3.

2 Some Integration Formulas

(MAT051 - Calculus 1)

NESTOR G. ACALA, PhD

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City
[email protected]
INTEGRATION FORMULAS:
(Exponential and Logarithmic Functions)

Let uZ be a function of x. Then

du
1. = ln |u | + C
Z u
2. e u du = e u + C
au
Z
3. au du = + C , where a > 0 and a 6= 1
ln a
INTEGRATION FORMULAS:
(Trigonometric Functions)

Let uZ be a function of x. Then Z

1. sin u du = − cos u + C 4. csc 2 u du = −cot u + C
Z Z
2. cos u du = sin u + C 5. sec u tan u du = sec u + C
Z Z
3. sec 2 u du = tan u + C 6. csc u cot u du = −csc u + C
INTEGRATION FORMULAS:
(Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

Let uZ be a function of x and a ∈ R. Then

du u 
1. √ = arcsin +C
a 2 − u2 a
Z
du 1 u 
2. = arctan +C
a2 + u 2 a a
Z
du 1 u 
3. √ = arcsec + C.
u u 2 − a2 a a
In particular, when a = 1 we have
Z
du
1. √ = arcsin u + C
1 − u 2
Z
du
2. = arctan u + C
1 + u2
Z
du
3. √ = arcsec u + C .
u u2 − 1
Example. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
Z
1
1. dx
2x − 7
du
Solution: Let u = 2x − 7. Then du = 2dx; that is, dx = . Thus,
2
Z Z
1 1 du
dx = ·
2x − 7 u 2
Z
1 du
=
2 u
1
= ln |u | + C
2
1
= ln |2x − 7| + C .
2
 Z
2. tan x dx

sin x
Solution: Note that tan x = , so that
cos x
Z Z Z
sin x sin x dx
tan x dx = dx = .
cos x cos x
Let u = cos x. Then du = − sin x dx, that is −du = sin x dx. Thus,
−du
Z Z
tan x dx =
u
= − ln |u | + C
= − ln | cos x | + C .
 x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 1
Z
3. dx
x +1
Solution: Applying Long Division or Synthetic Division, we have

x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 1 3
= x2 + 4 −
x +1 x +1
so that
x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 1
Z Z  
2 3
dx = x +4− dx
x +1 x +1
Z Z
2

dx
= x + 4 dx − 3
x +1
3 Z
x dx
= + 4x − 3 .
3 x +1
Let y = x + 1. Then dy = dx and
Z Z
dx dy
= = ln |y | + C = ln |x + 1| + C .
x +1 y
Therefore,
x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 1 x3
Z Z
dx
dx = + 4x − 3
x +1 3 x +1
3
x
= + 4x − 3 ln |x + 1| + C .
3
 Z
4. e 3−5x dx

−du
Solution: Let u = 3 − 5x. Then du = −5 dx, i.e., dx = .
5
Hence,  
u −du
Z Z
3−5x
e dx = e
5
−1
Z
= e u du
5
−1 u
= e +C
5
−1 3−5x
= e + C.
5
 Z
5. 210x dx

Solution: Observe that, if we let u = 10x and a = 2, then du = 10 dx, i.e.,

du
dx = . Consequently,
10 Z Z  
10x u du
2 dx = a
10
Z
1
= au du
10
1 au
= · +C
10 ln a
210x
= + C.
10 ln 2
 Z
6. sec x (sec x + tan x ) dx

Solution:
Z Z
sec 2 x + sec x tan x dx .


sec x (sec x + tan x ) dx =
Z Z
2
= sec x dx + sec x tan x dx

= tan x + sec x + C .
 Z
7. sin(3 − 2x )dx

du
Solution: Let u = 3 − 2x. Then du = −2 dx, that is, dx = − .
2
Thus, Z Z  
du
sin(3 − 2x )dx = sin u −
2
Z
1
=− sin u du
2
1
= − (− cos u ) + C
2
1
= cos(3 − 2x ) + C .
2
 Z
1
8. cos(ln x )dx
x
1
Solution: Let u = ln x. Then du = dx. Thus, we have
x
Z Z
1 1
cos (ln x )dx = cos (ln x ) · dx
x x
Z
= cos u du

= sin u + C
= sin(ln x ) + C .
 sec 2 e −x
Z
9. dx
ex
−1
Solution: Let u = e −x . Then du = e −x (−1)dx = −e −x dx = x dx, that is,
e
1
dx = −du. Hence,
ex
sec 2 e −x
Z Z
1
x
dx = sec 2 e −x x dx
e e
Z
= sec 2 u (−du )
Z
= − sec 2 u du

= − tan u + C
= − tan e −x + C .
 Z
10. x csc x 2 cot x 2 dx

du
Solution: Let u = x 2 . Then du = 2x dx, i.e., x dx = 2 .
Thus,
Z Z
x csc x cot x dx = csc x 2 cot x 2 · x dx
2 2

Z  
du
= csc ucot u
2
1
= (−csc u ) + C
2
1
= − (csc x 2 ) + C .
2
 Z
2
2x 2 − 5x dx


11. (4x − 5) csc

Solution: Let u = 2x 2 − 5x. Then du = (4x − 5)dx. Hence,

Z Z
(4x − 5) csc 2x − 5x dx = csc 2 2x 2 − 5x · (4x − 5)dx
2 2



Z
= csc 2 u du

= −cot u + C
= −cot 2x 2 − 5x + C .


 Z
1
12. dx
1 + 4x 2
du
Solution: Let u = 2x. Then du = 2dx. That is, = dx.
2
So that Z Z Z
1 1 1 du
dx = dx = ·
1 + 4x 2 1 + (2x )2 1+u 2 2
Z
1 du
=
2 1 + u2
1
= · arctan u + C
2
1
= arctan 2x + C .
2
 Z
sin x dx
13. √
1 − cos2 x
Solution: Let u = cos x. Then du = − sin x dx or −du = sin x dx.
Hence,
−du
Z Z
sin xdx
√ = √
1 − cos2 x Z 1−u
2
du
=− √
1 − u2
= −arcsin u + C
= −arcsin (cos x ) + C .
 Z
1
14. √ dx
e 2x −1
Solution: Let u = e x . Then du = e x dx. Since the expression for du involves e x ,
multiply both numerator and denominator by e x . That is,
ex
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p · x dx
e 2x − 1 (e x )2 − 1 e
e x dx
Z
= p
e x (e x )2 − 1
Z
du
= √
u u2 − 1
= arcsec u + C
= arcsec e x + C .
 Z
dx
15.
16 + 9x 2

Solution: Let a = 4 and u = 3x. Then du = 3dx. That is, dx = du 3 .

Thus, Z Z Z du
dx dx 3
= =
16 + 9x 2 42 + (3x )2 42 + u 2
Z
1 du
=
3 a + u2
2
1 1 u
= · arctan + C
3 a a
1 1 3x 1 3x
= · arctan +C = arctan + C.
3 4 4 12 4
 Z
x
16. √ dx
5 − 4x 2
Solution: Observe that
Z Z
x xdx
√ dx = q √

5− 4x 4 2
5 − (2x 2 )2
√ du
Let a = 5 and u = 2x 2 . Then du = 4xdx. So that xdx = 4 .
Hence, Z Z
x xdx
√ dx = q √

5 − 4x 4 2
5 − (2x 2 )2
Z du
= √ 4
Za2 −u2
1 du
= √
4 a2 − u 2
1 u 1 2x 2
= · arcsin + C = arcsin √ + C .
4 a 4 5
Exercises
Solve the following indefinite integrals:

5ln x 8x 4 − 10x 2 + 5 x2
Z Z Z
1. dx 5. dx 10. dx
Z x Z 2x − 3 Z 9 + x6
2 1
2. e sin x cos xdx 6. xe −x dx 11. √ dx
x x 6−4
sec 2 (2x )dx
Z 4
sec 2 x
Z Z
x
3. 8. 5
dx 13. 2
dx
Z tan(2x ) Z 4x 2x Z tan x x+ 1
sin xdx e e
4. 9. √ 14. √
cos3 x 9 − e 4x 16 − e 2x dx