
browser
✓ The client (the browser) receives the response

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 Web Browser
• A Web browser is client
software that displays Web
page elements and handles links
between pages

• Popular browsers:
– Internet Explorer
– Mozilla Firefox
– Apple Safari
– Google Chrome
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 Cookies
• Small chunk of data generated by a Web
server and stored in a text file on computer’s
hard disk
– Fix problems caused by HTTP’s stateless protocol
– Relatively safe
• Your computer does not have to accept
cookies

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 Search Engine
A Web search engine is a
program designed to help
people locate information
on the Web by formulating
simple keyword queries

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 Ads (An Advertisement)
• Enhances traditional business models
• Styles of online advertisements
– Banner ad
– Hover ad
– Pop-up ad
• Click-through rate
• Ad-blocking software prevents ads
from appearing on screens
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 SPAM

• Spam is unwanted electronic junk mail about

medical products, low-cost loans, and fake software
upgrades that arrive in your online mailbox
• Spam has turned into another major hacking tool
for cybercriminals
• A spam filter is a type of utility software that
captures unsolicited e-mail messages before they
reach your inbox e.g. Boxbe

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 Phishing
• Phishing is an e-mail based scam designed to
persuade you to reveal confidential information,
such as your bank account number or Social
Security number

• If you don’t want to become a phishing victim, be

suspicious of e-mail messages that supposedly
come from banks, ISPs, online payment services,
operating system publishers, and online merchants

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 Fake website/Pharming

• A fake Web site looks legitimate, but has been

created by a third party to be a very clever replica
of a legitimate Web site
• Pharming is an exploit that redirects users to fake
sites by poisoning a domain name server with a false
IP address
• Pharming is more surreptitious and tougher to
detect than most other hacker schemes

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 SECURITY THREATS

• Security refers to the steps a

computer owner takes to prevent
unauthorized use of or damage to
the computer.
• Threats are activities, people, &
programs that is a source of danger
to computer systems.
• Examples of computer security
threats are Malware, Viruses,
Spyware, Adware etc.

Chapter 7: The Web and E-mail 183

 SECURITY THREATS

✓ Malware” is short for “malicious

software” - computer programs designed
to infiltrate and damage computers
without the users consent.
✓ “Malware” is the general term covering
all the different types of threats to
your computer safety such as viruses,
spyware, worms, trojans, rootkits and so
on

Chapter 7: The Web and E-mail 184

 SECURITY THREATS

❖ Antiviruses are software also known as Virus-

Protection software that checks a computer for
viruses and prevents their spread.
❖ Spyware are programs that track a computer
user’s Internet usage and send this data back to
the company or person who created it.
❖ Adware is software installed with another
program, usually with the user’s permission, that
generates advertising revenue for the program’s
creator by displaying targeted ads to the
program's user
Chapter 7: The Web and E-mail 185
 SECURITY THREATS
Protecting Information with Passwords
❖ Protect data on your computer by using
passwords.
❖ Setup accounts on your computer for
multiple users and require that users
sign in with a username and password
before they can use the computer.
❖ This is known as logging in or logging on.
❖ Protect individual files on your computer

Chapter 7: The Web and E-mail 186

 Characteristics of Strong Passwords

❖ Should have eight or more characters

❖ Does not contain your username, real name, or
company name
❖ Does not contain a complete dictionary word
in any language
❖ Is different from previous passwords you
have used
❖ Contains both upper-and lowercase letters,
numbers, and special characters (such as
~!@;#$%^;&;*()_+;–=;{}| []\:“;’ <;>; ?,./)

Chapter 7: The Web and E-mail 187

 UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
School of Business

GDP113Bu: Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology

Philip Siaw Kissi Data Communication &

Edna Owusu Bempah
DANIEL OPOKU Network LECTURER 7
 Data communication
The transmission of text,
numeric, voice, or video data
from one computer to • The four essential
another or to a peripheral components of data
device is called data communications are;
communications
• A sender
• A receiver
• A channel
• A protocol
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 Component of DC
Sender : the computer that originates the message
Channel: The medium for the data transfer, such as
telephone or coaxial cable, a microwave signal etc.
Receiver : The computer or device at the message’s
destination.
Protocols: The rules that establish an orderly
transfer of data between the sender and
the receiver.

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 Component of DC

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 Component of DC

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 Component of DC

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 Data Flow
❖Data flow/Transmission mode is the flow of data
between two points. The direction of the data
flow can be described as:

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 Data Flow

❖There are three data communication or

data transmission channels like; Simplest,
Half-duplex and full duplex.

Simplex communication or mode- refers to

communication that occurs in one direction
only. Examples radio broadcast, keyboard /
mouse inputs to CPU, internet multicast,
and one – lane and one side road only.
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 Data Flow
Half duplex communication or mode - system provides
communication in both directions, but only one direction at
a time (not simultaneously).

Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must

wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before
replying. Examples walkie-talkie, one-lane road with traffic
controllers at each end, internet browser etc.

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 Data Flow
Full duplex communication or mode- sometimes
called double-duplex system allows
communication in both directions simultaneously.
Virtually no collisions take place on a full-duplex
transmission.

Perhaps a bigger benefit is the increase in overall

throughput- since we are sending and receiving
on two different channels, we just theoretically
doubled our data transfer rate. Examples
landline / mobile phone, two way double side road.

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 Computer Network
A network connects one computer to other computers
and peripheral devices, enabling you to share data and
resources with others.
Network interface card (NIC) creates
a communications channel between the computer and the
network.
A cable is used to connect the NIC port to the
network.
Network software is also essential in establishing the
communications protocols that will be observed on the
network and controlling the “traffic flow” as data travels
throughout
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the network.
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 Computer Network

UTP cable or Internet Cable NIC

(RJ45)

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

▪ The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a

network is called the Topology.
▪ This layout also determines the manner in
which information is exchanged within the
network.
▪ The different types of network topologies
that can be used to set up a network are:
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Mesh Topology
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 BUS TOPOLOGY

▪ Popular topology for data network.

▪ Single transmission medium onto which
various nodes are attached.
▪ Normally coaxial cable is used.
▪ Terminators at both end of BUS absorb
signal, removing it from BUS.

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 BUS TOPOLOGY

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 STAR TOPOLOGY

❖The star topology connects nodes over a network using

a central control unit called the hub.
❖ You can easily add nodes to a star-based network by
attaching the required nodes to the hub.
❖ Setting up a star topology requires a lot of cabling
because all the nodes have to connect to the hub.

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 STAR TOPOLOGY

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 RING TOPOLOGY

❖ The ring topology connects the nodes

on a network through a point-to-point
connection.
❖ Data is accepted from one neighboring
node transmitted to other.
❖ Data travels in one direction.
❖ If one of the nodes on the network
stops, the entire network stops
functioning.
DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU Data communication and network
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 RING TOPOLOGY

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU Data communication and network

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 MESH TOPOLOGY

❖ In the mesh topology each computer are

connected with each other by separate cable.
Create point to point connection to every device
on network.
❖ If one cable fail data always has alternative
path to get to its destination.
❖ On a large scale, you can connect multiple LANs
using mesh topology with leased line.
❖ This type topology generally use in military
area.
DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU Data communication and network
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 MESH TOPOLOGY

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU Data communication and network

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 Find Out

Read on the following

• LAN
• MAN
• PAN
• WAN

DANIEL OPOKU DANIEL OPOKU Data communication and network

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Introduction to Information and Communication Technology