CONCEPT DEFINITION KEY WORDS ADDITIONAL NOTES

Lardiere
The study of the internal structure of words and their meaningful parts.
It is the branch of linguistics that is concerned with the relation between meaning and
form (within and between words)
The more complex the word, the more information it is
Purpose of morphological processes:
likely to convey
MORPHOLOGY 1) To create new words in a language
It applies within and across words --> (the cat sleeps) -->
2) To modify existing words
morpholofical agreement
Functions of morpfhology
1. To distinguish the roles played by the various participants in an event
An abstract sign that is the smallest independent unit of language, or one that can be
separated from other such units in an utterance.
The fundamental building blocks of language.
Phonology plays an important role across languages in
Words can enter into grammatical constructions such as phrases ans sentences
WORD identifying the boundaries between words. --> green
All languages have words but the particular sign a language uses to espress a particular
house/greenhouse
meaning is arbitrary. There is nothing inherent in the sound form of a word that
actually carris the meaning conveyed.
Each language has its own rules and processes for creating new words.
WORD FORM All languages, whether spoken or signed, have word forms
The smallest unit of language thatcombine form and meaning
Words are made up of morphemes
Simple word = single morpheme
form = the way they sound
MORPHEME complex word = more than one morpheme
(!) complex words are not the same as compound words
Bound morphemes: They must be attatched either to a root or another morpheme
Free morphemes: They can stand alone
Lexical mmorpheme
LEXEME Morphemes with richer lexical (vocabulary) meaning
Simple lexemes may serve as the root of more complex words.
Morphemes that contribute mainly grammatical information or indicate relationships
between lexemes
GRAMMATICAL
Grammarical morphemes are the glue that holds the lexemes in a sentence together ,
MORPHEMES shows their relations to each other and also help identify rederents within a particular
conversational context.
Regular morpheme variants in complementary distribution.
phonologically conditioned
ALLOMORPH One of the most common factors influencing the forms morphemes take is phonology complementary = predictable
allomorphic variation
--> the phonological environment --> peach/peaches
The words of one language make up its lexicon
It is a mental dictionary where words are stored The number of possible words in a language is infinite
LEXICON
Information about the pronounciation of a word, its meaning, the grammatical contexts (recursiveness and productivity)
in which it ocurs, etc. is stored in the lexicon
The addition of a discrete morpheme either before, after, inside of or around a root or
another affix
AFIXATION
The most common process for modifying a root
(!) Not all affixes can attach freely to any root
 Grammatical morpheme
(By definition) it must be bound to a root or to anothe affix
SUFFIX --> Affixes which attach to the right or end of the base
AFFIX
PREFIX --> Affixes which attach to the left or front of the base
INFIX --> Affixes which are inserted inside a lexical base
CIRCUMFIX --> Around the base
BASE They are whatever form combined with affixes
STEM The form that combines with inflectional affixes
ROOT The form that combines with derivational affixes
REDUPLICATION the copying of some part of a root or the entire word
ROOT CHANGE the change or replacement of some part of a root
SUPRASEGMENTAL
a shift in tone or stress to signal grammatical function
CHANGE
The whole word form resulting from the morphological
It signals grammatical change by substituting one vowel for another in a lexical root.
ABLAUT process of ablaut is the past-tense form (not just the
e.j: fall/fell, take/took, ride/rode
changes vowel)
Partial suppletion: nearly the entire root appears to have been replaced: buy/bought,
SUPPLETION think/thought he/him
Total suppletion: the entire root is replacedd: go/went
It creates new lexemes from existing ones, often with a change in meaning
This morphological operation usually causes a word-category change (but not all Derivation and inflection often co-occur in the same word
DERIVATION derivational operations cause category change) Derivation may be applied multiple times within the same
It allows new words to enter a language word
It is useful for expressing phrases more compactly --> economize
It adds grammatical information to a lexeme, in accordance with the particular
syntactic requirements of a language In English, there is typically only one inflectional
INFLECTION The kind of information added indicates a property or feature within a set of operation per word.
grammatical contrasts Features required --> plural, past, etc
It does not usually produce a category change.
It often changes the lexical category of a word, its meaning, or both Some derivational affixes are very productive because
DERIVATIONAL
Zero derivation: the word form does not change but another word with another they can apply almost without exception to a certain kind
AFFIXATION
meaning is created. E.j: cook of base --> -able + transitive v.
It is a derivational process
It is the concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a single new lexeme It is highly productive and recursive
Compounding always results in the creation of a new lexeme Usually stress falls on the first lexeme
COMPOUNDING They can be writen: Usually (not always) the word category of the compound is
- As a single word determined by the rightmost element
- Words separated by a space (!) Is a (test)
- Words separated by a hyphen
It identifies the word category of a compound
identifying element
HEAD English compounds are typically right-headed
A type of/ A __ that is __
There are UNHEADED compounds --> breakdown, sing-along, giveaway
Haspelmath & Sims
MORPHEME The smallest meaningful constituents of a linguistic expression monomorphemic
 A word in an abstract sense. Core meaning.
LEXEME Abstract entities that have no phonological form of their own
A sequenceof sounds is not the lexeme itself
A word in a concrete sense. It is a seuence of sounds that ecpresses the combination of
a lexeme and a set of grammatical meanings appropriate to that lexeme.
WORD FORM concrete --> they can be pronounced
Word-forms elonging to the same lexeme express different grammatical functions but
the same core concept
WORD TOKEN A word-form that is used in a particular text or in speech
PARADIGM The set of word-forms that belongs to a lexeme
WORD FAMILY A set of related lexemes
INFLECTION The relationship between word-forms of a lexeme
DERIVATION The relationship between lexemes of a word family Derivatives
Fasold & Connor-Linton
Morphemes that beave like words in terms of their meaning and function, but cannot
stand alone as indeprendent forms for phonological reasons. They must be attached to
Superficial resemblance to affixation --> difference: clitics
CLITICS another word, the host.
are of a lexical category
- enclitics --> attached to the end of their host
- proclitics --> attached to the beginning of their host
A process that assigns an already existing worxd to a new syntactic category.
CONVERSION zero derivation
It is usually resticted to words containing a single morpheme.
Names --> Sue, Liz, Rob
CLIPPING A process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.
Ship. Zoo. Doc
Brunch
BLENDS Words that are created from nonmorphemic parts of two altead existing items
Larry
A process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another
BACKFORMATION enthuse, resurrect, orient
word (in the same language)