Comprehensive Notes on Transformations

Transformations are used to move, scale, reflect, or rotate points or shapes in a coordinate system.

Below is a breakdown of the types of transformations, key concepts, and associated formulas using

matrices.

1. Translation
- Translation shifts a shape by a specific amount without changing its size, shape, or orientation.

- Notation: T = (a, b)

- Effect: Moves each point (x, y) by adding a to the x-coordinate and b to the y-coordinate.

- Transformation Formula: (x, y) -> (x + a, y + b)

- Matrix Form:

[ x' ] = [ 1 0 a ] [ x ]

[ y' ] [0 1 b][y]

2. Rotation
- Rotation turns a shape around a fixed point (typically the origin) by a specific angle.

#### Rotation Matrices Around the Origin

For a point (x, y), rotating it by an angle theta (in degrees) yields:

- Anticlockwise Rotations:

- 90°: [ 0 -1 ] (x, y) -> (-y, x)

[1 0]

- 180°: [ -1 0 ] (x, y) -> (-x, -y)

[ 0 -1 ]
 - 270°: [ 0 1 ] (x, y) -> (y, -x)

[ -1 0 ]

- Clockwise Rotations:

- 90°: [ 0 1 ] (x, y) -> (y, -x)

[ -1 0 ]

- 180°: [ -1 0 ] (x, y) -> (-x, -y)

[ 0 -1 ]

- 270°: [ 0 -1 ] (x, y) -> (-y, x)

[1 0]

3. Reflection
- Reflection creates a mirror image of a shape across a specified line.

#### Reflection Matrices

| Reflection Type | Transformation Matrix | Result |

|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------|

| In x-axis |[1&0] | (x, y) -> (x, -y) |

| | [ 0 & -1 ] | |

| In y-axis | [ -1 & 0 ] | (x, y) -> (-x, y) |

| |[0&1] | |

| In origin | [ -1 & 0 ] | (x, y) -> (-x, -y) |

| | [ 0 & -1 ] | |

| In line y=x |[0&1] | (x, y) -> (y, x) |

| |[1&0] | |

| In line y=-x | [ 0 & -1 ] | (x, y) -> (-y, -x) |

| Inverse reflection | Depends on the original reflection used | |

4. Tips for Graphs in Reflections

1. Label Points Clearly: Use letters (e.g., A and A') to differentiate the original and image shapes.

2. Show Transformation Path: Use dashed lines to show the perpendicular distance between each

point and its image across the reflection line.

3. Precision and Neatness: Use a ruler to ensure straight lines and accurate placement, especially

for reflection lines like y = x and y = -x.

4. State Reflections Clearly: Write down the transformation rule used (e.g., 'Reflection in the y-axis:

(x, y) -> (-x, y)').

5. Consistent Scale: Ensure the distances between points and the reflection line are equal on both

sides for accuracy.

5. Conclusion
By following these notes and tips, you will be well-prepared to understand transformations and

achieve full marks on related questions.