Advanced Power System Analysis

Elective -II
(Course Code: EE 785 )

Lecture No.9

( Load-Flow Analysis – Gauss-Siedal Method )

1
 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

1. General Form of Load Flow Equation :

In load flow study, we do the analysis of power system network with multiple
number of bus and calculate :
- Magnitude and phase of voltage of each bus.
- P and Q flow from one bus to another bus through transmission lin
(For a given condition of load at all the buses.)

A bus bar of a power system is normally associated with the following four quantities :
i) | V | = Magnitude of voltage of the bus.
ii)  = Phase angle of the bus voltage w.r.t. a reference bus voltage phasor
iii) P = Net active power drawn by the load from the bus
iv) Q = Net reactive power drawn by the load from the bus

Normally , at each bus, two quantities are specified and other two quantities will be
determined by load flow analysis. In the load flow analysis, we define three types
of bus as follow :

2
 Load Flow Analysis Contd …..

Bus Type Quantities Quantities to be

Specified determined
Reference Bus |V|, P and Q
Generator Bus |V|, P Q, 

Load Bus P and Q |V|,

Fig.1 Typical example of power system network with 4 buses

3
 Load Flow Analysis Contd …..
Why Iterative method is required to perform Load-Flow Analysis?

Here, Bus-1 is Ref Bus whose VS<0 is known.

For given condition of load at Bus-2 (PL + jQL), magnitude and phase of voltage at Bus-2 need to be
calculated. That means- | VR| and δ need to be calculated.
~ ~ ~
VR  VS - I (R  jX) eqn1
~ ~
~ VS - VR
I 
R  jX

~ ~ ~ *~ ~ P - Q
PL  jQ L  VR . I * OR PL  jQ L  VR . I OR I 
L L
~ *
V
R
As per eqn-1, in order to calculate VR, I is required.
And in order to calculate I, VR is required.

Hence, iterative method is required to solve such load-flow problem.

4
 Load Flow Analysis Contd …..

The Ybus for the above network can be formulated as :

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14

Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24

Ybus =
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34

Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44

The net current injection at each bus is given by :

I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1

I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2

= 
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3

I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4

5
 Load Flow Analysis Contd …..
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 + Y14 V4
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 + Y24 V4 and so on

If there are n- number of buses, then

[ Ibus ] = n  1 matrix [ Vbus ] = n  1 matrix

[ Ybus ] = n  n matrix

In general, the current injection at kth bus is given by :

Ik = Yk1 V1 + Yk2 V2 + Yk3 V3 + ................+ Ykk Vk + ..................+ Ykn Vn

n
Or Ik = Y
n 1
kn . Vn .......... (1)

Let Ykn = | Ykn |  kn and Vn = | Vn |  n

n
Then Ik = | Y
n 1
kn | . | Vn |  n   kn .............. (2)

6
 Load Flow Analysis Contd …..

The complex power injected into the kth bus is given by :

SK = PK + j QK = VK . IK* [ Where IK* = Complex conjugate of IK ]
Or SK* = PK - j QK = VK *. IK
S*K Pk - j Q k
IK  
Or V* K Vk*
* I  | V | n | Y || V | (     ) | Vk | n | Y || V |   (     )
Or PK - jQ  VK
k K k n
1 kn
n n kn k 
n1 kn
n k n kn

n n
Or Pk - jQ k  | Vk |  | Ykn | . | Vn | .Cos ( k   n   kn )  | Vk |  | Ykn | . | Vn | .Sin( k   n   kn )
n1 n1
Equating active and reactive parts, we get :
n
Pk  | Vk |  | Ykn | . | Vn | .Cos( k   n  kn) ............... (3)
n1
n
Qk  | Vk |  | Ykn | . | Vn | .Sin( k   n  kn) .............. (4)
n1
These two equations are known as static load flow equations. They are non-linear equations and only a
numerical iterative methods can solve these equations. These equations are used in different forms in
different method of load flow analysis.

7
 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method Contd …..
Example : let us consider a 4-bus system as shown below:
| V1 |1 (Given)

Bus-2 (Load Bus) Bus-1 (Ref Bus)

Bus-4 (Load Bus)

y12 y14 |V4| = ? , 4 = ?

P2 + j Q2
(Given)
P4 + j Q4
|V2 | = ? (Given)
y23 y34
2 = ?
Bus-3 (Load Bus)

P3 + j Q3 |V3 | = ? , 3 = ?
(Given)
Ybus elements are :

Y11 = y12 + y14 ; Y12 = - y12 ; Y13 = 0 ; Y14 = -y14

Y21 = -y12 ; Y22 = y12 + y23 ; Y23 = -y23 ; Y24 = 0

Y31 = 0 ; Y32 = - y23 ; Y33 = y23 + y34 ; Y34 = -y34

Y41 = -y14 Y42 = 0 Y43 = -y34 Y44 = y14 + y34

8
 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method Contd …..
.

Pk - j Qk
Ik   Yk1 V1  Yk2 V2  Yk3 V3  Yk4V4
Vk*

P2 - j Q 2
Or I 2   Y21 V1  Y22 V2  Y23 V3  Y24 V4
V2*
 
1  P2 - j Q 2
Or V2   Y21. V1  Y23 . V3  Y24 . V4 
Y22  V*
 2 

P - jQ 
Similarly, V3 
1  3 3  Y .V  Y .V  Y .V 
 31 1 32 2 34 4 
Y33  V3* 

 
1  P4 - j Q 4
And, V4    Y41. V1  Y42 . V2  Y43 . V3 
Y44
 V4* 

The above three equations shall be solved to calculate V2, V3 and V4.These equation can
not be solved by simple algebraic method. Some iterative methods like - Gauss-Seidal
method or Newton-Raphson method shall be used to solve these equations.

9
 Gauss – Seidal Method
.

Gauss-Seidal Method :
This is an iterative method for solving non-linear equation. Let us try to
understand this method with an example for solving a set of non-linear algebraic
equations :

Algorithm :
- An initial guess is made for unknown quantities in the equation.

- By substituting the values of initial guess in the expression of equation, new

values of unknown quantities are calculated. This completes the 1st iteration.

- Start 2nd iteration :

By substituting the values of unknown quantities from 1st iteration, new values
of unknown quantities are calculated. This completes the 2nd iteration.

- Perform several iteration until the difference between last two successive
results <  (pre-assigned precession index)

10
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Example : Solve the non-linear equations :

2 X1 + X1. X2 - 1 = 0 ...... (1)
2X2 - X1. X2 + 1 = 0 ...... (2)
Re-arranging,
X1. X2
X1  0.5 - ............... (3)
2
X .X
X  - 0.5  1 2 ............... (4)
2 2

Iteration #1 :
Let initial guess of X1 and X2 be X1(0) = 0 and X2(0) = 0, Then
0 0 (1) 00
X(1)  0.5 -  0.5 And X2  - 0.5   - 0.5
1 2 2
Iteration #2 :
(1) (1)
(2) X1  X 2 (0.5)  ( 0.5)
X1  0.5  0.5 -  0.652
2 2

(1) (1)
(2) X1  X 2 (0.5)  ( 0.5)
X 2  - 0.5  - 0.5   - 0.652 And so on
2 2

11
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..
.

We can use EXCEL spread sheet to calculate these iterations. The results are :
Iteration # X1 X2
1 0.5 - 0.5
2 0.652 - 0.656
3 0.705 - 0.731
4 0.757 - 0.776
5 0.794 - 0.808
6 0.821 - 0.832
7 0.842 -0.832
. .
. .
. .
200 0.9926 - 0.9926
201 0.9927 - 0.9927

There are no significant change in the values of X1 and X2 after 200 iterations.

Hence, X1 = 0.9926  1.0 and X2 = - 0.9926  - 1.0 are the solutions.

12
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Gauss - Seidal Method for Load flow Analysis

Let us consider a three bus system as shown below :

| V1 | 1 = 1 | 00 (Given)

Bus - 2 (Load bus)

Bus-1 (Ref Bus) |V2| = ? , 2 = ?
y12 = -j 5.0 pu

P2 + j Q2
y13 = -j 4.0 pu y23 = -j 2.5 pu =( - 0.6 - j 0.3)pu

Bus - 3 (Load bus)

|V3| = ? , 3 = ?
P3 + j Q3
=( - 1.0 - j 0.75)pu

Y11 Y12 Y13 -j 9 j5 j4

Ybus = Y21 Y22 Y23 = j5 -j 7.5 j 2.5

Y31 Y32 Y33 j4 j 2.5 -j 6.5

13
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 V1

I2 = Y21 Y22 Y2  V2

I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 V3

 
1  P2 - j Q 2
We have, V2   Y21. V1  Y23 . V3 
Y22  V2*
 

 
1  P3 - j Q3
V3    Y31. V1  Y32 . V2 
Y33
 V3* 

These two equations shall be solved for V2 and V3.

Start with initial guess : V2 (0) = | V2 |  2 = 1  00 and V3 (0) = | V3 |  3 = 1  00

14
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

First of all we shall carried out few iterations (say two iterations) to get corrected
values of V2 and 2 keeping the values of V3 and 3 as it is equal to | V2 |  2 = 1 00.
We shall call these few iterations as "local Iteration at bus-2". This local iteration will
improve the values of | V2 | and 2 towards their real solution.

After that we shall carried out the local iteration at bus-3 to improve the values of | V3 |
and 3. Then local iteration at bus-4 and so on up to local iteration at bus-n. This will
complete the main iteration #1.

Then we shall start the main iteration#2 which again contains the local iterations at bus-
2, bus-3 ....... bus-n.
The main iteration shall be stop at nth iteration, If

| V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) | <  , | 2(n) - 2(n-1) | < 

| V3 (n) - V3 (n-1) | <  , | 3(n) - 3(n-1) | < 

.....................................

| Vn (n) - Vn (n-1) | <  , | n(n) - 3(n-1) | < 

15
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

The fig. below shows the Flow-chart for Gauss-Seidal method for load flow study.

Start Input data :

V1 , V2 (0) , V3 (0) ...... Vn (0)

Local Iteration at bus-2 V2

to improve V2 (1,1) V2 (1,2)

Local Iteration at bus-3 V3 (1,1)

to improve V3 V3 (1,2)

V2 (n-1) , V3 (n-1) ... Vn

(n-1)

Local Iteration at bus-n Vn

to improve Vn
(1,1) Vn (1,2)
NO
If
Yes
V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) < 
V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) < 
Stop
…………………
V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) < 
Then Stop

16
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Main iteration #1

Local Iteration #1 at bus -2 : Main Iteration#1

Local Iteration#1
 
1  P2 - j Q 2 
V2(1,1)    Y21. V1  Y23. V (0) 
Y22  V (0) * 3 
 2 
1  - 0.6  j 0.3 
Or V2(1,1)    j.5 (10)  j.2.5 (10)
- j7.5  (10) * 
Or V2 (1,1) = 0.96 - j.0.08 = 0.963 - 4.70 pu

Local Iteration #2 at bus -2 :

 
1  P2 - j Q2 (0) 
V2(1,2)   (1,1) *  Y21. V1  Y23. V3 
Y22  V 
 2 

1  - 0.6  j 0.3 
    
(1,2)
V2 j.5 (1 0) j.2.5 (1 0)
 j7.5  (10) * 


Or V2 (1,2) = 0.951 - j.0.0793 = 0.954  - 4.770 pu

17
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Local Iteration #1 at bus -3 :

 
1  P3 - j Q3 
V3(1,1)    Y31. V1  Y32. V (1,2) 
Y33  V (0) * 2 
 3 
1  -1  j 0.75 
Or V3(1,1)    j.4 (10)  j.2.5 (0.954   4.77 0 )
- j6.5  (10) * 
Or V3 (1,1) = 0.865 - j.0.184 = 0.884  - 12.070 pu
Local Iteration #2 at bus -3 :
 
1  P3 - j Q3 
V3(1,2)    Y31. V1  Y32. V (1,2) 
Y33  V (1,1)* 2 
 3 

1  -1  j 0.75 
Or V3(1,2)    j.4 (10)  j.2.5 (0.954  4.770 )
- j6.5  (0.88412.020 ) 
 

Or V3 (1,2) = 0.817 - j.0.173 = 0.835  - 11.980 pu

This is the end of Main iteration #1. The output from the main iteration#1 are :

V2 (1,2) = 0.951 - j.0.0793 = 0.954  - 4.770 pu

V3 (1,2) = 0.817 - j.0.173 = 0.835  - 11.980 pu

These values shall be used as the initial values for the main iteration#2.

18
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Main Iteration #2 :
Local Iteration #1 at bus -2 :
 
1  P2 - j Q2 (1,2) 
V2(2,1)    Y21. V1  Y23. V 
Y22  V(1,2) *
3 
 2 

1  - 0.6  j 0.3 
Or V2(2,1)    j.5 (10)  j.2.5 (0.835 11.980 )
- j7.5  (0.954  4.770 ) * 
 

Or V2 (2,1) = 0.890 - j.0.137 = 0.9008  - 8.7920 pu

Local Iteration #2 at bus -2 :

 
1  P2 - j Q 2 
V2(2,2)   Y21. V1  Y23. V (1,2) 
Y22 
 V (2,1) * 3 
 2 

(2,2) 1  - 0.6  j 0.3 0


Or V2   j.5 (10)  j.2.5 (0.835  11.98 )
- j7.5  (0.9008  8.7920 ) * 
 

Or V2 (2,2) = 0.8814 - j.0.138 = 0.892  - 8.890 pu

19
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Local Iteration #1 at bus -3 :

 
1  P3 - j Q3 (2,2) 
V3(2,1)    Y31. V1  Y32. V 
Y33  V (1,2) * 2 
 3 

1  -1  j 0.75 
Or V3(2,1)   j.4 (10)  j.2.5 (0.892   8.89 0 )
- j6.5  (0.835 11.980 ) * 
 

Or V3 (2,1) = 0.781 - j.0.203 = 0.8069  - 14.50 pu

Local Iteration #2 at bus -3 :

 
1  P3 - j Q3 
V3(2,2)    Y31. V1  Y32. V (2,2) 
Y33  V (2,1)* 2 
 3 

1  - 1  j 0.75 
Or V3(2,2)   j.4 (10)  j.2.5 (0.892  8.890 )
- j6.5  (0.8069  14.50 ) * 
 

Or V3 (2,2) = 0.7682 - j.0.202 = 0.794  - 14.720 pu

This is the end of Main iteration #2. The output from the main iteration#2 are :

V2 (2,2) = 0.8814 - j.0.138 = 0.892  - 8.890 pu

V3 (2,2) = 0.7682 - j.0.202 = 0.794  - 14.720 pu

20
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Let the pre-assigned accuracy is 0.1%, (i.e. V = 0.001 and  = 0.001 )

Here,
| V2 (2,2) - V2 (2,1) | = | 0.8926 - 0.9008 | = 0.0074

|2(2,2) - 2(2,1) | = | 8.89 - 8.87 | = 0.1

| V3 (2,2) - V3 (2,1) | = | 0.794 - 0.806 | = 0.012

|2(2,2) - 2(2,1) | = | 14.72 - 14.5 | = 0.22

Stop the iteration at nth iteration if,

| V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) | < V
|2(n) - 2(n-1) | < 
| V3 (n) - V3 (n-1) | < V
|3(n) - 3(n-1) | < 

21
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Accounting the Generator Bus :

In the above example, we had only reference bus and load buses. If there are voltage controlled
generator buses, the procedure of Gauss-Seidal method shall be modified as follow :
In the generator bus, voltage and active power generation are specified and Q and  have to be
determined.
If Kth bus is a generator bus, then
P - j Qk n
Ik  k  Yk1 V1 + Yk2 V2 + ............... + YKn Vn   Ykn . Vn
Vk* n1
 n 
Or Pk - j Qk  Vk*   Ykn . Vn 
n1
  
Equating active and reactive parts,
  n 
QK  - Im_part Vk*   Ykn . Vn   ............ (1)

 n 1  

Once we calculate QK, then we can calculate VK
 
1  Pk - j Q k
VK    Yk1 V1  Yk2 V2  ...............  Ykn Vn  ......... (2)
Ykk
 Vk* 

22
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Start with initial guess of K(0) = 00

i.e. VK (0) = | VK | specified  K(0)

Estimate QK(0) from equation (1). Use this value in eqn ( 2) to obtain a better estimate
of VK (Say VK (1) )

Then VK (1) = | VK (1)|  K(1)

Since VK will not change in generator bus, make correction as :

VK (1) corrected = | VK | specified  K(1)

The rest of the procedure will be same as before.

23
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Example :
Let us consider a three bus system as follow :

| V1 | 1 = 1 | 00 (Given)

Bus-2 (Generator Bus)

Bus-1 (Ref Bus)
y12 = -j 5.0 pu
P2 = 0.6 pu
y23 = -j 2.5 pu V2 = 1.0 pu
y13 = -j 4pu Q2 = ? , 2 = ?
Bus-3 (Load bus )

P2 =1 pu,
Q2 = 0.75 pu
|V3| = ?, 3 = ?

24
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..
.

Y11 Y12 Y13 -j 9 j5 j4

Ybus = Y21 Y22 Y2 = j5 -j 7.5 j 2.5

Y31 Y32 Y33 j4 j 2.5 - j6.5

Initial Guess : V2 (0) = | V2 | sp  0 = 1 0 and V3 (0) = 1 0

Main Iteration #1 :

Local iteration #1 at bus-2 :

Q2 (1,1) = - Impart { V2 (0) * [ Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 (0) + Y23 V3 (0) ] }
Or Q2 (1,1) = - Impart { (1 0 )* [ (j 5). (1 0) + (- j 7.5).( 1 0) + (j 2.5).( 1 0)] }
Or Q2 (1,1) = - Impart { (1 [ j 5 - j 7.5 + j 2.5] } = 0
 (1,1) 
1  P2 - j Q2 
Then, V2(1,1)   Y21 V1 - Y23 V3 ( 0 )
Y22  V (0) * 

 2 

1  0.6 - j 0.0 
Or V2(1,1)   (j 5). ( 100 )  ( j 2.5 ) ( 100 )   1.00324.50
- j 7.5  (100 ) * 
 

Or V2(1,1) Corrected = 1.0 4.570

25
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Local Iteration #2 at bus -2 :

Q2 (1,2) = - Impart { V2 (1,1) * [ Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 (1,2) + Y23 V3 (0) ] }

Or Q2 (1,2) = - Impart{(1 -4.570)[ (j 5).(10) + (- j 7.5).( 1 4.570) + (j 2.5).( 1 0)]}

Or Q2 (1,2) = - Impart { 0.596 - j 0.0237 } = 0.0237 pu , then

 (1,2) 
1  P2 - j Q2 
V2(1,2)    Y21 V1 - Y23 V3 ( 0 ) 
Y22  V (1,1) * 
 2 

(1,2) 1  0.6 - j 0.0237 

Or V2   (j 5). ( 10 )  ( j 2.5 ) ( 10 )   0.9994.750
0 0
- j7.5  (1 - 4.57 ) *
0 
 

Or V2(1,2) Corrected = 1.0 4.750

26
 Gauss – Seidal Method Contd …..

Local Iteration # 1 at bus - 3 :

 
1  P3 - j Q3 
V3(1,1)   Y31 V1 - Y32 V2 ( 1,2 )
Y33  V (0) * 

 3 

1  -1.0  j 0.75 
Or V3(1,1)    (j 4). ( 10 0 )  ( j 2.5 ) ( 14.75 0 )   0.89   7.8 0
- j6.5  (100 ) * 
 

Local Iteration # 2 at bus - 3 :

 
1  P3 - j Q3 
V3(1,2)    Y31 V1 - Y32 V2 ( 1,2 ) 
Y33  V (1,1)* 
 3 

1  - 1.0  j 0.75 
Or V3(1,2)   (j 4). ( 100 )  ( j 2.5 ) ( 14.750 )   0.747 - 11.80
- j6.5  (0.89  7.80 ) * 
 

End of Main Iteration # 1

Out puts are : Q2 (1) = 0.0237 pu, V2 (1) = 1.0 4.750, V3 (1) = 0.747 -11.860
These values shall be used as initial values for Main Iteration #2 .
We shall repeat many main iterations up to nth iteration and shall be terminated when
| Q2 (n) - Q2 (n-1) | < Q
| V2 (n) - V2 (n-1) | < V | 2 (n) - 2 (n-1) | < 
| V3 (n) - V3 (n-1) | < V | 3 (n) - 3 (n-1) | < 

27