Position and Displacement

Position (x) Displacement (∆x)

- indicator of the location of an object relative to - indicates the change in Position of an Object in
some reference point motion
- The reference point is oftentimes referred to as ∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
the Origin (or zero) where:
- Can be negative or positive. ∆x – Displacement
x2 – Final position
x1 – Initial position
Velocity and Speed

Average Velocity
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

Average Speed
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑡2 −𝑡1

Instantaneous Velocity
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑡

Instantaneous Speed
- magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

Acceleration

Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration

𝑣2 − 𝑣1 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 2

Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Eq 1. 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 where:
Eq 2. 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡
1 2 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = displacement or ∆x
𝑣𝑜 = initial velocity
Eq 3. 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1 𝑣 = final velocity
Eq 4. 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 + 𝑣 )𝑡
2 𝑎 = acceleration
1
Eq 5. 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣𝑡 − 2 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑡 = time

Free Fall Motion

Eq 1. 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑔𝑡 where:
Eq 2. 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = displacement or simply ∆y
𝑣𝑜 = initial velocity
Eq 3. 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
1 𝑣 = final velocity
Eq 4. 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 + 𝑣 )𝑡
2 𝑔 = gravity (-9.8 m/s2)
1
Eq 5. 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑣𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑡 = time
upward (+) downward (-)
 Vectors

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂ = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎𝑦
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 and tan 𝜃 = 𝑘̂ = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎𝑥

Position and Displacement

Position Vector Displacement Vector

𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ∆𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1

Velocity

Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity

∆𝑟⃗ ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑣⃗ = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Acceleration

Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration

∆𝑣⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 𝑑𝑣⃗ 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝑎⃗ = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Projectile Motion

Horizontal Motion Equation of the Path

𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = (tan 𝜃𝑜 )𝑥 − 2(𝑣 2
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃 )𝑡 0 cos 𝜃0 )

Vertical Motion Horizontal Range

𝑣02
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑅= 𝑔
sin 2𝜃0
1 2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 maximum at θ = 45°
𝑣𝑦2 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )2 − 2𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration
𝑣2
𝑎= 𝑟

Period
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇= 𝑣
 Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia
Objects at rest remain at rest, and objects in motion Mass
remain in motion with the same velocity, unless acted ▪ The acceleration of the object is inversely
upon by an unbalanced force proportional to its mass, holding the force constant.
𝑚𝑥 𝑎
Force ▪ = 0 , Force is constant
𝑚0 𝑎𝑥
▪ A push or pull upon an object resulting from the
object’s interaction with another object.
𝑚
▪ SI Unit: 1𝑁 = 1𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝑠

Newton’s Second Law: The Law of Acceleration

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎⃗ Common Forces
▪ Weight (W)
▪ The acceleration component along a given axis is - 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
caused only by the sum of the force components - Numerically equivalent to the Force due to
along that same axis, and not by force components
gravity,⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑔
along any other axis
▪ An object is said to be in equilibrium if the net ▪ Normal Force (𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑵)
force along all axis acting upon it is equal to zero. - Force in the perpendicular direction to the
▪ Forces coming from outside the body are called point of contact.
External Force ▪ Frictional Force (𝒇 ⃗⃗)
▪ Forces coming from inside the body are called - A force opposing the attempted slide of a body
Internal Forces over a surface
▪ The only forces that may cause a body to accelerate - Direction of the Frictional force is opposite to
are the External Forces. Internal Forces cannot the direction of attempted slide
accelerate the body. Newton’s Laws of Motion Law ▪ Tension (𝑻 ⃗⃗)
of Acceleration - When a cord is attached to a body and is
pulled taut, the cord pulls along the body with
a force equal to the Tension.

Newton’s Third Law: The Law of Interaction

▪ Two bodies are said to interact when they push and ▪ Newton’s third law states re always equal in
pull on each other that is, when a force acts on each magnitude and opposite in direction.
body due to the other body.

Friction

▪ Static Frictional Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝒇𝒔 – type of frictional • Property 2 – The magnitude of ⃗⃗𝑓⃗𝑠⃗ has a maximum
force that opposes motion when the object is still at value, 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 that is given by:
rest 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
▪ Kinetic Frictional Force 𝒇 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒌 – type of frictional where:
force that opposes motion when the object is 𝜇𝑠 = coefficient of static friction
moving 𝐹𝑁 = magnitude of the normal force
▪ Generally, Static Frictional Force has a much higher If the magnitude of the component of 𝐹⃗ that is
value compared to Kinetic Frictional Force parallel to the surface, exceeds 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , then the
Properties of Friction body begins to slide along the surface.
• Property 1 – If the body does not move, then the • Property 3 – If the body begins to slide along the
static frictional force ⃗⃗𝑓⃗𝑠⃗ and the component of 𝐹⃗ surface, the magnitude of the frictional force rapidly
that is parallel to the surface balance each other. decreases to a value 𝐹𝑘 given by:
They are equal in magnitude, and ⃗⃗𝑓⃗𝑠⃗ is directed 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
opposite to that component of 𝐹⃗ where:
𝜇𝑘 = coefficient of Kinetic Friction.
 Energy
• Defined as the ability to do Work 1
𝑚𝑣 2
1
− 𝑚𝑣02 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑
𝑚2 2 2
• SI unit: 𝐽 = 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑠 where:
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can 1
only be transformed from one kind to another. 𝑚𝑣 2 = KE at the end of displacement
2
1
𝑚𝑣02 = KE at the start of displacement
Kinetic Energy 2
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐹𝑥 𝑑 = work done
2

Work

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃 ∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑊
Signs: where:
• Positive Work indicates that the Force is on the ∆𝐾 = change in KE of the particle
same direction as the object’s motion. 𝐾𝑓 = final KE of the particle
• Negative Work indicates that the Force is on the 𝐾𝑖 = initial KE of the particle
opposite direction as the object’s motion.
• Zero Work indicates that the Force has no
component parallel to the direction of the object’s 𝐾𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑊
motion.

Power
𝐽 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 cos 𝜃
▪ SI unit: 𝑊 =
𝑠
where:
Average Power F = force applied
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑊 v = object’s velocity
∆𝑡 θ = angle between force and direction of motion
Instantaneous Power
𝑑𝑊
𝑃=
𝑑𝑡

Potential Energy

∆𝑈 = −𝑊 Gravitational Potential Energy

where:
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦
∆U = change in potential energy
W = work done where:
U = Potential energy
Elastic Potential Energy m = mass
1 g = acceleration due to gravity
∆𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 y = height
where:
U = Potential energy
k = spring constant
x = distance from the relaxed state

Mechanical Energy

𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 = 𝐾 + 𝑈 • An isolated system is a system wherein only the

internal conservative forces act upon each other.
• The Mechanical Energy of a system will not change
if there are no external forces acting upon the
system (also called an isolated system).
 Center of Mass

2-particle system Vector Form

𝑚2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑑
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑛
1
where: 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀
xcom = center of mass 𝑖=1
m1 = mass of particle 1
m2 = mass of particle 2 COM of Solid Objects
d = distance between the 2 particles 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑀 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑚
General Equation 1
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑀 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑚
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑀 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑚
We can separately analyze each dimension to
Newton’s 2nd Law for a System of Particles
get the com location for each:
𝑛 𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚,𝑥 x ↔ y, z
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑀 𝑀 where:
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = net force of all external forces
𝑛
1 𝑀 = total mass of the system
𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖
𝑀 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑚 = acceleration of the system’s COM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑖=1

Linear Momentum

𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ SI Unit: 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
where: 𝑑𝑝⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑝⃗ = linear momentum 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 = particle’s mass
𝑣⃗ = particle’s velocity
Collision and Impulse

• The moment of impact in which the force • Another definition of Impulse is that it is the
changed the momentum of the particle is called product of the Force and the time of collision.
Collision. 𝐽⃗ = 𝐹⃗ ∆𝑡 therefore, ∆𝑝⃗ = 𝐹⃗ ∆𝑡
• Impulse = J • Since momentum is defined as the product of
• The change in momentum experienced by the the object’s mass and velocity (𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗), we can
particle is called the Impulse. rewrite the expressions above as:
∆𝑝⃗ = 𝐽⃗ 𝑚∆𝑣 = 𝐹∆𝑡