Introduction to Basic Computing/Windows

Aim:

This is an introduction to windows, which gives the learner an insight into basic computer usage, terminologies and
concepts.
At the end of this training the Teacher will know how to use the various components and there relevant.

Introduction to Computers.
What is a Computer & Computing?
A computer is an electronic device the receives Input, Processes, Displays (output) and Store for future use.

Input Process Output Storage

Done by input Processing Output as soft Stored into

devices- inside the or hard copy storage
keyboard, CPU (Central – Screen, devices- Hard
Mouse, Processing printer. disk drive,
microphone Unit diskette,
etc. Memory stick,
CD Rom.

What is Computing?
Computing is any activity that uses computers to manage, process and communicate information by using both
hardware & software.
Types of Computers.
The computers can be classified based upon the technology, performance, size, price and so on. Computers are
today found in every facet of life ranging from business, education, medicine, agriculture, transportation,
astronomy the list goes on.
Computers are classified into four basic types; We can simply say that there are four types of computers:

a) Super Computer:
Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to
other computers. The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in FLOPS (Floating point Operations Per
Second). They can only be used for a specific task, i.e. these are dedicated computers, e.g. if it is to be use for data
collection or weather prediction (forecast), that will be the specific task it can do and nothing more. Super
computer cannot multitask and program to perform a single task, but multi-user, i.e. can support billions of users
at the same time.

b) Mainframe:
Mainframe computers are multi-user, multi-programming and high performance computers. They operate at a
very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the workload of many users. Mainframe
computers are large and powerful systems generally used in centralized databases. These are computers needed

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by several organizations such as banks, insurance companies, etc. that need on-line processing of large number of
transactions & require computer system which have massive data storage & processing capabilities.

c) Mini Computer:
A Medium sized computer that is more powerful than microcomputers. Minicomputer is usually designed to serve
multiple users simultaneously. Minicomputers lies between mainframe and microcomputers. Minicomputers can
support 4–200 users simultaneously. The users can access the minicomputer through their PCs or terminal. They
are used for real-time applications in industries, research centers, etc. PDP 11, IBM (8000 series) are some of the
widely used minicomputers.

d) Microcomputer:
It is defined as a computer that has microprocessor as its CPU. Microcomputers are small, low-cost and single-user
digital computer. They consist of CPU, input unit, output unit, storage unit and the software.
Although microcomputers are stand-alone machines, they can be connected together to create a network of
computers that can serve more than one user.
IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some examples of
microcomputers. Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer,
handheld computer, smart phones and netbook.
It is defined as a computer that has microprocessor as its CPU. Microcomputers are small, low-cost and single-user
digital computer.
Type of Computer Devices

Computer devices can be divided into:

1. Input Device – A device that gets information, instruction into the system, e.g. Keyboard, Mouse,
Microphone, etc.

2. Process Device – A device that processes the raw data/instruction that the system receives from the input
devices, e.g. Central Processing Unit (CPU).

3. Output Device – A device that produces or shows the processed data for the user to see. Output can be
either a soft copy or a hard copy, e.g. Printer, Screen, etc.

4. Storage Device – A device that stores your information, e.g. Hard disk, CD/DVD, Memory Card, etc.

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 Why do Teachers need ICT Skills?
Today’s learning methods are so diverse that, teachers need to acquire basic skills in ICT in order to enhance their
service delivery- improved learning methodology & materials in the this challenging job market.
1. To enable them to digitalize their approach to teaching. This will be able to collaborate with peers to share
learning material and experience sharing through the use of the Internet.
2. To push students to a new level of creativity. With the use of the internet, teachers will teach students on how
to source learning materials and even go further to have deeper understanding of a topic and be creative.
3. With technology, teachers can lead through lectures, while students can use visual learning tools with
illustration on their tablets or audio learners record the lecture for later review.

Computer Hardware and their Uses.

Computer parts consists of all the components (Hardware and Software) that makes up a fully functional computer.

Hardware is the physical components that makes up a computer system. It is the tangible (touch & see) aspect of
the system, mainly input, output, processing and storage devices.

Software in the program installed into your computer that you work with. It is the interpreter of all activities
taking place within the computer. This is done by what is known the Operating System.

Hardware consists of the following:

i. Input Hardware- this responsible to get data into the system for processing, e.g. Keyboard, Mouse,
Microphone, etc.

Corded Mouse

ii. Processing Hardware – This is the brain of the

computer responsible for processing of data receive
from the input devices. It changes the data into
information, e.g. Central Processing Unit – CPU

Wireless mouse Keyboard

Computer Processor
iii. Output Hardware- responsible to display the information for you to see or hear. It consists of
Screen/Monitors, Speakers, Printer etc.

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 iv. Storage Hardware – it is the medium where information is stored. It can be CD, DVD, USB or Hard disk.

CD/DVD plate Hard Disk USB

Software & Types of Software.

A software is essentially a set of written instructions (programs) in a computer, which enable the users to
perform specific task or actually used to operate their computer. It essentially directs all of the peripheral
devices on the entire computer system- what exactly to do and how exactly to perform a task. A software plays a
key role of a mediator between the user and the computer hardware. In the absence of software, a user essentially
can’t perform any task on a computer.

Types of Software
Generally, there are two main classifications of software, which are namely, System Software and Application
Software.

1. System software.

It is a software which is used to manage the behavior of the computer hardware in order to offer basic
functionalities which are needed by the user. In simpler word, it can be said that system software is essentially an
intermediator or even a middle layer between the user as well as the hardware. it helps the user as well as the
hardware to function and even interact with each other easily.
For instance, whenever you put on your computer, it is the system software that is first loaded into system
memory. This system software is known as the Operating System. Without it your computer cannot work or
function as expected.
Example of operating system: (Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, 7, 8, 10, Servers, Mac O/S, Linux, Ubuntu, etc.).

The importance of an Operating System

An operating system is a set of programs that lies between application software and the computer hardware. An
operating system performs three main functions:
1. Manage the computer resources, such as the CPU, memory, printers, etc.
2. Create a user interface.
3. Execute and provide services for applications.

2. Application Software.

Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need in a particular environment. Application
software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's Notepad for writing and editing a simple text. It may
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also consist of a collection of programs, often called a Software Package, which work together to accomplish a task,
such as a spreadsheet package.

Example Microsoft Office – Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint, etc.

Measurement in Computing.
The basic unit of measurement in computing relates to the following:
a) Bit (Binary Digit) - A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
component in an electric circuit.
b) Byte - A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item or a
character, e.g. “John is a boy”- from the “John is represent a byte, because it contains 8 bits inclusive of the
space between John & is and the double quotation mark.
The table below list shows the conversion table
No Equivalent Unit
1 1 Kb = 1024 Bytes Kilobyte - Kb
2 1 Mb = 1024 Kb Megabyte - MB
3 1 GB = 1024 MB Gigabyte - GB
4 1 TB = 1024 GB Terabyte - TB
5 1 PB = 1024 TB Petabyte - PB

Parts of a Computer Keyboard.

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data into the computer.
The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter.
A typical keyboard can either be a Standard Keyboard or an Enhanced Keyboard.
The Standard keyboard has 84 keys while the Enhanced keyboard has 104 keys. Also the Standard Keyboard
Function key ranges from F1 to F10 and that of the Enhanced keyboard from F1 to F12.

Status Indicators
Function Keys

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 Numeric Keypad

Main Typing Keys Directional Keys/Arrow Keys

The keyboard is divided into five (5) parts- Alphanumeric, Function Keys, Arrow/directional keys, Special
keys and Numeric keypad.
i. Alphanumeric keypad - These includes a combination of letters (A-Z) and numbers (1-0).
ii. Numeric keypad - It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17
keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators. To type
numbers, you have put on the NUM LOCK by pressing it once, a green light will be shown.
iii. Arrow keys - These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys – Up,
Down, Left and Right. It also includes Home, End, Page Up, Page Down.
iv. Special/Control keys - Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, Space bar, ctrl-(control), Escape – (Esc), Alternate – (Alt), Tab, and Print Screen.
v. Function keys . The function keys are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key
performs specific task, but also varies from application to application, e.g. F2 is an editing key in Excel, but the
same in Microsoft Word. It is ONLY F1 that perform the function in all applications - is universal, i.e. performs
the same function in all programs – F1 is for Help.

Booting Process
What are the steps in booting a computer? - Laptop
1. Connect the ADAPTOR to the power source.
2. Connect the adaptor cord into the laptop power slot - which is located at different position on
your laptop – left, right or back, as the case maybe.
3. Press the Power button,
Allow the system to check and load all the necessary components.

Booting Process – Desktop Computer

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 1. Check to see that all components – System unit, Screen, are connected to the power source. And
that all peripherals – Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, etc. are all properly connect to the system unit.
2. Press the Power button of the Monitor & the System Unit one after the other.
Allow the system to check and load all the necessary components.

Overview of the Start Menu – Introduction to Windows

Getting started with the Start Menu
The Start menu is the main gateway to your computer’s programs, folders, and settings. It’s called a menu because
it provides a list of choices, just as a restaurant menu does. And as “Start” implies, it’s often the place that you’ll go
to start or open things.

You can use the Start menu to do these common activities:

A. Start programs.
Steps: - To open the Start menu.
1. Click the Start button in the lower-left corner of your screen.
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 Or,
2. Press the Windows logo key on your keyboard, and the Start menu appears.

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3

1. Start menu. 2. Search box. 3. Start button.

The Start menu is divided into three basic parts:

1. The large left pane shows a short list of programs on your computer.
2. In the lower left corner is the Quick Launch box, which allows you to look for programs and files on your
computer by typing inside the search box.
3. The right pane provides access to Commonly used folders, files, settings, and features. It’s also where you
go to log off from Windows or turn off your computer.

Opening Programs from the Start menu.

One of the most common uses of the Start menu is opening programs installed on your computer or to access
others resources within your computer.
To open a Program – Quick Launch option.
 Press Windows Logo on the keyboard -

 Type the name of the program you Word want to open.

 Locate the name of program/file at the top.

 Click on it,

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 Desktop Overview
The desktop is the screen you see after the Booting process has been completed. It is made of:
1. Wallpaper – A desktop wallpaper is a digital image used as a decorative background on the screen.

How to set a desktop Wallpaper/background?

Steps:
a) Right-click on an empty space of your desktop.
b) Select Personalize.
c) Under Background, click on the arrow and select Picture.
d) Under Choose your Picture, select any picture of your choice.
e) Then Under Choose to fit, select either Fill, Fit, Stretch, Tile, Center or Span.

2. Taskbar – it is an element of an operating system mostly located at the bottom of the screen. It allows you to
locate and launch programs through the Start menu.
The taskbar contains the Start menu, Quick Launch, Program icon, Date/Time, Volume control, Wireless
Network connections, program icons, etc.

Start button Quick launch Program icons Date/Time

Wireless connection
Volume Control

Working with the Task Bar

The taskbar can be used for more than just seeing your apps and checking the time. You can personalize it in many
ways.

It includes, but not limited to the following:

1. Change the color and size.

a) Select Start.
b) Settings.
c) Personalization.

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d) Colors.
Show accent color on the following surfaces.
o Select Start, taskbar, and action center - This will change the color of your taskbar to the color of your
overall theme.

2. Pin your favorite apps to it.

a) In the search box on the taskbar, type the name of the app you want to pin to the taskbar.
b) Right click on it when it appears
c) Select Pin to Taskbar/Start.

3. Unpin your favorite apps from it.

a) Right-click the program you want to unpin on the Taskbar.
b) Select Unpin from taskbar.

4. Moving the Task bar around on your screen.

Typically, the taskbar is at the bottom of the desktop, but you can also move it to either side or the top of the
desktop. When the taskbar is unlocked, you can change its location.
a) Right click Taskbar.
b) Select Taskbar settings
c) Locate Taskbar location on screen, and
d) Then select either Left, Top, Right, or Bottom.

5. Lock/Unlock/Auto-hide the Taskbar

Locking the taskbar is handy to make sure it remains as it was set up. Unlock the taskbar later when you want
to make changes or change its location on the desktop.
a) Right-click any empty space on the taskbar.
b) Select Properties,
c) Select Taskbar Tab, and
d) Turn on Lock the taskbar/Auto hide taskbar.

6. Set & Apply a Screen Saver.

A screen saver is the display you see on your desktop whenever your computer is inactive for a certain
period of time.
Steps
a) Go to Start button
b) Settings.

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 c) Personalization.
d) Lock screen, and
e) Select Screen saver settings.
o In the Screen Saver Settings window, choose a screen saver from the drop-down list.
f) Set the Wait time.
g) Click OK.

7. Setting Date/Time.
The date/time is located on the left side on the Task bar.
Step.
1. Right-click on the date/time in the bottom-right of the screen and select Adjust Date/Time.

2. A window will open. On the left side of the window select the Date & time tab.
3. Put off Set the time zone automatically, if it is ON.
4. Put off Set the time automatically, if it is ON.
5. Then, under "Change date and time" click Change.

Note: Make sure these options are set to OFF:

 set the time automatically,
 set time zone automatically.
If these are ON, you will be able to change or correct the Date/Time.

Set these options to OFF as shown here.

Click Change

6. Under Date: Click the arrow & select the month – say May
7. Repeat the same for the Day – 27 and Year - 2022.
8. Under Time: Click the arrow, scroll & select the Hour – 10
9. Repeat the same for the Minutes – 24
10. Select either AM or PM
11. And Press Change.

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The system time has been updated.
Task:
1. Change the system Date to 25-12-2006 and Time to 12:00 noon.
2. Correct the Date & Time to the current Date & Time.
Menu Bar & Toolbar
The menu bar contains Menu Command options. Each Menu option has specific menus commands which
provide access to such functions as opening files, interacting with an application, or displaying help
documentation or manuals.

The menu option begins with the word File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Window, and Help. You
use the menu to show command that can be use.
Menu
bar

A toolbar displays the commands available for any Menu option. It is found is directly below the Menu bar.
For e.g., if you click the Home Tab, all commands available under the Home option will be displayed by the Tool
bar as shown in the diagram below

Toolbar

Managing Files and Folders.

Windows Explorer now known as File Explorer has gone through a series of changes in terms of look, feel and
functionality over the years due to changes to the versions of Operating Systems.
But the basic goal has always been to help you manage, view, and launch documents and other files in your
computer.
File Explorer offers an easy way of sharing files through a dedicated button for file sharing. With Microsoft
OneDrive, you can equally store your file in the cloud known as ICloud. With development in operating systems,
files access has become so much easier, hence locating files much simpler.

An Icon-
A visual representation of a program, folders, disk drives or file. When we double-click an icon, the associated
program, folders, disk drives or file will be opened. For example, if we were to double-click on - This PC, it would
open disk drives.
The following are the types of icons –
 Folder/Document Icon- These are non-system icons without arrows and they represent the actual objects
they describe. So, if we delete such an icon we are deleting the object itself, from the hard disk.

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  Program/System Icon - System Icons are displayed along left edge of screen. These icons are created
automatically by windows during its installation. Example of some system icons are This PC, Recycle Bin,
Internet Explorer etc.

Microsoft Word. Microsoft Excel. Google Chrome

 Drive Icon – Icons representing disk drives –

 File Icon – Icons representing files created and saved in a program. It will have a program icon and a
filename
Program
File icon
created in for Microsoft
Microsoft Excel
Word.

File created in Microsoft Excel

File Explorer.
File Explorer is the file management application used by Windows Operating Systems to browse for folders
and files. It provides a graphical interface for the user to easily navigate and access folder/files stored on your
computer.
The main way to access the File Explorer is by clicking the Folder Icon in the Taskbar, this will open the File
Explorer window.

1. File Explorer ribbon - This ribbon contains buttons and commands for the most common tasks and has
four tabs, each with different commands.

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 I. Home Tab - Among the tasks you can perform from the Home tab are −

a) Copying and pasting files and folders from one place to another.
b) Moving files and folders to another location.
c) Copying files and folders to another location.
d) Deleting a file or folder permanently or sending it to the Recycle Bin.
e) Renaming a file or folder.
f) Creating a new folder or other new items.
g) Verifying or modifying the Properties of a document or folder.
h) Opening a file or folder.
II. Share Tab - The Share ribbon gives you different options to share your files and folders. For example
−

a) E-mailing or messaging a file.

b) Compressing (“Zip”) a folder to take less space.
c) Printing or faxing documents.
d) Sharing with other users or networks.
III. View Tab - The View ribbon allows you to change the way Windows displays your files and folders.
Some of the changes you can make here are −
a) Adding additional panes to show a preview or details of your files.
b) Changing the layout of the files and folders from icons to list, and others.
c) Sorting and arranging the contents of your folder.
d) Hiding selected folders or files.
IV. File tab opens a menu with different options like –

a) Opening an additional File Explorer window.

b) Opening command windows for advanced users.
c) Changing or configuring options about how File Explorer behaves.

Creating Folder and Subfolder.

A folder is like a safe container were files can be stored. It is an organize way of tiding or organizing your filling
system.
Steps
1. Open File Explorer.
Select a location within your computer to want to
create this folder - (You can create a new folder at any
location on your hard drive or within another folder in
File Explorer). For instance, create a folder on your
desktop called TRAINING.

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2. Click on New Folder on the Toolbar.
3. A New Folder appears, type the name of folder, e.g. Training.
4. Enter your desired name of your folder to replace "New folder" and press Enter key. In this case TRAINING.

Creating a Subfolder.

A subfolder is folder within a main folder. For instance, you may have a folder called Region and within the Region
folder, you have Kono, Kenema & Kailahun. So Region is the main folder and Kono, Kenema & Kailahun are
subfolders in the Region folder.
Steps.
a. Select the location to create the main folder- Region on the Desktop.
b. Right-click an empty space.
c. Select New & click on Folder from the drop down menu.
d. Type the name of the main folder – Region & press enter key.
e. Select the main folder – Region.
f. Repeat step b to d above – Kenema as the name of the subfolder.

Saving files into Folder.

Type the text below, save it as TYPE into the folder of Region.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Twinkle, twinkle little star.
Johnny, Johnny yes papa.
Black, black, black sheep.
Get up, Sit down.

Steps.
a. Open WordPad.
b. Type the text above.
c. Click File & select Save As
d. Select the location the folder is created – Desktop.
e. Select the folder the file to be save into – Eastern Region.
f. Type the file name – TYPE.
g. Click Save.

Saving files into a subfolder.

1. Repeat steps A to E above.
2. Select the subfolder – Kenema.

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3. Type the filename – TYPE1.
4. Click Save.

Renaming a file/Folder/Subfolder
There are several options that you use to rename file/folder or a subfolder.
METHOD 1 – USING KEYBOARD SHORTCUT.
i. While on your desktop (Win+D).
ii. Select the folder(s) you want to rename.
iii. Press the F2 key.
iv. Type the New name for the file/folder or subfolder

METHOD 2 – RENAME FILE OF FOLDER FROM FILE EXPLORER RIBBON

1. Open File Explorer

2. Navigate to and select the folder(s) you want to rename.
3. Click/tap on Home tab, and click/tap on the Rename button in the ribbon.
4. Type a new name for the folder(s), and press Enter or click/tap on another area.

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METHOD 3 – RENAME FOLDER WITH TWO SINGLE CLICKS
1. Open or display your Desktop or
In File Explorer (Win+E), navigate to the folder you want to rename.
2. Click/tap on the folder once to select it.
3. Wait at least one second, and then click/tap on the folder name text to rename it.
4. Type a new name for the folder, and press Enter or click/tap on another area.

METHOD 4 – RENAME FOLDER FROM CONTEXT MENU

1. Open File Explorer (Win+E).
2. Navigate to and select the folder(s) you want to rename.
3. Perform the action you want to do:
A) Right click or press and hold on the selected folder(s), and either press the M key or click/tap
on Rename.
OR
B) Press and hold Shift key and right click on the selected folder(s),
C) Release the Shift key, and either press the M key or click/tap on Rename.

METHOD 5 – RENAME FOLDER FROM PROPERTIES.

1. While on your desktop (Win+D) or in File Explorer (Win+E), navigate to the folder you want to rename.

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 2. Right click or press and hold on the folder you want to rename, and click/tap on Properties.

3. In the General tab, type a new name in the top field, and click/tap on OK.

How to use the File Explorer to view Folders?

One of the strengths of File Explorer is the number of different ways you can view the content of a folder on your
Windows. File Explorer makes it easy to see the content of your folders in the layout you prefer.
The View Tab on the File Explorer offers you a variety of ways your folder can be seen. The various views are
available on the Layout section of the View Tab – Extra Large Icons, Large Icons, Medium Icons, Small Icons,
List, Details, Tiles and Content.
You can also access these views in File Explorer –
1. Simply Right-click in an empty space within File Explorer.
2. Select Views >>
3. Follow the arrow and click the desire option.
All available views are displayed

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A dot indicates which view is currently active/selected – the active view is Large

Moving/Copying a file/s from Folder/Subfolder to another folder/subfolder

The File Explorer also offer the option of moving files/folders from a folder to a subfolder and vice versa.
The Home tab has an Organize section facilitate the movement or copying of files into different locations.
Steps.
1. Open File Explorer – (Win + E).
2. Click on Home tab.
3. Select the file/folder you want to move or copy.
4. Within the Organize section- select your desire option (Move to or Copy to)
5. Locate were you desire to move or copy the file or folder and click.
Or if the location is not available on the drop down menu.
6. Select Choose to Locate …
This will allow to browse to the certain location- drive or folder.
The Move to or Copy to dialogue appears.
7. Scroll through the list of available locations, select & click Move or Copy button as the case maybe.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Create and name a folder TEST.
2. Create and name at least three subfolders in your main folder- TOOL, EQUIP & DEVICE.
3. Add color to your folders.

Basic Computer Terminologies

Term Meaning

CPU ‘Central Processing Unit’ - This is the place of computer data handling. it does all the data
manipulation, calculations and formatting data for output.

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 Download DOWNLOAD is an act or instance of transferring something (such as data or files).

Hardware Hardware is the term referring to all the physical parts in a computer system. It includes
the monitor, the keyboard, the mouse
Malware Malware simply means any software, of whatever sort, written with a malicious intent.

Monitor The monitor is your display, or the screen connected to your computer. Laptops have built
in monitors that are commonly referred to as ‘screens.’
Operating Set of instructions needed to make your computer work, e.g. Windows XP, Windows 7, 8
System’ 10.
RAM Random Access Memory is the memory of a computer which works actively with the hard
drive. It pulls the data when it’s in use then returns it back to the hard drive once you’re
done with it.
Reboot To switch a computer off and on again, allowing its operating system and programs to be
reloaded.
Search A search engine is a program or platform that fires off ‘digital retrievers’ to collect online
Engine documents. This collection is based off the words entered into the search bar.
Software Software’ is the term which refers to the instructions needed to make a computer work. It
is intangible in nature. It is also known as Program. a set of computer files which are used
to perform various actions on the computer.
Spam Unsolicited email messages sent out in bulk and generally commercial in nature.

Spyware Spyware is software that secretly monitors computer activity, attempting to gain private
information without the computer user knowing.
Trojan Trojan – or Trojan Horse – is a piece of software that gains access to a computer by
pretending to be benign or by hiding within some innocent-looking application.
Upload An upload is the process of transferring a file from your computer to either:
• Another computer
• A host platform somewhere on the internet
Virus A virus is a piece of software that can copy itself and which attaches itself to some other
program in order to survive and replicate. It may have some malicious intent or it may
exist simply to reproduce.
Web A program you use to look at, and navigate between, pages on the World Wide Web.
Browser Examples include Internet Explorer, Chrome and Firefox.
WiFi. WiFi is an acronym used for ‘wireless internet.’ It refers to internet that is generated and
broadcast using a wireless signal rather than a hardline.
Worm A worm is similar but it can exist independently; it doesn’t need to attach to a separate
program.

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 An Introduction to Windows

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 An Introduction to
Microsoft Word

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 Introduction to Microsoft Word.
1. Getting started with Microsoft Office Word.

Microsoft Word is a word processing application that allows you to create a variety of documents- letters, flyers,
brochures, envelopes, timetables and reports. With the introduction of several enhanced features—including
the ability to create and collaborate on documents online—Microsoft Word gives you the ability to do more with
your word processing projects.

2. How to Open Microsoft Word?

Steps:
1) Click the Window Start button on the Task Bar.

Windows Start Button

2) Type Word in the search box.

Word
3) Word will appear as shown below:

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Word Start Screen will appear. From here, you'll be able to create a new document, choose a template, or access
your recently edited documents.

From the

Blank document

Word
Start Screen, locate and select Blank document as shown by the black arrow below:

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3. Understanding Microsoft Word User Interface

Maximize/Restore button
Ribbon/Menu Bar Minimize button
Commands

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 Close

Horizontal Ruler Group Command

Vertical Scroll Bar

Insertion Point

Vertital Ruler

Word Count Horizontal Scroll Bar Zoom Control

Horizontal Scroll
Page Number
Word count Bar Document Views Zoom Control

TASK 1:
a) Open and navigate to the Word interface.
b) Click through all of the tabs, and review the commands on the Ribbon.
c) Try minimizing and maximizing the Ribbon.
d) Hide and show the Ruler.
e) Try switching document views.
f) Close Word (you do not have to save the document).

4. Creating a Word Document

a) How to create a new document?

After opening Microsoft Word, a Word Start Screen will appear.
From here, Select Blank Document – a new document appears.

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 b) How to enter Text into a document?
When the Document Window appears, a black insertion will immediately display blinking. It is at this point
you start typing your text.

c) Saving a document for the First Time.

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

Insertion Point

d) Saving is also known as storing the document into a drive or folder for future use.
Steps:
i. Click on FILE Tab on the Menu Bar.

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 ii. Select Save As option from the drop down menu.
iii. S

Save As

3 Browse

elect Browse.
iv. Select the location to save the document, e.g., Desktop.
v. Type the Filename against the File Name. e.g., TRAINING
vi. Against Save As type: Select the file format you want to save the document. In this case, since it is a text file, we
select Word Document.
vii. Click Save Button.

e) Closing a document and Exiting Word

There are several ways of closing a document in Word. The most common methods used are:

Method 1 The File Menu Option:

Steps:
a) Click File Tab.
b) From the drop-down menu, Select Close.

Note:
This will close the active document, leaving the Word window still active.

Method 2 Close Window Button:

Step:
a) Simply click the Close Window (X) button to the extreme right of the Menu Bar.

Task 2
a) Open Microsoft Office Word.
b) Type the text below:
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Twinkle, twinkle little star.
Johnny, Johnny yes papa.
Black, black, black sheep.
Get up, Sit down.

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 c) Save this document as TASK 2 into the Desktop.
d) Close TASK 2 file.
e) Open a new document, retype the text:
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Twinkle, twinkle little star.
Johnny, Johnny yes papa.

f) Save the document as TASK into a Folder called TASK 2.

g) Open TASK 2. Save it into TASK 2 folder as PDF file.

5. Delete a Text, Sentence, Paragraph or an entire Document.

The process of erasing a typed text is known as DELETION. You can either use the Backspace or Delete keys.
Delete key will remove/erase character to the right of the cursor position and Backspace Key will remove
character to the left of the cursor position.

a) How to delete a word – Using Backspace key.

Steps
i. Place the cursor next to the end of the text, then press Backspace key.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
E.g., Place the cursor after x in fox. Then press the Backspace key one at a time until the entire word (fox)
will be deleted.

b) How to delete a word – Using Delete key.

Steps

i. Place the cursor to the start of the text, then press Delete key.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
e.g. Place the cursor in next to L of the word Lazy. Then press the Delete key one at a time until the
entire word (Lazy) will be deleted.

c) How to delete a Sentence-?

This is the process of erasing/removing an entire sentence.
Steps:
i. Highlight the entire sentence –
ii. Press either the Delete or Backspace Key.
e.g. Type this text below:
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
iii. Highlight the typed sentence.
iv. Use the Delete or Backspace key.

d) How to delete a Paragraph: -?

This is the process of erasing/removing an entire paragraph in a document.
Steps:
Using the Mouse (move the pointer to the start or end of the sentence.
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 i. Highlight the entire sentence paragraph i.e. moving the mouse pointer over the paragraph to
highlight- it becomes darken.
ii. Press either the Delete or Backspace Key.

e) How to delete an entire document –

The process of erasing/removing the content of an entire typed document.
Steps
a. Highlight the entire document by holding down the ctrl + A at the same time.
b. Press Delete or Backspace key - the entire content of the document will be deleted.

6. How to Undo & Redo.

a. Undo- The Undo command reverse whatever you have previously done in Word – includes text
formatting, typing, and deleting text. It let you reverse the last action/s you performed. The is
represented by an arrow bending to the LEFT with an arrow next to it containing a list of your last few
previous actions. You can simply click on any of the items on this list.
Note:
However, you must reverse actions in the order of execution. This simply means to undo an action you did
three (3) actions ago; you must also undo the last two (2) actions that followed it.
Also, not all actions can be reversed (Undo), e.g., closing a document without saving your changes.
Steps:
i. Press Ctrl+Z
Or
ii. Click on Undo on the Quick Access Toolbar.

Undo Arrow
b.
How to Redo – The Redo command is the inverse (opposite) of the Undo command. This is valuable if you
accidentally click the “Undo” too many times. You can also use the keyboard shortcut “Ctrl+Y to effect
Redo actions.
7. Copy, Cut and Paste Functions.
a. Copy command is normally used to create a duplicate of the selected text.
Steps – Copy & Paste
i. Type the text: The cat and the mouse are hostile to each other.
ii. Highlight the entire sentence you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iv. On the Tool bar, click on Copy.
v. Select the place you want it to be pasted.
vi. On the Tool bar, click on Paste – a duplicate copy of the sentence you have previously copied will be displayed.
b. Cut command removes the selected data/text from its original position.
Steps – Cut & Paste
i. Type the text: The cat and the mouse are hostile to each other.
ii. Highlight the entire sentence you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
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 iv. On the Tool bar, click on Cut.
v. Select the place you want it to be pasted.
vi. On the Tool bar, click on Paste – a copy of the sentence you have previously copied will be displayed.
c. Paste command reproduce what you Copied or Cut.

8. Proof Reading a Document- Spell Check

Proof reading is a process done whenever you complete typing a of piece text. Microsoft Word has an
excellent tool used to perform such task. It can be the following:
a) Spelling Check: The process of checking for spelling mistakes. You will see some words been
underlined with red wavy lines – e.g. studioes
Steps:
i. Right click the misspelled word – in this case studioes.
ii. A short cut Menu appears suggesting words.
iii. Choose the correct spelling – Studios.

b) Find& Replace

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 i. FIND When you work with Word document, you might have a word used several times in your
document and want to change the word. In such a situation, the SEARCH/FIND & REPLACE
option is most effective. It is located in the Editing group command.
Steps:
1. Click the HOME tab.
2. Within the Editing group command, select FIND
3. Type the WORD to find – e.g. John.
A result of the word will appear as it is used in several sentence.

ii. REPLACE: This is when you need to change certain words quickly within a document.
Steps:
i. Type this text - The introduction of Integrated Circuit, brought about the third generation
of computers.
1. Click the HOME tab.
2. Within the Editing group, select Replace- a Find & Replace dialog box appears.
3. Against Find what: type the WORD you want to replace – e.g. Introduction
4. Against Replace with: type the replacement word – Advent
You have two (2) options – Replace, Replace All.

1 Find & Replace dialog box

2
HOME Tab introduction

advent Replace

Find what
4
Replace what
Replace &
Replace All

Replace – Used when you want to replace the word one after another.
Replace All: when you are to replace too many of the same multiple number of times within say
50 to 100 pages.
ii. Click Close (X) or Cancel button of the dialog box.

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9. Text Formatting

Text formatting refers to the change the attributes or appearance of a text –like font style, color, size, bold
underline, italics, superscript, subscript, etc.

a) Change Font style – refers to the different shapes a character takes. Microsoft Word offers different font style
which can be applied to your text.
Steps:
i. Type this text: Black, black, black sheep.
ii. Highlight the text you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iv. Under Font group command, click the arrow next to Font icon.
v. Scroll down the list of Fonts and select any font style you wish to use – Times New Roman

b) Change Font Size – this involves either increasing or reducing the size of the font.
Steps.
i. Type this text: Black, black, black sheep.
ii. Highlight the text you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iv. Under Font group command, click the arrow next to Font size icon.
v. Scroll down the list of Font sizes and select any font size you wish to use – say 14.
Or
i. Click on Increase Font size icon – A (make it bigger).
ii. Decrease Font size icon A (makes it smaller) as the case maybe.

Note: -Where you want to use a font size that is not available, click inside the Font size and type the font size
number directly, press the ENTER KEY- say 15.

c) Change Font Color- means changing the color of your font from BLACK to any other color.

Steps.
i. Type this text: Black, black, black sheep.
ii. Highlight the text you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iv. Under Font group command, click the arrow next to Font color icon.
v. Select the color you wish to use – say Blue.

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d) Bold – changing the text from its normal look for it to look darker. It appears as if it is as deep black.

Steps.
i. Type this text: Black, black, black sheep.
ii. Highlight the text you have typed.
iii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iv. Under Font group command, click on the Bold icon – (B) and click on it.
Or.
Use the short cut option:
i. Highlight the text you want to Bold.
ii. On the keyboard, Hold down Ctrl key and Press the letter B- (Ctrl + B)

a) Italics – making the text to slant forward.

Steps.
i. Select the text you want to format.
ii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iii. Under Font group command, click on Italic icon – (I).
Or

Use the short cut option:

i. Highlight the text you want to Bold.
ii. On the keyboard, Hold down Ctrl key and Press the letter i- (Ctrl + i)

f) Underline – drawing a line beneath or under the text.

Steps
i. Highlight the text you want to underline.
ii. Select Home tab on the menu bar.
iii. Under Font group command, click on the Underline icon – (U) and click on it.
Or
Use the short cut option:
i. Highlight the text you want to Underline.
ii. On the keyboard, Hold down Ctrl key and Press the letter U- (Ctrl + U)

Subscript & Superscript –

Superscript: - Superscript is when a character/text appears above the normal line, e.g. X3.
Steps: - Superscript
i. Type X3.
ii. Highlight the text/character – say 3
iii. Select the Home tab on the Menu bar.
iv. On the Tool bar under Font category locate Superscript icon (x3) and click on it.

Subscript - Subscript is when the character/text is below the normal line.

e.g., X1.
Steps:
i. Type this: X1.

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 ii. Highlight the text/character – 1.
iii. Select the Home tab on the Menu bar.
iv. On the Tool bar under Font category locate Subscript icon (X1) and click on it.

10. Changing Character case.

This is when you want to change the character from one format another, say Sentence case to Upper
case (Capital letters) or any other.
A character case can be either Sentence, Uppercase, Lowercase, Capitalize each word, Toggle case.
Steps: - Sentence, Uppercase, Lowercase, Capitalize each word, Toggle case.

a) Type and highlight the text – Computer Storage

b) Select the Home tab.
Under Tool bar locate the Change case icon (Aa), click the arrow against it and select the Case option
you want to use - Sentence, Uppercase, Lowercase, Capitalize each word, Toggle case.

 Sentence case – Computer storage

 Lowercase – computer storage
 Uppercase – COMPUTER STORAGE
 Capitalize Each Word – Computer Storage
 tGOOLE case – cOMPUTER STORAGE

11.Alignment

Text Alignment – text alignment simply means the direction from where you want to start typing your text.
It can either be LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER or JUSTIFY;
 Left align will allow typing to start on the left-hand side of the page
 Right align will allow typing to start on the right-hand side of the page.
 Center allows typing to start at the middle of the page.
 Justify is the same as left alignment, the sentences will be equal in length on both end of the
page.
Steps
a) Select the text you want to align.
b) Select Home tab on the menu bar.
c) Under Paragraph group command, click on Alignment icon you want to use
d) Scroll down the list of Fonts and select any font style you wish to use.

Bullets and Numbering

These are a convenient way of listing items, event as the case maybe. It is an automatic way of either using objects
– (Bullets), numbers- (1, 2, 3, …) or letters- (a, b, c, ….).
Steps – Bullets
a) Position the cursor where to start the listing.
b) Select the Home tab.
c) Under Paragraph category, locate the Bullets icon –
d) Click the arrow next to it, scroll and select the Bullet type you want
to use.

35 | P a g e
 e) Start the first item, upon completion, Press the ENTER key and continue.

Steps – Bullets
a) Position the cursor where to start the listing.
b) Select the Home tab.
c) Under Paragraph category, locate the Bullet icon –
d) Click the arrow next to it, scroll and select the Bullet
type you want to use- , etc.
e) Start the first item, upon completion, Press the ENTER key and continue.

Steps – Numbering
a) Position the cursor where to start the listing.
b) Select the Home tab.
c) Under Paragraph category, locate the Numbering icon –

d) Click the arrow next to it, scroll and select the Numbering type you want to use- 1., 2., 3., A, B, C, I, ii, iii, etc.

e) Start the first item, upon completion, Press the ENTER key and continue.

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 Working with Tables.

Generally, a table is made of Columns and Rows. The point where a column and row meet is a Cell.
Tables are often used to organize and present information.

Creating a Table
Steps:
a) Position or place the cursor where you want the table to appear.
b) Click on INSERT TAB on the Menu bar.
c) click on Table, select INSERT TABLE.

d) On the number of columns, type the number of columns, say 5.

37 | P a g e
 e) On the number of rows, type the number of columns, say 4.
f) Click Ok button.
No. Items Qty. School Remarks
a) Textbook 20 Ansarul Islamic Primary Received

b) Pencils 50 Ansarul Islamic Junior Secondary Yet to be receive

c) Furniture 30 Ahamadiyya Primary Received.

Insert a Column & Row

Add a Column between two Columns or Rows:

Steps: Adding a Column
a) Click inside the table itself.
b) Click on the column that is in front of the other, say between Column B & C. Select Column C.

A B C
c) Right-
click,
select
INSERT
and click on Insert Columns to the Left or
d) Click on Layout
e) Click on Insert Left icon on the Toolbar -

A B C D

Steps: Adding a Row

a) Click inside the table itself.

b) Click on the row that is in below of the other, say between Row 2 & 3. Select Column 3.
c) Right-click, select INSERT and click on Insert Rows above.

1 A b c
2
3
4

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 Merging Cells

Merging cells is when two or more cell are joint together to appears as a single cell.
Steps:
a) Highlight a number of cells (Columns or Rows) you want to merge.
A B C

b) Right-click and select Merge cells.

A B C

Splitting Cells.

This is dividing a single column into two or columns.

Steps:
a) Within a single column, highlight some rows as shown in the table
A B C

b) Select Layout on the menu bar.

a. Note: when working with Tables, a special Layout option is added on the Menu bar. It is located on
the far right. It is Layout option you always while working in Tables.
c) Click on Split cells – a Split cells dialog box appears as shown below:

d) Number of columns: type the number of columns you want to split the columns into. Say 2.
a. Note: leave the number of rows as it is.
e) Click Ok button.
A B C

Task:

Create the Table below and insert your school activities:

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 Days 09:00- 10:45- 1:00- 2:00-
10:30a 12:15pm 2:00pm 3:00pm
m
Monday

Tuesday

Lunch
Break

Wednesd
ay

Thursday

Friday

40 | P a g e
 An Introduction to
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 Microsoft Excel

Excel 2016 Training Manual for Beginners

1. What is Excel?
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used to record and analyse numerical and statistical data.

A Spreadsheet is an electronic document in which data is arranged in the Columns and Rows of a grid and be
manipulated and used in calculations.

2. Workbook and Worksheet in Excel

A workbook is an excel file containing Worksheets. A Worksheet has a single spreadsheet containing data.
Simply a worksheet is like a page in a book where you can write, edit and manipulate data, whilst a workbook is an
entire book containing worksheets (pages).

3. How to Open Excel?

Steps:
1. Click Windows Start button on the Taskbar.
2. On the Quick Launch type the program you want to open – in the case Excel.
3. It will appear at the top of the Start Menu, Click on it – Excel.
It will display this screen with different excel templates as shown below.

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4. CREATE A WORK BOOK.
A workbook is a file that contains one or more worksheets, that helps you organize your data. You can
create a workbook from a blank workbook or a template.

Steps:
1. Click on File on the Menu bar.
2. Select New
3. Click on Blank workbook as shown below.

Tip: Press CTRL+N to quickly create a new workbook.

Blank workbook

This will display a blank workbook with sheet tabs as shown in the diagram below:

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5. Understanding Excel user interface
A typical Excel interface is like this:

1. Ribbon start button - it is used to access commands i.e. creating new documents, saving existing work,
printing, accessing the options for customizing Excel, etc.
2. Menu bar/Ribbon tabs – the tabs are used to group similar commands together.
3. Toolbar/Ribbon bar – the bars are used to group similar commands together.

Understanding an Excel Worksheet

An excel worksheet is made up of Columns & Rows. The columns are identified by letters, A, B, C, D ……and there
are 16,384
columns ranging from A to XFD and the rows 1,048,576.
The point where a column & row meets is known as a Cell.
Each is identified by an Address. Column A and Row 1 is called A1, column B and row 2 is called B2 and so on.

44 | P a g e
 6. Movement within an Excel Worksheet
You can move within an excel worksheet by using:
1. Tab Key – The tab key can only allow you to move along the same row – say Row 1.
Task 1:
a. Click on cell A1.
b. Use the Tab key to move to cell D1.
c. Use the Tab key to move to cell C1.
d. Click on cell B5.
e. Use the Tab key to move to cell G5.
f. Return to cell B5.
2. Arrow Keys – The arrow keys allow you to move everywhere on your worksheet- i.e. Up & Down or Left or
Right.
Task 2:
a. Click on cell A1.
b. Use the RIGHT arrow key and move to cell D1.
c. Use the DOWN arrow key and move to cell D3.
d. Use the LEFT arrow key and go to move to cell A3.
e. Use the UP arrow key and move to cell A2.

7. Selection within an Excel Worksheet

Selection can be done in any of the following ways:
1. Selecting a single cell – You can use the mouse to select a cell by clicking on it.
For e.g. if you want to move to cell E10. Scroll to locate Column E, look for Row 10 and click on it.

2. Selecting multiple cells-

a. You can use the Ctrl + Mouse to select different cells- say click on cell C2, hold down the CTRL key and click
on different cells – say B6, C8, D7, etc.
b. You can also use SHIFT + Mouse to select a range of cells – Click on D1 hold down the SHIFT key move on
cell H10 and click. A range of cells from D1 and H10 will be highlighted.

8. Types of Cell Entry in Excel.

Excel has three (3) types of entries:

1. LABEL or TEXT – this entails the typing of text or alphabetic characters such Names, Month, etc. Label
entry is aligned to the LEFT side of the cell, e.g. type Boy.

2. Value or Numbers – these are generally raw numbers or data, 1,2,3,5, etc. Value entry is aligned to the
RIGHT of the cell, e.g. type 5.

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 3. Formula Entry – Entry derive as a result of a calculation, e.g. type 2 in cell A1 and 4 in cell B1. If you add to
two numbers by setting a formula in cell C1. Type =A1+B1 the result will be 6. But when you click on cell C1
on the formula bar you will see =A1+B1 and not 6 as in the case of Value or Number entry.

9. Add data into Excel.

You can enter data into an Excel cell by simply selecting a CELL, then type the data and press ENTER.
For e.g. Click on cell A1 and type the following:
A1 - Name of Pupil, B1 - Class, C1 - Age, D1 - Date of Birth
Creating a Simple Excel Spreadsheet.
Name of Pupil Class Age Date of Birth
Brima 3 8 12/02/2013

Susan 2 7 16/01/2014

Baindu 6 11 30/05/2010
Foday 4 8 06/06/2013

10. Saving an Excel Spreadsheet

Steps:
1. Click File on the Menu bar.
2. Select Save As.
3. Select the location to save the file – Folder or Drive.
4. Type the filename against File name.
5. Click Save button.

11. Adjusting the Column size (Width)

You can manually adjust the column width or row height by dragging the cell boundaries, or automatically
resize columns and rows to fit the data.

Note: The boundary is the line between cells, columns, and rows. If a column is too narrow to display the data,
you will see ####### in the cell.
Resize columns
Steps:
1. Select a column – say A1.
2. Place the pointer on the boundary between the column headers, the mouse pointer changes to image
you see below, click the left mouse button and hold on to it.

3. Drag the boundary to change the width. This resizes the selected column.
Head of School Name of School Chiefdom
Mr. Kallon Ansarul Islamic Primary Lower Bambara
Mrs. Brima Ahmadiyya Muslim Secondary Nongowa
Mr. Saffa Holy Trinity Pre School Koya
Head of School Name of School Chiefdom
Mr. Kallon Ansarul Islamic Primary Lower Bambara

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 Mrs. Brima Ahmadiyya Muslim Secondary Nongowa
Mr. Saffa Holy Trinity Pre School Koya
Resize rows
Steps:
1. Select a row or a range of rows.
2. Place the pointer on the boundary between row numbers.
3. Drag the boundary to change the height.

Automatically resize columns or rows to fit the data

Steps:
1. Select columns or rows with data.
2. Double-click a boundary. All columns or rows resize to fit the data.

Note: If only one column is selected, double-click the right boundary of the column header. If only one row is
selected, double-click the lower boundary of the row.

Automatically resize all columns and rows to fit the data

Steps:
1. Select the Select All button at the top of the worksheet, to select all columns and rows.
2. Double-click a boundary. All columns or rows resize to fit the data.
12. Inserting a Row

Item Qty. Unit Price

Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050

Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

Task: Insert a column between Ruler and Pencil.

Type Pen on the new row you have created.
Steps:
1. Click on Pencil (row 3).
2. Right-click and select Insert.
3. Select Entire Row
4. Click Ok button
5. Type Pen.

13. Delete a Column.

Task: Delete the new column you created – Unit

Steps:
1. Right-click the Unit column and select Delete.
2. Select Entire column.
3. Click Ok button

14. Delete a Row.

Task: Delete the new row you created – Pen

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1. Right-click the Pen row and select Delete.
2. Select Entire row.
3. Click Ok button

15. Using the Copy, Cut and Paste features.

Create this spreadsheet:

Item Qty. Unit Price
Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

Task: Copy and paste the spreadsheet above.

Steps:
1. Highlight the spreadsheet.
2. Right-click and select Copy.
3. Click on a new column.
4. Right-click and select Paste.
Or
1. Highlight the spreadsheet.
2. On the Toolbar click on Copy icon.
3. Click on a new column.
4. On the Toolbar click on Paste icon

Task: Cut and paste the spreadsheet above.

Steps:
1. Highlight the spreadsheet.
2. Right-click and select Cut.
3. Click on a new column.
4. Right-click and select Paste.
Or
1. Highlight the spreadsheet.
2. On the Toolbar click on Cut icon.
3. Click on a new column.
4. On the Toolbar click on Paste icon

16. Renaming a Worksheet.

Renaming a worksheet in giving a sheet tab, label as sheet1, sheet2, etc.

Task: Rename your sheet tab as Items.

Steps:
1. Double click the sheet tab – (sheet1).
2. Type Items and press Enter key.
Or
1. Right-click the sheet tab.
2. Select Rename and press Enter key.
3. Type Items
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 17.AUTOFILL Function

With the AutoFill feature, you can automatically fill cells with data that follow a pattern or series.
Steps:
1. Select a cell and type the first word of a series (e.g. type "January" for a 12-month series).

2. Select the fill handle at the lower-right corner of the cell, hold down, and drag to fill the
rest of the series.
Note: It can be done either downward or across as shown in both cases. If you enter
only three-lettered abbreviation, e.g. Jan in the cell, Autofill function automatically fill
the rest.
it can also be done with Numbers with pattern – say in series or steps of 2, 3, 4 etc.
2, 4, 6, 8….. or 3, 6, 9, 12, ……. Or 4, 8, 12, 16, …..
Januar Februar Marc Apri May June July Augu Septemb Octob Novemb Decemb
y y h l st er er er er

18.Performing Simple Calculations in Excel

1. ADDITION.
Note: All calculations in Excel starts by typing the Equal to sign (=).
Name of Test Exams Total
Pupil Score
Brima 30 40
Susan 25 35
Baindu 28 31

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 Foday 15 35

Steps:
1. Select or click on cell D2.
2. Type =
3. Type the cell address of 30, (B2).
4. Type plus sign (+).
5. Type the cell address of 40, (C2).
6. Press Enter key.

Task 3: -
Calculate the Total sales for the three months.
Months. Jan. Feb. Mar. Total Sales
Sales 100 200 250

a. Using AutoSum & Autofill Functions.

AutoSUM function is used to find the totals for a large number of data. In other words, to add up a large data.
AutoSUM is very appropriate in calculating big data:
Name of Pupil Mathematics English CPA Literature Health Total
Education scores
Prince 44 40 53 48 62

Mariama 54 35 64 50 72
Joe 45 31 58 62 50
Fatu 51 35 67 80 48
Bockarie 54 45 65 42 70
Totals

Steps:
1. Highlight cell B2 to F2.
2. On the Tool bar, locate AutoSum icon (∑), click on it.

Using the AutoSum function - To calculate Totals.

Steps
1. Click on the blank cell below total Cost.
2. Highlight all the cells containing these numbers for Prince: 44, 40, 53, 48 and 63
3. On the Toolbar locate AutoSum icon – (∑).

2. Multiplication function.
Perform the necessary calculation on this Data.
Item Qty. Unit Price Total Cost

Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

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Steps:
1. Select the blank cell below Total Cost.
2. Type Equal to (=) sign.
3. Click on cell containing 8.
4. Type the Multiplication sign - *.
5. Click on the cell containing 6500.
6. Press Enter key.
7. Follow the same steps from 1 to 6 for each item

Task 4:
Person Speed Time (hr.) Distance
(km/h) (km)
Textbook 8 2
Pencil 25 2.5
Ruler 10 5
Exercise Book 35 5

3. Subtraction function.
Name of Weight in Actual weight Difference in weight.
Pupil Kilogram in Kilogram
Brima 80 65
Susan 80 70
Baindu 80 55
Foday 80 65

Steps
1. Select the blank cell below Difference in weight.
2. Type Equal to (=) sign.
3. Click on cell containing 80.
4. Type the Subtraction sign – (-).
5. Click on the cell containing 65.
6. Press Enter key.

4. Division Function.
Name of Number of Total Average scores
Pupil subjects scores
T 8 578
P 8 632
R 8 551
E 8 684

Steps.
1. Select the blank cell below Average scores
2. Type Equal to (=) sign.
3. Click on cell containing 8.
4. Type the Division sign – (/).
5. Click on the cell containing 578.
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6. Press Enter key.

19. Calculation using function- Minimum, Maximum, Averages.

Name Accounting English Maths. Economics Business Studies Total Averag Max Min
e
Florence 97 36 47 13 34
Maria 69 85 86 51 53
Joe 19 72 41 53 40
Frankly 76 68 46 11 22
n
Steps
1. Click on the blank cell below Total
2. Highlight all the cells containing these numbers for Florence: 97, 36, 47, 13 and 63
3. On the Toolbar locate AutoSum icon – (∑).
4. Follow the same steps 1 – 3 above for the other students.
For Average:
5. Click on the blank cell below Average
6. On the Toolbar locate AutoSum icon – (∑), click the arrow next to it.
7. Select Average.
8. Highlight the cells containing these numbers for Florence: 97, 36, 47, 13 and 63
9. Press Enter Key.
10. Click on the next blank cell
11. Repeat steps 6 – 9 for others.
For MAX:
12. Click on the blank cell below Max
13. Highlight the cells containing these numbers for Florence: 97, 36, 47, 13 and 63
14. Press the Enter key.

6. Inserting a Column.
Create this spreadsheet:
Item Qty. Unit Price
Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

Task: Insert a column between Item & Qty.

Type Unit as the column title for the new column you have created.

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Steps:
1. Click on column title Qty.
2. Right-click and select Insert.
3. Select Entire Column
4. Click Ok button
5. Type Unit.

20. Cell Formatting.

a. Change for color/size/bold/underline/italics
Create this spreadsheet
Item Qty. Unit Price
Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

Steps: - Change Font Color

1. Highlight the first row – Items, Qty., Unit Price.
2. On the Toolbar under Font category, locate Font color icon, click the arrow next to it.
3. Select any color – Blue, Yellow, Pink, etc.
Steps: - Change Font Size
1. Highlight the remaining rows – Textbook, Pencil, Ruler and Exercise book.
2. On the Toolbar under Font category, locate Font icon, click the arrow next to it.
3. Select any font size – 12, 14, 16, etc.
Steps: - Change Font to Bold/Italic or Underline
Steps:
1. Highlight the first row – Items, Qty., Unit Price.
2. On the Toolbar under Font category, locate Bold (B), Italic (I) & Underline (U) icons.
3. Click on each of these icons to see the change.

21. Merge cells

Merging cells is joining two (2) or more cells to appear as a single cell.
Create the spreadsheet.
Distance
Time
To From
12: 00 – 5:00 p.m. Kenema Freetown
Task: Merge Distance & Time
Steps:
1. Highlight Row 1 &2 in column A only
2. On the Toolbar under Alignment category, click on Merge & Center icon.
3. Highlight Column B & C in Row 1 only.
4. On the Toolbar under Alignment category, click on Merge & Center icon.

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 22. Data Alignment
Create the spreadsheet.

Qty.

Price
Unit
Item

Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400
Steps:
1. Type: Item, Qty., Unit Price
2. Select the cell - Item.
3. On the Toolbar under Cell, click on Format & select Format cells.
4. Click on Alignment tab.
5. Under Orientation, select the Degree; -45
6. Click Ok button
7. Repeat the same for the others – Qty.: 90., Unit Price: 90.

23. Wrap text into a cell

No Description of Items To whom it is allocated

Wrap text refers to the process of making a cell accommodate a long text into a single cell, as shown in the table
above.
Steps:
1. Click on cell B1 and type: Description of Items and C1 type: To whom it is allocated
2. On the Toolbar, under Alignment category, look for Wrap Text icon -
3. Click on it.
This is what you will see.
No Description of To whom it is
Items allocated

24. Change numbers to Comma Style.

The process of changing a number to have decimals.

Create this spreadsheet below:
Item Qty. Unit Total
Price cost
Textbook 8 6500
Pencil 5 7050
Ruler 10 5511
Exercise Book 13 5400

Steps:
1. Highlight all the data under Unit Price.

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2. On the Toolbar under Number category, look for Comma Style icon ( ). ,
3. Click on it.

25. Apply Borders.

Create this spreadsheet.

Customer Revenue
John 201438
Baindu 183651
Smith 118299
Sallay 114452
John 255599
Baindu 183632
Smith 139170

Steps:
1. Highlight all the data.
2. On the Toolbar under Font category, look for Bottom border icon.
3. Click the arrow next to it and select All borders.

26. Protecting an Excel Worksheet.

Steps:
1. Right-click the worksheet tab.
2. Click Protect Sheet.
3. Enter a Password.
4. Check the actions you allow the users of your worksheet to perform.
5. Click OK.
6. Confirm the Password and click OK.

16. Protecting an Excel Workbook.

1. Click Review on the Menu Bar.
2. On the Tool bar, click on Protect Workbook.
3. Enter Password in the Password box.
4. Select OK, re-enter the password to confirm it, and then select OK again.

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 27. RANK/POSITION

METHOD I:
Steps:
1. Select the cell you want the position for the first
student/value to display
2. On the formula bar, click on “fx”
3. Select the function –“Rank” and click “OK”
4. Against “Number,” select the first value/mean score for the
first student among the values you want to rank
5. Against “Ref,” select the entire values/range
6. Press “f4” key on the keyboard
7. Press Enter

METHOD II:
Steps:
1. Click the cell you want the answer/rank for the first student/value to display
2. Enter/type equal to sign (=)
3. Type the function “Rank”
4. Select the function –Rank by double click it or select and press the tab key
5. Select the mean score/value for the first student/item
6. Select the range/entire values starting with the first to the last
7. Press the “F4” key
8. Press the “Enter” key

28. LOGICAL ARGUMENTS -IF STATEMENT

Steps:
1. Select the cell you want your statement to display
2. Click “fx” on the formula bar
3. Select the “IF” function
4. Click “OK”

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 5. Against Logical_test, select the first/test value for the first student and enter the logical statement. E.g. >49
6. Against “Value_if_true”, enter “Pass”
7. “Value_if_false”, enter “Fail”
8. Click “OK”

29.Printing an Excel Worksheet.

1. Click the Worksheet, and select the range of data that you want to print- i.e. highlight a range of cells.
2. Click on File on the Menu bar.
3. Then click on Print.
4. Under Settings, click the arrow next to Print Active Sheets and select the appropriate option – Print Active
Sheets, Print entire workbook or Print Selection.
5. Click Print.

Overview of the Internet

The internet is a global network of interconnected networks that communicate using a common set of standards
and protocols.
These networks are owned and managed by a wide range of organizations, such as national governments,
private companies, and academic institutions.

What is the Web?

The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of different websites you can access
through the Internet.
A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can resemble other forms of media
—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be interactive in a way that's unique to
computers.
A website can be almost anything: a news platform, an advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing
images, or an educational site like us!

Importance of the Internet

The internet gives a broad social platform where people can utilize their ideas and use them in any way they
want. The internet plays different roles in different fields:
1. Students - The internet has a wide range of useful blogs and articles related to different topics. The
teachers and students can access them from any part of the world and learn or research them.
2. Interactive Learning - The internet provides different content which the student can use to learn or
enhance their new skills. These contents get updated every day and hence, increase more learning
opportunity.

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 3. Digital Marketing - Nowadays, the internet plays a significant role in the digital marketing of any
brand or product. The internet helps businesses to reach a wide range of audiences from around the
world.
4. External Communication - The internet helps establish communication and exchange information if an
organization has different branches in different regions. By using Email as a legal and formal way of
communication. It is a very effective way of communicating with employees and supervisors.
It can convey a single message to different employees instantly. It makes it an efficient way of doing the
work and saves a lot of time and hard work.
5. Worldwide Connectivity - With the help of the internet, people, businesses, organizations, and
government authorities can connect internationally. Anyone can learn about the different languages,
cultures, beliefs, and diversity of other countries while sitting at the ease of their home.
6. Globalization - It focuses on establishing the global economy, exchanging goods and services, culture,
or population by removing the physical boundaries among different nations and businesses.
What you can do Online (Internet)
1. Email: - Short of Electronic Mail. is a way to send and receive messages across the Internet. You need
an address that consist of:
Username & Password.
2. Social networking: - Social networking websites are another way to connect and share with your family
and friends online. Example WhatsApp, Facebook,
3. Chat and instant messaging: - Chat and instant messaging (IM) are short messages sent and read in
real time, allowing you to converse more quickly and easily than email.
4. Online media: - There are sites that allow you to watch videos and listen to music, e.g. YouTube, Netflix
or Hulu and listen to Internet radio on Pandora.

Components of the Internet

1. Client - The data interaction primarily occurs between the client and the server. The client requests data
from the server. The client and server may be situated very far from each other but are linked via a
network.

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 2. Server: The main job of a server is to respond to the request of the client. The device or programme is
set up in the way that they provide the appropriate information to the client. This functionality of client
and server works on a model called – Call and Response.

3. Protocols - protocols can be defined as a set of rules that guide data transmission between computing
devices. These rules make sure that the data request is sent and received by the client without any
problem.
The most important internet protocols are – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP).

The TCP/IP protocols

make the data
request and
receiving possible
between two
computers via
server.

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 How the Internet Works!
It's important to realize that the Internet is a global network of physical cables, which can includes copper
telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic cables.
Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely on these physical cables to access the Internet.

Part of an Web Address

A web address is known as UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATION (URL), e.g., http://www.google.com .
It consists of three (3) parts:
1. www – Also known as WORLD WIDE WEB is a consortium responsible for coordinating activities of
the use of Internet – allocation IP addresses, accepted behaviour on the net.
2. IP Address- the name of organization that owns the website, e.g., yahoo, Google, Facebook, etc.
3. Domain Name: - the type of website, e.g. .com (commercial), .net (network), .edu (Education). .biz
(business), etc.
● Note: You can type the web address without www, e.g., google.com

Introduction to CLOUD
The cloud is the Internet—more specifically, it's all of the things you can access remotely over the Internet.
When something is in the Cloud, it means it's stored on Internet servers instead of your computer's hard drive.
Why use the cloud?
The main reason for using cloud is for convenience and reliability.
When you ever used a web-based email service, such as Gmail or Yahoo! Mail, you've already used the cloud.
All of the emails in a web-based service are stored on Servers rather than on your computer's hard drive.
This means you can access your email from any computer with an Internet connection.
Also, you'll be able to recover your emails if something happens to your computer.

Connecting to the Internet

Before you can connect to the Internet, you need to have the following:
1. The type of connection needed –
a) Dial up using telephone line.

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 b) Broadband using via a phone line.
c) Satellite link orbiting the earth.
d) 3G, 4G or 5G using wireless connection.
2. After the choose of the type of connection, next you need to determine:
a) Service Provider also known as INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER – ISP.
b) Speed and cost for service provided.

Web Browser
A Web Browser is a type of software that allows you to find and view websites on the Internet.
There are many different web browsers, but some of the most common ones include Google Chrome, Safari,
and Mozilla Firefox.

Internet
Explorer
Opera Mini Google Safari M
Chrome
URLs and the address bar
Each website has a unique address, called a URL (short for Uniform Resource Locator). It's like a street address
that tells your browser where to go on the Internet.

Steps: Open a website

1. Type the URL on the Address bar – www.google.com/sl .

2. Press the ENTER Key.

Links
A link is also known as Hyperlink, is an element that takes you to another page whenever you click on it.
It can be a text that is blue in color and underlined. Also, a link can be an image.

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 Navigation buttons
The Back and Forward buttons allow you to move through websites you've recently viewed.

You can also click and hold either button to see your recent websites you
have opened.

The Refresh button will reload the current page if a website stops working or freezes.

Your Browser's Security Features

Your computer faces different threats whenever you browse the Web including viruses, malware and spyware.
The good news is your web browser has a lot of built-in security features to help protect your computer.
1. Check the web address - Malicious websites often use deceptive web addresses to trick users. For e.g.,
www.wellfargo.com looks similar to www.wellsfargo.com but it's missing the s in the middle.
2. Look at the security symbol - Some websites will display a lock symbol in the address bar. This
means the website is using an HTTPS connection, which makes it safe to enter your personal
information.

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 3. Update your browser regularly - new viruses and malware are created all the time, so it's important
to update your browser regularly. Your browser will usually notify you when it has an update
available.

Introduction to Internet safety

There's almost no limit to what you can do online. Unfortunately, the Internet is also home to certain risks, such
as malware, spam, and phishing.
If you want to stay safe online, you'll need to understand these risks and learn how to avoid them.
 Spam is unsolicited email, instant messages, or social media messages. These messages are fairly easy
to spot and can be damaging if you open or respond.
 Phishing are fraudulent emails designed to steal users’ private information and data.

Creating strong passwords.

You'll need to create a password to do just about everything on the Web – email, online banking, etc.
So, you need to create easy to remember passwords, it is case sensitive, so use passwords that cannot be easily
compromised. This is to prevent someone stealing your information – Stop Hackers.

Passwords Precautions.
1. Never use personal information such as your name, birthday, which are easily available whenever filling
online forms.
2. Use a longer password. Your password should be at least six characters long.
3. Don't use the same password for each account. If someone discovers your password for one account, all
of your other accounts will be vulnerable.
4. Try to include numbers, symbols, and both uppercase and lowercase letters.

Tabbed browsing
Many browsers allow you to open links in a new tab. You can open as many links as you want.

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 Downloading & Uploading a file.
1. Downloading is the process of getting web pages, images and files from a Web Server.
2. Uploading is the putting web pages, images and files onto a Web Server.

Using search engines

There is a lot of information on the Internet. Search engines make this information easier to find.
There are many different search engines you can use, but some of the most popular include Google, Yahoo!,
and Bing.
Steps:
1. Open a web browser & type the web address – www.google.com and press ENTER Key.

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 2. Type a keyword or sentence – e.g., Child centred approach.
3. Click inside Google Search box – Child cantered approach

Child centred approach

This will be displayed:

Note: If you don't find what you're looking for on the first try, don't worry! Search engines are good at
finding things online, but they're not perfect. You'll often need to try different search terms to find what
you're looking for.

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 Create an Email account
Setting up an email account is easy. You will begin by opening a website whose account you want to use, say
google.
Setting up a Gmail account
1. Type www.gmail.com on the web browser.
2. Click Create account.

3. The sign-up form will appear and follow the

directions by entering the required information:
First name, Last name,
Username, password
Confirm password

4. Click the Next button

5. Next, enter your phone number to verify your account.

Google uses a two-step verification process for your security.
6. Click the arrow next to the Phone number to select your country code – Sierra Leone.
7. Type your phone number - 76555555
8. Click the Next button.
9. Enter the code you will receive from Google.

7655555
5
76555555
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 10. Click the Verify button
11. Next, fill in your personal Information – DOB, Gender, etc.

76555555

12. Click Next button.

Signing in to your account

When you first create your account, you will be automatically signed in.
Most of the time, however, you'll need to sign in to your account and sign out when you're done with it.
Signing out is especially important if you're using a shared computer (for example, at a library or office)
because it prevents others from viewing your emails.

Steps: - To sign in
1. Type www.gmail.com on the web browser.
2. Type your user name (your email address) and password, then click Next button.
3. Click the Next button.
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Note: you can click this icon at the far end, this is to make sure your
Password is correct.

Sending Email

When you write an email, you'll be using the compose window. This is where you'll add the email address of
the recipient(s), the subject, and the body of the email, which is the message itself.
You'll also be able to add various types of text formatting, as well as one or more attachments. If you want, you
can even create a signature that will be added to the end of every email you send.
Important parts of an email window
In sending an email note the following:
1. To: email address or addresses persons/organization to receive the message.
2. Cc Bcc: add the emails of other persons who may not to reply to your message, but only to notify them.
CC- Carbon copy & BCC – Blind Carbon copy
3. Subject: - why the message is sent, e.g., reminder for fees.
4. Body: where you type the content of the message.
5. Attachment: any file/document that is sent with the message.
6. Send: to send a completed message.

1 2
3
4

6 5
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To send an email:
Steps:
1. Click the Compose button.
2. The compose window will appear in the lower-right
corner of the page.

3. To: Type one or more recipients

4. Subject: type a subject for the message.
5. Body: type the content of the message.
6. Send: click the Send button when you are done.

Adding an attachment.

1. Click the paper clip icon at the bottom of the Compose window.

2. A file open
dialog box appears, locate the file to attach.
3. Click on Open.
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 4. The attached file will start to Upload.
5. Then click on Send.
6.

ONLINE ETIQUETTE RULES.

1. Be respectful. Even though you are not seeing Face-to-Face with others, try to respectful in your
response. If you can’t say it to someone’s Face, don’t say it online either.
2. Be aware of strong language, all caps, and exclamation points. It is easy for written text to be misread
and misunderstood. Simply Read everything out loud before you send it.
3. Yes, grammar and spelling matter. Your written communication should be professional and reflect
proper writing style.

Social Media Handles

Social Media handles have today been a platform where users of the internet interact on a daily basis. The
power cannot be underestimated, it ranges from Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagrams, Skype, etc.
All of these social media platforms are known as Handles and they have their individual capabilities – social
marketing, video sharing, news, etc.

Facebook Tik Tok LinkedIn Instagram YouTube Twitter

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Table showing the number of social media users

Year Social Media User

2027* 5.85 billion

2026* 5.64 billion

2025* 5.42 billion

2024* 5.17 billion

2023 4.90 billion

2022 4.59 billion

2021 4.26 billion

2020 3.9 billion

2019 3.51 billion

2018 3.1 billion

2017 2.73 billion

Which is the Biggest Social Media Platform in 2023?

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 Social Media Platform Number of Users

1. Facebook 2.99 billion

2. WhatsApp 2.7 billion

3. YouTube 2.68 billion

4. Instagram 2.5 billion

5. WeChat 1.67 billion

6. TikTok 1.67 billion

7. Facebook Messenger 988 million

8. Snapchat 750 million

9. Telegram 700 million

Table showing the gender split of top social media platforms.

Gender Split of top social media platforms

70

60 56.6 56.4 57 57.2

53.8 53.9
50.7
50 49.3
45.4 46.1
43.4 43.6 43 42.8
40

30

20

10

0
Facebook Instagram Snapchat Twitter Tik Tok YouTube Linkedln

Male Users Female Users

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