Transformations Notes
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Michael RobertsTransformations Notes
Uploaded by
Michael RobertsComprehensive Notes on Transformations
Transformations are used to move, scale, reflect, or rotate points or shapes in a coordinate system.
Below is a breakdown of the types of transformations, key concepts, and associated formulas using
matrices.
1. Translation
- Translation shifts a shape by a specific amount without changing its size, shape, or orientation.
- Notation: T = (a, b)
- Effect: Moves each point (x, y) by adding a to the x-coordinate and b to the y-coordinate.
- Transformation Formula: (x, y) -> (x + a, y + b)
- Matrix Form:
[ x' ] = [ 1 0 a ] [ x ]
[ y' ] [0 1 b][y]
2. Rotation
- Rotation turns a shape around a fixed point (typically the origin) by a specific angle.
#### Rotation Matrices Around the Origin
For a point (x, y), rotating it by an angle theta (in degrees) yields:
- Anticlockwise Rotations:
- 90°: [ 0 -1 ] (x, y) -> (-y, x)
[1 0]
- 180°: [ -1 0 ] (x, y) -> (-x, -y)
[ 0 -1 ]
- 270°: [ 0 1 ] (x, y) -> (y, -x)
[ -1 0 ]
- Clockwise Rotations:
- 90°: [ 0 1 ] (x, y) -> (y, -x)
[ -1 0 ]
- 180°: [ -1 0 ] (x, y) -> (-x, -y)
[ 0 -1 ]
- 270°: [ 0 -1 ] (x, y) -> (-y, x)
[1 0]
3. Reflection
- Reflection creates a mirror image of a shape across a specified line.
#### Reflection Matrices
| Reflection Type | Transformation Matrix | Result |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| In x-axis |[1&0] | (x, y) -> (x, -y) |
| | [ 0 & -1 ] | |
| In y-axis | [ -1 & 0 ] | (x, y) -> (-x, y) |
| |[0&1] | |
| In origin | [ -1 & 0 ] | (x, y) -> (-x, -y) |
| | [ 0 & -1 ] | |
| In line y=x |[0&1] | (x, y) -> (y, x) |
| |[1&0] | |
| In line y=-x | [ 0 & -1 ] | (x, y) -> (-y, -x) |
| | [ -1 & 0 ] | |
| Inverse reflection | Depends on the original reflection used | |
4. Tips for Graphs in Reflections
To get full marks on reflection questions in geometry, consider the following:
1. Label Points Clearly: Use letters (e.g., A and A') to differentiate the original and image shapes.
2. Show Transformation Path: Use dashed lines to show the perpendicular distance between each
point and its image across the reflection line.
3. Precision and Neatness: Use a ruler to ensure straight lines and accurate placement, especially
for reflection lines like y = x and y = -x.
4. State Reflections Clearly: Write down the transformation rule used (e.g., 'Reflection in the y-axis:
(x, y) -> (-x, y)').
5. Consistent Scale: Ensure the distances between points and the reflection line are equal on both
sides for accuracy.
5. Conclusion
By following these notes and tips, you will be well-prepared to understand transformations and
