READING AND WRITING SKILLS LESSONS

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING: NARRATION

I. Narration- is one pattern of development in writing. It is basically a skill of

chronologically telling a story of events or experience that signaled by transition devices.

Elements Found in a Narrative

Setting - serves as background of a story for it gives the place and time elements. A story links
an incident or series of incidents that take place somewhere or some time.

Character - They must speak and act naturally, like people we know. They appear in our
imagination and we start to understand their actions.

Plot - covers the series of incidents that occurs in the story. It becomes clear and forceful if the
narration captures the interest and enriches the imagination of the readers.

Conflict - elevates the reader’s emotion until it reaches solution. It is the problem that needs to
be resolved.

Theme - the significant truth about life that a story attempts to communicate to its readers,
most important and least explicit.

II. Description- is one pattern of paragraph development that paints pictures with words
and brings the action or scenes to the reader. It appeals to the senses -smell, taste,
hear, sight, and touch through the imagination of the readers. It builds mental images for
the reader; it makes present what is absent.

Kinds of Description
1. Objective or Factual and Scientific Description - It describes the scene as it is and stays
away from emotional expression.
2. Subjective or Suggestive and Imaginative- This kind of description is based on opinion,
emotion, and the author’s own perception of a subject.

Dominant Impression

-the focus of topic sentence that occur commonly at the beginning of a descriptive paragraph. It
helps the reader in understanding the text for it sets the scene.

Sensory Impressions

-the senses of sights, smells, sounds, textures, and feelings that helps in developing an absent
things or ideas in the mind of the readers.

Figures of Speech

-to provide dramatic exchange of events and experiences add to the totality of the story.

III. DEFINITION- It describes the scene as it is and stays away from emotional expression.
THREE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DEFINE A WORD

1. Formal - is a sentence that contains three parts such as:

- the term that needs defining or species;

- the class to which the item belongs or genus; and

- the differentiation of that item from the other forms belonging to the class or differentia.

2. Informal - Unlike formal definition, informal is partial or incomplete definition. It does not
define a term in its complete sense as it is based on the writer’s experience.

3. Extended - is one or more paragraphs that attempt to explain a complex term.

IV. CLASSIFICATION- Its purpose is to create an air of systematization and order in writing.
It entails categorization which enables one to group together items according to their
similarities. This pattern allows you to either divide a topic into its component parts, or
to categorize (or classify) a group of related items or events.
V. Exemplification- means giving examples. It is simply proving or supporting your point or
thesis with examples.

Features of Exemplification

The structure of essays usually begins with a topic sentence or main idea, and then use more
vivid examples to prove the point to be true. Effective examples should enhance your writing,
giving your essay vitality and intensity.

1. Examples that illustrate - use concrete examples to illustrate an idea.

Example: Bread and cereals are concrete examples of food enriched with B-vitamins and
iron whereas addition of vitamin D to milk, vitamin A to margarine, vitamin C to fruit drinks,
calcium to orange juice, and iodine to table salt are concrete examples of fortification.

2. Examples that explain- give an explanation to illustrate a concept.

Example: A Filipino girl can cook daily meals. The reason she cooks daily meals for her
husband and children because she thinks she is supposed to do so. Even though most
women in Philippines are very well educated, professional in career, they still cook daily
meals for their family and children. Here, “The reason she cooks daily meals for her
husband…is an explanation to illustrate the concept about a Filipino girl.
3. Examples that tell a story- use a short story to illustrate a point.
Example: When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very
warm welcome. The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a
meal or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the
house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time visiting
them.
4. Examples that describe- use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a
thing.
Example: Men are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love. They will send their
beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place, text her sweet quotes, and tell often
how special she is to them.
VI. Comparison and Contrast
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing
discusses elements that are different. A compare and contrast essay, then, analyzes
two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
VII. Cause and Effect- to determine how various phenomena relate in terms of origins and
results. Sometimes the connection between cause and effect is clear, but often
determining the exact relationship between the two is very difficult.
VIII. Problem and Solution – a pattern that organizes ideas into problems and proposed
solutions. The problem section usually includes the what, who, when, where, why and
how of the problem. The other part then presents the major effects of the problem and
the possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution.

ORGANIZATION

-is a property of a well-written text that is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately
arranged. It can be done through a recognizable plan in relating sentences in paragraph.

Paragraphing

-it is dividing a text into paragraphs and organizing ideas.

COHERENCE AND COHESION- are properties of a well-written text that deal with close
relationships, based on grammar or meaning, between two parts of a sentence or a larger
piece of writing.

COHERENCE is based more on the logic of the ideas and how they are presented rather
than on the language that is used to express these ideas.

COHESION refers to the degree which sentences (or even parts of sentences) are
connected so that the flow of ideas is easy to follow

To achieve good cohesion, you need to know how to use cohesive devices, which
are certain words or phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually
by referring back to what you have previously written or said.

They are categorized according to functions.

Comparison – also, equally, similarly, likewise, compared with

Addition – and, also, furthermore, too, what is more

Exemplification – for example, for instance, to illustrate, such as, namely

Sequencing – first, second, third, next, then, after

Result – so, therefore, as a result, thus, because

Contrast – in comparison, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, conversely

Qualifying – but, however, although, except, unless

Reformulation – in other words, put more simply, that is to say, rather, in simple terms

Highlighting – in particular, especially, mainly, particularly, above all

Transition - turning to, with regard to, with reference to, as far as x is concerned

The Language use refers to the communicative meaning of language. It can be compared to
usage, which refers to the rules for making language and the structures we use to make it.

The technical aspect of writing, also known as mechanics, is one of the properties of a
well-written text. It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, punctuate,
capitalize and abbreviate a composition.

MAKE TEST QUESTIONS WITH CHOICES AND ANSWER WITH 4 REMEMBERING, 5

UNDERSTANDING, 4 APPLYING, 4 ANALYZING, AND 2 evaluating FROM THIS LESSON,

Explicit Claims

These are directly stated in the text. They leave no room for interpretation as they are clear and
precise.

• Look for statements of fact, opinion, or argument that the author communicates
directly.

• Common places to find explicit claims:

o Thesis statement in the introduction.

o Topic sentences in paragraphs.

o Concluding remarks that summarize the author's stance.

Examples:

1. "Social media increases feelings of loneliness in teenagers."

(Explicit: The text directly states the link between social media and loneliness.)

2. "The government must implement stricter gun control laws."

(Explicit: A direct argument advocating for stricter laws.)

Implicit Claims

These are suggested or hinted at in the text but not directly stated. The reader infers these
claims based on context, evidence, and tone.

• Implied assumptions: Identify what the text takes for granted.

 • Context clues: Look at the examples, tone, and evidence to deduce the underlying
point.

• Implicit claims often rely on:

o The tone or attitude of the author.

o Evidence that supports an idea without directly stating it.

Examples:

1. "Children who play violent video games often struggle with aggression in real life."
(Implicit: Violent video games might contribute to aggression.)

2. "Renewable energy sources are the key to a sustainable future."

(Implicit: Non-renewable energy sources are not sustainable.)

Steps to Analyze a Written Text

1. Highlight Direct Statements:

o Look for key arguments, opinions, and assertions.

2. Interpret Context:

o Look for ideas that are suggested rather than directly said.

3. Ask Questions:

o What assumptions does the author make?

o What is the text implying without saying directly?

A claim in writing or speech asserts a point that the author or speaker wants the audience to
accept. There are three main types of claims: claim of fact, claim of policy, and claim of
value. Here's an in-depth look at each:

1. Claim of Fact

• Definition: A claim of fact asserts that something is true or false, based on evidence. It
often deals with objectively verifiable information but can also involve disputes about
interpretation.

• Purpose: To persuade the audience that a certain condition exists, has existed, or will
exist.

• Keywords: "is," "are," "will be," "can be proven."

• Examples:

1. "Global temperatures have risen by 1.2°C since the industrial revolution."

(Can be supported by scientific data.)
 2. "Violent crime rates are higher in urban areas than rural ones."
(A factual statement that can be investigated with statistics.)

• Common Use: Academic arguments, news reporting, or research-based discussions.

2. Claim of Policy

• Definition: A claim of policy argues that certain actions should be taken or avoided. It
suggests solutions to problems and advocates for specific plans of action.

• Purpose: To convince the audience that a specific course of action is necessary.

• Keywords: "should," "must," "ought to," "needs to."

• Examples:

1. "Governments should ban single-use plastics to reduce ocean pollution."

(Proposes a policy to address environmental harm.)

2. "Schools need to implement mental health programs to address student well-

being."
(Advocates for institutional change.)

• Common Use: Debates, policy proposals, or persuasive essays.

3. Claim of Value

• Definition: A claim of value assesses the worth or morality of something, asserting that
it is good or bad, right or wrong, or more or less desirable. These claims are often
subjective and depend on the audience's values or beliefs.

• Purpose: To persuade the audience about the merit or importance of an idea, behavior,
or practice.

• Keywords: "better," "worse," "ethical," "unjust," "beautiful," "immoral."

• Examples:

1. "Freedom of speech is the most important human right."

(Evaluates the worth of a specific right.)

2. "Reality TV shows are harmful to society's values."

(Judges the impact of a type of media.)

• Common Use: Moral arguments, opinion pieces, or cultural critiques.