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Igcse Sheme

The document covers various fundamental concepts in chemistry, including the particle nature of matter, experimental techniques, atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and electrolysis. It also discusses chemical energetics, reactions, acids, bases, the periodic table, metals, air and water, sulfur, ammonia, carbonates, and organic chemistry. Each section highlights key principles, processes, and applications relevant to the study of chemistry.

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jonalsmithz
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12 views4 pages

Igcse Sheme

The document covers various fundamental concepts in chemistry, including the particle nature of matter, experimental techniques, atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and electrolysis. It also discusses chemical energetics, reactions, acids, bases, the periodic table, metals, air and water, sulfur, ammonia, carbonates, and organic chemistry. Each section highlights key principles, processes, and applications relevant to the study of chemistry.

Uploaded by

jonalsmithz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

Brownian motion and kinetic nature of matter.


Structure and arrangement of atoms in solids, liquids and gases.
Particle theory and changes of state.
Gas pressure
Particle theory and pressure changes with number of particles, volume and
temperature.
Diffusion and the particle theory.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Laboratory apparatus, equipment and their correct uses.
Laboratory safety signs and procedures.
Criteria for purity (size, solubility, melting and boiling points, density, magnetic
property etc)
Methods of purification: separation techniques.
Importance of laboratory purity: food and drug industry, crime detection etc.

ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS


Proton number and neutron number
Proton number and the Periodic Table
Isotopes (radioactive and non-radioactive isotopes)
Medical and industrial uses of radio-isotopes
Differences between elements, mixtures and compounds, and between metals
and non-metals.
Formation of ions

CHEMICAL BONDING
Types of bond formation and characters of their products.
Macromolecules: Giant covalent structures of graphite, diamond and silica and
their uses.

STOICHIOMETRY
Writing formulae of compounds.
Constructing and balancing symbol equations from word equations.
Relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and formula mass.
Calculating Empirical and Molecular formulae.
Percentage yield and purity.
Calculations involving reacting masses.
The mole concept and Avogadro’s number and related calculations.

ELECTRICITY AND CHEMISTRY


Concept of electrolysis and terms used to describe electrolysis.
1
The ionic theory of electrolysis and the prediction of products.
Electrolysis of molten compounds: PbBr2 and NaCl
Electrolysis of aqueous electrolytes (concentrated and dilute): HCl, NaCl, H2SO4,
CuSO4
Electrolysis and metal purification.
The Hoffmann’s voltammeter and related deductions.
Electroplating and its conditions.

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
Exothermic and Endothermic processes and reactions.
Energy level diagrams.
Bond energy and calculating energy of reactions.
Energy transfer and thermodynamics, fuel cells.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Differences between physical and chemical changes.
Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions.
The collision theory and description of the factors affecting reaction rate.
Redox reactions: Identifying Redox reactions by changes in oxidation number,
colour, etc.
Oxidizing and Reducing agents. Writing ionic half-cell equations and full cell
equations.
Reversible reactions: Le’ Chatelier’s principle and shifting equilibrium.

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS


Properties of acids and bases (physical and chemical properties)
pH and its control.
Types of oxides and their tests.
Preparation and purification of salts.
Volumetric analysis (titration)
Qualitative analyses: Identification of gases, cautions and anions.

THE PERIODIC TABLE


Trends in the periodic table.
Proton number, nucleon number, proton number and the Periodic table.
Groups, periods and families of elements, valency.
Writing electron distribution and drawing atomic structures.
Deducing group and period of an element from its electron distribution.
Transition elements and their characters (physical and chemical)
Noble gases: nature and uses.

2
METALS
Physical and chemical properties.
Alloys.
Reactivity series and displacement reactions.
Metal extraction: Iron, Zinc and Aluminum.
Recycling and uses of metals.
Transition metals

AIR AND WATER


The tests for water and test for pure water, treatment of water for township
supply, uses of water.
Air composition, air pollutants and their sources, effects of air pollutants
(greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain)
Nitrogen and fertilizers, displacement of ammonia from its salts.
CO2 and CH4 as greenhouse gases.
Sources of CO2 as: incomplete combustion, respiration, acid reaction with
carbonates and decomposition of carbonates.
Sources of CH4 as: decaying vegetation, waste gas in animal digestion.
Rusting: causes, promoters and its prevention.
SULFUR
Sources and types of sulfur.
Uses of sulfur in the manufacture of H2SO4 and the contact process, SO2 as
bleach in manufacturing.

AMMONIA
The Haber process: stages and conditions.

CARBONATES
Manufacture of lime, CaO from limestone, CaCO3.
Uses of lime, slake lime and limestone.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum.
Fractional Distillation of petroleum.
Homologous series: saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons, test for
unsaturation, names and structures of alkanes, alkanes and alkynes.
Alkanes: sources, reactions and uses.
Alkanes: manufacture, reactions and uses.
Isomers.
Polymerization: addition and condensation polymers and their formation.
Alcohols: manufacture, properties and uses.
Alkanoic/ carboxylic acids: formation of ethanoic acid as weak acid, reactions:

3
esterification.
Natural and synthetic polymers: sugars, proteins, fats and plastics.
Hydrolysis of natural macromolecules.

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