MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

Topic/Skill Definition

NUMBER
Integer A whole number.

Positive A number greater than zero

Negative A number less than zero

Decimal place The number of digits after the decimal point

Operations Symbols and words used to show how to combine numbers

x Multiply + Add ÷ Divide - Subtract

Sum To add numbers together

Product To multiply numbers together

Less than A number which is smaller than another number is said to be less
than.

Greater than A number which is larger than another number is said to be greater
than.

Round Change a number to a simpler and easy to use value

Multiple The result of multiplying a number by an integer.

The times tables of a number.

Factor A number that divides exactly into another number without a

remainder.

It is useful to write factors in pairs

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) The smallest number that is in the times tables of each of the numbers
given.

Highest Common Factor (HCF) The biggest number that divides exactly into two or more numbers.

Prime Number A number with exactly two factors.

A number that can only be divided by itself and one.

The number 1 is not prime, as it only has one factor, not two.

Square Number The number you get when you multiply a number by itself.

Square Root The number you multiply by itself to get another number.

The reverse process of squaring a number.

Cube Number The number you get when you multiply a number by itself and itself
again.

Cube Root The number you multiply by itself and itself again to get another
number.
The inverse process of cubing a number.
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Addition and subtraction with negatives Add positive number is same as add
+ + means +

Subtract positive number is same as subtract

˗ + means -

Add negative number is same as subtract

+ - means -

Subtract negative number is same as add

- - means +

Multiplication and division with negatives positive × positive = positive

positive ÷ positive = positive

positive × negative = negative

positive ÷ negative = negative

negative × positive = negative

negative ÷ positive = negative

negative × negative = positive

negative ÷ negative = positive

14. BIDMAS
BRACKETS
INDICES
DIVISION
MULTIPLICATION
ADDITION
SUBTRACTION

15. Estimate Round each number in the calculation to 1 significant figure.

≈means ‘approximately equal to’260

16. Share
36
This means to divide , so to share £36 between 10 people is = £3.60
10

17. Product
The answer when two values are multiplied together

ALGEBRA

1.Expand
Multiply out the bracket(s) 𝑥𝑥ሺ𝑥𝑥 + 3ሻ𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥

2. Factorise
Put it back into brackets so 3𝑎𝑎 + 21𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3𝑎𝑎ሺ1 + 7𝑎𝑎ሻ

3. Simplify
Collect the “like” terms together. So 4𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑞𝑞 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑞𝑞 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑞𝑞
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
4. Expression
A collection of terms which contain variables (letters) and numbers BUT
NO EQUAL SIGN

5. Formula
An equation used to describe a relationship between two or more
variables.

Geometry

1. Diameter
The length of the line through the centre of the circle that touches two
points on the edge of the circle. (Remember 𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑟𝑟 or the diameter is
double the radius)

2. Radius
Is the length of the line though the centre of the circle that touches one
point on the edge of the circle.

3. Gradient
How steep a line is, so the line 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 5 has a gradient of 3 and a y-
intercept of 5.

4. Circumference
The perimeter of a circle 𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

5. Perpendicular
Two or more likes which meet at right angles

6. Parallel
Two lines that never meet

7. Types of angles Acute angle = an angle less than 90⁰

Right angle = a 90⁰ angle
Obtuse angle = an angle more than 90⁰ but less than 180⁰
Reflex angle – an angle more than 180⁰

8. Area
The amount of space a shape takes up

9. Types of triangle Equilateral All sides are the same length. Each internal angle is 60⁰
Right angled Triangle that contains a 90⁰ angle
Scalene Triangle that has three different side lengths
Isosceles Triangle that has two sides (and two base angles) the same.

10. Quadrilateral
A four sided polygon
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Topic/Skill Definition

Sample A selection taken from a larger group (known as the population) to

help you find things about the larger group)
Population The whole group that is being studied

Primary Data Data that is collected by somebody from first hand sources using
methods like surveys, interviews or experiments

Secondary Data Data gathered from studies that have been run by other people or for
other research

Discrete Data Data that is counted and can only take certain values e.g. the number
of students in a class
Continuous Data Data can take any value (within a range) e.g. a person’s height or a
time in a race
Random Sample A selection that is chosen randomly. Every member of the population
being studied should have an equal chance of being selected
Stratified Sampling Sampling method where total population divided into smaller groups
(or subpopulations)

Cumulative Frequency The ‘running total’ of the frequencies. Graph plotted at end points and
forms an ‘S’ shape
Quartiles Data is divided into quarters. Lower quartiles (LQ), Upper quartile (UQ)

Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) Upper Quartile – Lower Quartile = Inter-Quartile Range

Box Plots A diagram showing lowest value, LQ, Median, UQ & highest value

Histograms A way of representing data but unlike bar charts they show frequency
density rather than frequency and often have bars of unequal width
Frequency Density Frequency ÷ Class Width = Frequency Density
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Topic/Skill Definition

Quadratic Highest exponent (or power) of the variable is a square

e.g. 3x2 + 5x = 0
Graphs of Quadratic Functions Parabola or ‘u’ shape

Roots Where a function equals zero. For quadratics this is often where the
graph crosses the x-axis. (Can be found by factorizing quadratics)

Y-intercept Where a line or curve crosses the y-axis

Turning Point This is where the curve changes direction so the graph will change
gradient from positive to negative and vice versa
Simultaneous Equations Solving 2 equations that share variables. This can be done algebraically
or graphically (where the lines/curves intersect)
Iteration Repeating a process to solve more complex equations

Quadratic Formula Formula used to solve complex quadratics that can’t be factorised:
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Topic/Skill Definition

Identify & Draw parts of a circle This will include sector, segment, tangent, chord, radius, diameter &
circumference
Prove & Use Circle Theorems The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the
circumference

The angle in a semi-circle is always 90o

Angles in the same segment are always equal

Alternate segment theorem – Angle between a chord and a tangent is

equal to the angle in the alternate segment
Opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180o
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord
Angle between a tangent and radius is 90 o

Tangents from a common point are equal in length

 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Topic/Skill Definition

Equation of a circle (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2

Gradient How steep a line is.

Perpendicular Lines If two lines are perpendicular then their gradients multiply to give –1.
Referred to as the negative reciprocal

Find the length of a line segment Use given coordinates and Pythagoras Theorem to calculate the length
of a line

Circle Theorem Angle between a tangent and radius is 90 o

 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Topic/Skill Definition

Identify & Draw parts of a circle This will include sector, segment, tangent, chord, radius, diameter &
circumference
Prove & Use Circle Theorems The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the
circumference

The angle in a semi-circle is always 90o

Angles in the same segment are always equal

Alternate segment theorem – Angle between a chord and a tangent is

equal to the angle in the alternate segment
Opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180o
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord
Angle between a tangent and radius is 90 o

Tangents from a common point are equal in length

 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Contents

Number 1 – Structure and calculations 3 Algebra 3 – Solving Equations and Inequalities 12 Geometry 2 – Mensuration and Calculation 24
 Definitions  Definitions  Definitions
 Rules of Indices  Solving equations  2D Shapes
 Standard Form  Solving Quadratic equations  3D Solids
 Surds  Solving Simultaneous Equations  Units
Number 2 – Fractions, decimals and percentages 4  Inequalities  Bearings
 Definitions  Linear Inequalities  Pythagoras’ Theorem
 Fractions  Quadratic Inequalities  3D Pythagoras
 Percentages  Iterations  Trigonometry – SOHCAHTOA – Right Angled
 Conversions Algebra 4 – Sequences 15  Trigonometry – Non-Right Angled
 Equivalent Fractions, Decimals and Percentages  Definitions Geometry 3 – Vectors 27
Number 3 – Measures and Accuracy 6  Special Sequences  Definitions
 Definitions Ratio and Proportion 16
 Rounding to a set number of decimal places  Definitions Probability 28
 Rounding to significant figures  Ratio  Definitions
 Estimating  Percentage  Theoretical Probability
 Compound Measures  Compound Interest Formula  Experimental Probability
 Units, errors and Bounds  Compound Measures  Venn Diagrams
Algebra 1 – Notation, Vocabulary and Manipulation 7  Kinematics  Tree Diagrams
 Definitions  Proportion Statistics 30
 Algebraic Notation  Rate of Change  Definitions
 Rules of Indices Geometry 1 – Properties and Construction 18  Collecting Data
 Expanding single brackets  Special Quadrilaterals (4 sided polygon) – Properties  Measures of central tendency and spread
 Expanding double brackets  Special Triangles (3 sided polygon)  Advantages and Disadvantages of averages
 Factorising  Definitions – Angles  Averages from frequency tables
 Factorising Quadratics  Angle rules  Data Displays
 Simplifying algebraic fractions  Angles in Polygons  Scatter Diagrams
 Rearranging formulae  Angles on parallel Lines  Representing Data
 Proof  Definitions – Circles
 Functions  Definitions – 3D Solids
Algebra 2 – Graphs 9  Definitions – Loci and Constructions
 Definitions  Drawing Accurate triangles
 Straight Line Graphs  Loci
 Quadratic graphs  Constructions
 Cubic Graphs  Definitions – Similarity and Congruence
 Other Functions  Congruent triangles
 Graphs of circles  Similarity
 Distance-Time graphs  Definitions – Circle theorems
 Velocity-Time Graphs  Circle theorems
 Trigonometrical graphs  Definitions – Transformations
 Transforming graphs  Transformations

2
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics 22
Rationalise the
Means remove the surd from the bottom of a fraction
denominator
Number 1 – Structure and Calculations
A factor is a number that divides into another number.
DEFINITIONS 23 Factor
eg factors of 6: 1, 2, 3 and 6
1 Integer A whole number A multiple is a number from the times tables
24 Multiple
eg the first five multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20
2 Positive A number greater than zero
3 Negative A number less than zero A prime number is a number with exactly 2 factors
25 Prime number 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
4 Decimal A number with digits after the decimal point
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
Symbols and words used to show how to combine numbers
5 Operations 26 Product The answer when two or more numbers are multiplied together.
× Multiply  Add ÷ Divide  Subtract
The operation used to reverse the original operation.
6
Inverse + and - are inverses × and ÷ are inverses Writing a number as
Prime factor
7 Operations Finding a square root is the inverse of finding the square 27 a product of its
decomposition
8 Finding a cube root is the inverse of finding the cube prime factors
The order in which B Brackets
Order of operations should I Indices
9 Highest The highest number that divides exactly into two or
Operations be done DM Divide and Multiply
28 common factor more numbers.
AS Add and Subtract
(HCF) eg The HCF of 12 & 8 is 4
10 Not equal to
The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or
11 Inclusive The end numbers are included Lowest common
29 more numbers.
multiple (LCM)
12 Index Form A number written to a power of an index eg The LCM of 12 & 8 is 24
When there are m ways of doing a task, and n ways of doing a
13 Prefix Is the beginning of a word 30 Combinations
second task, then the total number of combinations is m × n
A number written in the form ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ͳͲ௡ RULES OF INDICES
14
Where ͳ ൑ ‫ ܣ‬൏ ͳͲ and n is an integer
Standard Form 31 Multiplying add the powers ‫ ଻ ݔ‬ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଵଵ
15 Large number ͶǤ͵ ൈ ͳͲ଺ ൌ Ͷ͵ͲͲͲͲͲ
32 Dividing subtract the powers ‫ ݔ‬ଽ ൊ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫଺ݔ‬
16 Small number ʹǤͳ ൈ ͳͲିଷ ൌ ͲǤͲͲʹͳ
33 Brackets Multiply the powers ሺ‫ ଻ ݔ‬ሻଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଵସ
Scientific
17 Another name for Standard Form
Notation 34 Power of 0 Always = 1 ݉଴ ൌ ͳ
A surd is a number written exactly using square or cube roots ͳ
18 Surd 35 Negative Means “1 over” ‫ି ݔ‬௡ ൌ ௡
e.g. ξ͵ is a surd, ξͶ is not a surd because it is 2 ‫ݔ‬
ସ ଵ
19 Fraction Represents part of a whole number e.g.
ହ
36 Unit Fraction Means root ೙
‫ ݔ‬௡ ൌ ξ‫ݔ‬
௠ ௠
20 Numerator the number on the top of a fraction ݊‫ݎ݋ݐܽݎ݁݉ݑ‬ 37 Fractional Means root and bracket ‫ݔ‬௡
೙
ൌ ൫ ξ‫ ݔ‬൯
21 Denominator the number on the bottom of a fraction ݀݁݊‫ݎ݋ݐܽ݊݅݉݋‬

3
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
STANDARD FORM GCSE Mathematics
38 Converting a small number into standard form 0.00000037 = 3.7 x 10 -7
Number 2 – Fractions, Decimals and Percentages
39 Converting a very large number to standard form 147 100 000 000 = 1.471 x 1011 DEFINITIONS
40 Converting to a small ordinary number 2.4 x 10-6 = 0.0000024 1 Fraction Part of a whole
41 Converting to a large ordinary number 5.67 x 109 = 5 670 000 000 ܰ‫ݎ݋ݐܽݎ݁݉ݑ‬
2 Numerator the number on the top of a fraction
The numbers must be converted into ‫ݎ݋ݐܽ݊݅݉݋݊݁ܦ‬
the ordinary numbers 3 Denominator the number on the bottom of a fraction
Adding or subtracting numbers in standard ሺʹǤ͵ ൈ ͳͲସ ሻ ൅ ሺ͸ǤͶ ൈ ͳͲଷ ሻ Equivalent Fractions which have the same value ଵ ଷ ଵ଴
42 4 ൌ ൌ
form ൌ ʹ͵ͲͲͲ ൅ ͸ͶͲͲ Fractions but look different ଶ ଺ ଶ଴
ൌ ʹͻͶͲͲ Divide numerator and denominator by ଶସ ସ
ൌ ʹǤͻͶ ൈ ͳͲସ 5 Simplifying Fractions ൌ
HCF ଷ଴ ହ
ହ
The format stays the same. Amount divided by the denominator of 42
଻
We can use index laws to help us. 6 Fraction of an Amount
then multiplied by the numerator. 42 ÷ 7 x 5  30
43 Multiplying numbers in standard form ሺͳǤͷ ൈ ͳͲଷ ሻ ൈ ሺ͵ ൈ ͳͲହ ሻ
ൌ ͶǤͷ ൈ ͳͲଷାହ A number made from integer and ଷ
7 ͳ
ൌ ͶǤͷ ൈ ͳͲ଼ fraction parts ଼
Mixed Number
Before multiplying, dividing, adding or subtracting, always
The format stays the same. 8
change mixed numbers into Improper fractions
We can use index laws to help us.
44 Dividing numbers in standard form ሺʹǤͷ ൈ ͳͲଵଵ ሻ ൊ ሺͷ ൈ ͳͲଵଷ ሻ A number made from integer and ଷ
9 Improper Fraction ͳ
ൌ ͲǤͷ ൈ ͳͲିଶ fraction parts ଼

ൌ ͷ ൈ ͳͲିଷ 10 Compare Fractions Write them with a common denominator

ଵ
SURDS 11 Unit Fraction Has a numerator of 1 ଺

45 Multiply surds ξܽ ൈ ξܽ ൌ ܽ The reciprocal of a number is one ଵ

12 Reciprocal of 7 is
଻
ξܽ ܽ divided by the number.
46 Dividing ൌට Reciprocal
ܾ Dividing by a number is the same as ÷2 is the same as ×
ଵ
ξܾ 13 ଶ
multiplying by its reciprocal
ξܽ ൅ ξܾ Cannot
But ξܽ ൅ ξܽ = 2ξܽ Terminating 0.38
47 Add and subtract surds simplify 14 Decimals that can be written exactly.
Decimal
ξܽ ൅ ξܽ ൌ ʹ ξܽ ͷ ξܽ െ ʹ ξܽ ൌ ͵ ξܽ 0.777……  ͲǤ ͹ሶ
Recurring Decimals where one digit or a group of
ξͷͲ ൌ ξʹͷ ൈ ʹ 15 0.803803….  0.ͺሶ0͵ሶ
ξͷͲ ൅ ξͳͺ ൌ ͷξʹ ൅ ͵ξʹ Decimal digits are repeated.
ൌ ξʹͷ ൈ ξʹ ൌ ͺξʹ
48 Simplify 16 Simple Interest Interest is calculated as a percent of an original loan
ൌ ͷ ൈ ξʹ
ൌ ͷξʹ Compound When interest is calculated on both the amount borrowed
17
Interest AND any previous interest
Rationalise the
ͳ ͳ ͷ െ ξʹ A financial charge placed on sales or savings by the
denominator – Ensure ൌ ൈ 18 Tax
ͳ ͳ ξ͹ξ͹ ͷ ൅ ξʹ ͷ ൅ ξʹ ͷ െ ξʹ government e.g. VAT
49 there are no irrational ൌ ൈ ൌ
numbers in the ξ͹ ξ͹ ξ͹ ͹ ͷ െ ξʹ 13 Loss Income minus all expenses, resulting in a negative value.
ൌ
denominator ͵ 14 Profit Income minus all expenses, resulting in a positive value.
4
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
FRACTIONS PERCENTAGES
26 Percentage Means “out of 100”
Calculate the percentage and add it on to the original
19 Equivalent fractions 27 Percentage Increase ͳͲͲ ൅ Ψ ݅݊ܿ‫݁ݏܽ݁ݎ‬
Or use a multiplier
ͳͲͲ

Multiply the numerator (top) and the denominator (bottom) Calculate the percentage and subtract it from the original
Finding equivalent 28 Percentage decrease
20 by the same number. Here multiplying both by 5
ଵ
ൌ
ହ
Or use a multiplier
ͳͲͲ െ Ψ ݅݊ܿ‫݁ݏܽ݁ݎ‬
fractions ଶ ଵ଴ ͳͲͲ
͸ Ͷ ͸ ൈ Ͷ ʹͶ Original Value x Multiplier  New Value
Multiply the numerators and ൈ ൌ ൌ Reverse
21 Multiply Fractions ͹ ͷ ͹ ൈ ͷ ͵ͷ 29 Original Value  New Value
multiply the denominators. Percentage
Multiplier
Flip the second fraction (find the P – Original amount
reciprocal). Ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͸ Ͷ ൈ ͸ ʹͶ ࡾ ࢔
22 Divide Fractions ൊ ൌ ൈ ൌ ൌ 30 ࡼ ൬૚ ൅ ൰ R – Interest rate
Change the divide to a multiply. ͹ ͸ ͹ ͷ ͹ ൈ ͷ ͵ͷ Compound ૚૙૙ n – the number of interest periods (e.g. yrs)
Multiply the fractions Interest formula
31 OR ܱ‫ ݈ܽ݊݅݃݅ݎ‬ൈ ‫ ݎ݈݁݅݌݅ݐ݈ݑܯ‬௧௜௠௘
Write as fractions with a common ʹ ͳ ͸ Ͷ ͳͲ ͷ
Add or Subtract ൅ ൌ ൅ ൌ ൌ CONVERSIONS
23 denominator. ͺ ͸ ʹͶ ʹͶ ʹͶ ͳʹ
Fractions 32 Percentage to Decimal Divide by 100
Add or subtract the numerators.
33 Decimal to Percentage Multiply by 100
Divide the numerator by the
denominator. The answer gives 34 Fraction to Percentage Find an equivalent fraction with 100 as the denominator
Convert between
the whole number part. The ସଷ
=7
ଵ
35 Percentage to Fraction Write as a fraction over 100 and simplify
24 Improper and Mixed ଺ ଺
remainder goes on top of the
fractions 36 Fraction to Decimal Division or convert to a % first
fraction, with the same
denominator. Use place value to find the denominator and simplify or
37 Decimal to Fraction
convert to a % first
Multiply the denominator by the
Convert between ͳ ͸ ൈ ͹ ൅ ͳ Ͷ͵
whole number part and add the ͹ ൌ ൌ EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES
25 Mixed and Improper ͸ ͸ ͸
numerator. Put the answer over
fractions ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵
the numerator. Fraction
ͳͲͲ ͳͲ ͺ ͷ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵ Ͷ

38 Decimal 0.01 0.1 0.125 0.2 0.25 0.͵ሶ 0.5 0.͸ሶ 0.75

Percentage 1% 10% 12.5% 20% 25% 33.͵ሶ% 50% 66.͸ሶ% 75%

5
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics COMPOUND MEASURES
Number 3 – Measures and Accuracy 16 ݀݁݊‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ‬ൌ
݉ܽ‫ݏݏ‬
‫݁݉ݑ݈݋ݒ‬
DEFINITIONS
Density The mass of a substance contained in a certain
17
1 Integer A whole number volume
2 Rounding Changing a number to a simpler, easy to use value 18 Usually measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3

3 Approximate Not exact but close to the true answer ݂‫݁ܿݎ݋‬

19 ‫ ݁ݎݑݏݏ݁ݎ݌‬ൌ
ܽ‫ܽ݁ݎ‬
4 Decimal Place The number of digits after the decimal point Pressure
20 The force applied over an area
Significant The digits of a number that express a size to a particular degree of
5 21 Usually measured in N/m2
Figure accuracy
݀݅‫݁ܿ݊ܽݐݏ‬
6 Estimation A value that is close to the correct answer using a rough calculation 22 ‫ ݀݁݁݌ݏ‬ൌ
‫݁݉݅ݐ‬
Compound
7 Combine measures of two different quantities 23 The distance travelled in an amount of time
Measures Speed
8 Velocity Speed in a given direction Usually measured in m/s Usually measured in m/s (metres per second)
24 or km/h (kilometres per hour)
9 Acceleration The rate of change of velocity Usually measured in m/s2 or mph (miles per hour)
ROUNDING TO A SET NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES UNITS ERRORS AND BOUNDS
Count the number of decimal places you need. 25 Area units 1 cm2 = 100 mm2 1m2 = 10000 cm2
10 Look at the number to the right of that digit
5 or more it rounds up 4 or less it rounds down 26 Hectare An area of 10 000 m2
To 2d.p. is 27 Volume units 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3 1 m3 = 1000000 cm3
11 eg 36.3486343 36.34|86343
36.35 28 Capacity Is measured in ml and litres 1cm3 = 1ml, 1000cm3 = 1litre
ROUNDING TO SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Measurements rounded to the nearest unit could be up to half a unit
Count the number of digits you need from the left 29 Error interval smaller or larger than the rounded value
(zeros are not significant until after the first non-zero) If x is 3.4 correct to 1 dp the error interval is 3.35 ≤ x < 3.45
Look at the number to the right of that digit to decide if it rounds up or Approximating a decimal number by dropping all decimal places past
12 30 Truncation
down a certain point without rounding
5 or more it rounds up, 4 or less it rounds down The upper bound is half a unit greater than the rounded number.
(for large numbers replace remaining digits with zeros) 31 Upper Bound
If x = 13 to the nearest whole then the upper bound is 13.5
13 eg 324 627 938 32|4627938 To 2 sig.fig. is 320 000 000 32 Lower Bound
The lower bound is half a unit lower than the rounded number.
If x = 14.8 correct to 1 dp then the lower bound of x is 14.75
14 eg 0.0034792 0.0034|792 To 2 sig.fig. is 0.0035 The accuracy when both the upper bound and lower bound are
rounded by the same amount and give the same value
ESTIMATING
If UB = 12.3512 and LB = 12.3475
Appropriate
Round each number to 1 significant figure before doing any calculations 33 Rounded to 1dp: UB = 12.4, LB = 12.3
Accuracy
15 Rounded to 2dp: UB = 12.35, LB = 12.35
ଷǤଽଵ ൈ଼଻଼ଽǤ଼ Ͷ ൈ ͻͲͲͲ ͵͸ͲͲͲ ͵͸Ͳ Rounded to 3dp: UB = 12.351, LB = 12.348
eg ൎ ൎ ൎ ൎ ͳʹͲ
଺ଶ଴Ǥଽ ൈ଴Ǥସଽଶ ͸ͲͲ ൈ ͲǤͷ ͵ͲͲ ͵ So the appropriate accuracy is 2dp
6
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
Algebra 1 – Notation, Vocabulary and Manipulation 22 Adding like terms Add the coefficients ܽ ൅ ܽ ൌ ʹܽ
DEFINITIONS 23 Subtracting like terms Subtract the coefficients ͷܽ Ȃ ͵ܽ ൌ ʹܽ
1 Variable A letter representing a varying or unknown quantity 24 Multiplying like terms Add the powers ܽ ൈ ܽ ൌ ܽଶ
A number which multiplies a variable. If the base is the same,
2 Coefficient 25 Dividing terms ܽହ ൊ ܽଶ ൌ ܽଷ
eg 3 is the coefficient in 3y subtract the powers
A part of an algebraic expression, could be a number, a variable Cannot combine if the terms
3 Term 26 Adding different terms ܽ ൅ ܾൌܽ ൅ ܾ
or a product of both. are different
Terms that have the same variable, but may have different Subtracting different Cannot combine if the terms
27 ͵ܽ െ ʹܾ ൌ ͵ܽ െ ʹܾ
coefficients terms are different
4 Like Terms
eg ܽ ൅ ͵ܽ are like terms Multiplying different
28 Combine with no ‘×’ sign ܽ ൈ ܾ ൌ ܾܽ
ܾ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽଶ are not like terms terms
One or a group of terms. May include variables, constants, Multiplying different Combine with no ‘×’ sign,
29 ͵ܿ ൈ Ͷܽ ൌ ͳʹܽܿ
5 Expression operators and grouping symbols. terms with coefficients multiply the coefficients
No ‘=’ sign Write as fractions with no ‘÷’ ͵ܾ
30 Dividing different terms ͵ܾ ൊ ܽ ൌ
6 Equation Expressions of equal value connected by an = sign ܽ
7 Identity An equation that is true no matter what values are chosen,  Write as fractions with no ‘÷’
Dividing different terms ͷܿ
31 sign, simplify the coefficients if ʹͲܿ ൊ Ͷܽ ൌ
8 Formula A rule describing a relationship between different variables with coefficients ܽ
possible
9 Formulae Plural of Formula RULES OF INDICES
10 Substitute Replace a variable with a number 32 Multiplying Add the powers ‫ ଻ ݔ‬ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଵଵ
11 Inverse Operation The operation that reverses the effect of another operation. 33 Dividing Subtract the powers ‫ ݔ‬ଽ ൊ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫଺ݔ‬
12 Rearrange Change the position; move terms around 34 Brackets Multiply the powers ሺ‫ ଻ ݔ‬ሻଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଵସ
The subject of a formula is the variable on its own on one side of
13 Subject 35 Power of 0 Always equal to 1 ݉଴ ൌ ͳ
the equals sign
A small number to the upper right of a base number that shows ͳ
14 Index 36 Negative Means “1 over” ‫ି ݔ‬௡ ൌ
how many times the base is multiplied by itself ‫ݔ‬௡
15 Power Another word for an index ଵ
37 Unit Fraction ݊௧௛ root ‫ ݔ‬௡ ൌ ξ‫ݔ‬
೙

16 Indices Plural of index

௠ ௠
Can be represented by a straight line 38 Fractional ݊௧௛ root to the power of ݉ ೙
‫ ݔ‬௡ ൌ ൫ ξ‫ ݔ‬൯
17 Linear
No indices above 1 eg ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ
An expression where the highest index is a 2 EXPANDING SINGLE BRACKETS
18 Quadratic
eg ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ 39 Multiply all of the terms inside the bracket, by the term on the outside
19 Expand Multiply out one or more brackets ͵‫ݔ‬ ൅ͳ ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͷ
A factor is a number or variable that divides into another number 40
20 Factor ͷ ͳͷ‫ݔ‬ ൅ͷ
eg factors of ͸‫ݔ‬: ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ ͸ ܽ݊݀ ‫ݔ‬
Write an expression as a product of its factors
21 Factorise
The opposite of expanding out a bracket.

7
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
EXPANDING DOUBLE BRACKETS SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
41 Multiply every term in the first bracket by every term in the second bracket If there is no obvious common factor then you should factorise both the numerator and
47
the denominator and then cancel any common factors
FOIL
GRID SMILEY FACE Common Denominator
‡Ǥ ‰Ǥ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻ
‡Ǥ ‰Ǥ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͹ሻ ‡Ǥ ‰Ǥ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷሻ 48 Adding and Subtracting ܽ ܿ ܽ݀ ܾܿ ܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿ
FIRST ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ൌ ൅ ൌ
‫ݔ‬ ൅ʹ ܾ ݀ ܾ݀ ܾ݀ ܾ݀
OUTER ൅Ͷ‫ݔ‬ ܽ ܿ ܽܿ
42 ‫ݔ‬ ‫ʹݔ‬ ൅ʹ‫ݔ‬ 49 Multiplying ൈ ൌ
INNER ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ ܾ ݀ ܾ݀
൅͹ ൅͹‫ ݔ‬൅ͳͶ
LAST ൅ ͳʹ ܽ ܿ ܽ ݀ ܽ݀
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͷ 50 Dividing ൊ ൌ ൈ ൌ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳʹ ܾ ݀ ܾ ܿ ܾܿ
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͷ
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳʹ Cancel common factors in ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵
51 the numerator and ൌ
FACTORISING ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷሻ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ
denominator
Find the highest common factor of the ‡‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸
REARRANGING FORMULA
terms HCF is ʹ ൌ ʹሺ ሻ
ʹ‫ ݔ‬ൊ ʹ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ 52 If the letter to be the subject appears twice then you will need to factorise
43 This goes outside the bracket
Divide each term by the factor to get the ͸ ൊ ʹ ൌ ͵ Make ‫ ݑ‬the subject: Make ‫ ݑ‬the subject: Make ݉ the subject:
ൌ ʹሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݑ‬൅ ܽ‫ݐ‬ ‫ ݒ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ൅ ʹܽ‫ݏ‬ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ݉‫ ݒ‬െ ݉‫ݑ‬
new terms inside the bracket.
ሺെࢇ࢚ሻ ሺെ૛ࢇ࢙ሻ ሺࡲࢇࢉ࢚࢕࢘࢏࢙ࢋሻ
x +3 ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ‫ ݒ‬െ ܽ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݑ‬ ‫ ݒ‬ଶ െ ʹܽ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ‫ݑ‬ଶ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ݉ሺ‫ ݒ‬െ ‫ݑ‬ሻ
44 CHECK by expanding your answer  So ሺൊ ሺ࢜ െ ࢛ሻሻ
2 2x +6 ሺඥ ሻ
53 ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݒ‬െ ܽ‫ݐ‬ ‫ܫ‬
ඥ‫ ݒ‬ଶ െ ʹܽ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ‫ݑ‬ ൌ݉
FACTORISING QUADRATICS ‫ݒ‬െ‫ݑ‬
So So
‫ܫ‬
ଶ
Factorise ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ‫ݑ‬ൌ ඥ‫ ݒ‬ଶ െ ʹܽ‫ݏ‬ ݉ൌ
‫ݒ‬െ‫ݑ‬
Factorising a 2 and 3 add to 5 PROOF
45 2 and 3 multiply to 6
quadratic To show a statement is an identity, expand / factorise the expressions on one or both
54
sides of the equal sign until they are the same
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻ A logical argument for a mathematical statement
55 Proof
You must show it is true in ALL cases
Check: ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸
To prove a statement is not true, you just have to find an
56 Counter-example
This is a quadratic equation with two squared terms, where one example that does not fit the statement
Difference of two
46 term is subtracted from the other FUNCTIONS
squares
eg ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͺͳ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͻሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͻሻ
57 Function A rule for working out values of y given values of x.
58 f(x) Notation – read as “f of x”
To work out fg(x), first work out g(x), then
59 Composite functions ݂݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
substitute that answer into f(x)

8
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
60 Inverse functions ݂ ିଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ Reverses the effect of the original function 15 Gradient The steepness of a graph
GCSE Mathematics 16 Line segment A part of a line, has a start point, and an end point
Algebra 2 - Graphs 17 Labelling a graph Means write the equation next to the line
DEFINITIONS 18 Coefficient Number in front of a variable
1 Axis A reference line on a graph 19 Linear Equation Produces a straight line graph
2 Axes Plural of axis 20 Steady speed Means travelling the same distance each minute
A quarter of a graph separated by
3 Quadrant 21 Velocity Means speed in a particular direction
axes
4 Origin The point (0, 0) on a set of axes 22 Rate of Change Shows how a variable changes over time

Used to show a position on a An approximate drawing of a graph using key points:

23 Sketch
coordinate plane roots, y-intercept, turning point
5 Coordinates A repeated process that can be used to find an accurate root of
The first coordinate is the horizontal position (x axis), 24 Iterative process
the second is the vertical position (y axis) a quadratic or cubic equation
STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS
Equal distance apart
6 Parallel A linear equation contains an x eg y = 3x – 1
If lines are extended, they will never meet. 25 Linear Equation
term but no higher power of x. 2x + 3y = 8
Constant y co-ordinate The general equation of a m is the gradient
26 y = mx + c
straight line c is the y-intercept
7 ‘y =’ graph
݄ܿܽ݊݃݁ ݅݊ ‫ݕ‬
Will be parallel to the x-axis ‫ ݐ݊݁݅݀ܽݎܩ‬ൌ
27 ݄ܿܽ݊݃݁ ݅݊ ‫ݔ‬
‫݁ݏ݅ݎ‬
ൌ
Constant x co-ordinate ‫݊ݑݎ‬
Gradient
8 ‘x =’ graph Positive gradients, line goes
28 This has a This has a
Will be parallel to the y-axis from bottom left to top right
positive negative
Negative gradients, line goes
29 gradient gradient
9 y-intercept The y value where a graph crossed the y – axis. where x = 0 from top left to bottom right
If A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2)
10 x-intercept The x value(s) where a graph crosses the x-axis. where y = 0 Gradient between 2
30
11 A symbol on an axis to show that the axis has not started at zero points The gradient of line AB =
௬మ ି௬భ
௫మ ି௫భ
12 Trajectory The path an object follows 31 Parallel lines Parallel lines have the same gradient
13 Asymptote A line that a graph will get very close to but never touch When lines are perpendicular the product of the gradients is – 1
32 Perpendicular lines If one graph has gradient m, then a perpendicular graph has
- the graph is a straight line ଵ
- that goes though the origin gradient െ
௠
14 Direct proportion
- if one variable is multiplied by The mid-point is the If A = (‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) and B = (‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ )
n, so is the other A B C
33 Mid-point coordinate half between two ௫భ ା௫మ ௬భ ା௬మ
A is in direct B and C are not the mid-point is ቀ ǡ ቁ
points. ଶ ଶ
9
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
QUADRATIC GRAPHS GRAPHS OF CIRCLES
The quadratic graph a curved shape called . x2 + y2 = 16 (r = ξͳ͸ ൌ Ͷ)
34 a parabola
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ
Equation of a Circle with a centre of (0, 0) and radius ‫ݎ‬
35 A positive x2 term will give a  shape 48
circle ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ଶ
36 A negative (-x2) term will give a  shape
The point where a curve turns in
the opposite direction
37 Turning points Gradient If A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2)
Either a maximum or a minimum 49 between 2 ௬మ ି௬భ
point The gradient of line AB ݉ ൌ
points ௫మ ି௫భ
A quadratic graph will have a line of symmetry passing through When lines are perpendicular the product of the gradients is – 1. If
38 Line of symmetry Perpendicular
its maximum or minimum point 50 ଵ
lines one graph has gradient m, the other has gradient െ
௠
39 Solution to the quadratic equation ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
40 Roots The x-values where the graph crosses the x-axis Gradient of a The gradient (m) of a radius to a point
51 radius to a (x, y) on the circle x2 + y2 = r2
41 A quadratic equation can have 0, 1, or 2 solutions ௬
circle is
௫
CUBIC GRAPHS
DISTANCE – TIME GRAPHS
52 Represent a journey
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀ The vertical axis represents the distance from a
42 53
Will have 1, 2, or 3 roots starting point
54 The horizontal axis represents time taken
55 Straight lines mean constant speed
A = steady speed,
56 Horizontal lines mean no movement B = no movement,
OTHER FUNCTIONS
௞ 57 Gradient = speed C = steady speed back to start
Reciprocal graphs have the form ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
43 Reciprocal ௫ ܶ‫݁ܿ݊ܽݐݏ݅݀ ݈ܽݐ݋‬
where k is a number 58 ‫ ݀݁݁݌ݏ ݁݃ܽݎ݁ݒܣ‬ൌ
functions ܶ‫݁݉݅ݐ ݈ܽݐ݋‬
44 It will have 2 asymptotes VELOCITY – TIME GRAPHS
Maximum and
A quadratic graph has a maximum point or 59 Represent the speed at a given time
45 minimum
minimum point where the graph turns. Straight lines mean constant
points 60
A cubic function contains an x but no
3 acceleration/deceleration
46 Cubic higher power of x. 61 Horizontal lines mean no change in velocity (speed)
A = steady acceleration,
functions It can have an x2 and x term 62 Positive Gradient = acceleration B = constant speed,
47 A cubic equation can have 1, 2, or 3 solutions 63 Negative Gradient = deceleration C = steady deceleration back to
a stop
64 The area under the graph = distance travelled

10
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
TRIGONOMETRICAL GRAPHS TRANSFORMING GRAPHS
The sine graph repeats every 360o in both 69 y = –f(x) The graph of the reflection of the graph y = f(x) in the x-axis
65 Sine function directions. The graph of the reflection of the graph y = f(x) in the y-axis
70 y = f(–x)
The graph of the reflection of the graph
The cosine graph repeats every 360o in both 71
y = -f(-x) y = f(x) in the x-axis, and then in the y-axis
66 Cosine function directions. Equivalent to a rotation 180˚ about the origin
72
0
The tangent graph repeats every 180o in both 73 y = f(x) + a The graph of the translation of the graph y = f(x) by  
a
 
directions.
Tangent  a
67 The tangent graph is not defined for angles of 74 y = f(x + a) The graph of the translation of the graph y = f(x) by  
function  0 
the form (90o ± 180no)
The graph is a vertical stretch of the graph y = f(x), with a scale factor a,
75 y = af(x)
parallel to the y-axis
Ɵ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o The graph is a horizontal stretch of the graph y = f(x), with a scale factor
ଵ 76 y = f(ax) ଵ
Sin Ɵ 0 ξଶ ξଷ
1 , parallel to the x-axis
ଶ ଶ ଶ ௔
ξଷ ξଶ ͳ
Cos Ɵ 1 0
Exact ଶ ଶ ʹ
68 trigonometrical Tan Ɵ 0 ξଷ
1 ξ͵
ଷ
values
These can be found using the triangles:

11
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics 20 Exclusive Gives an infinite range of solutions e.g 4 < x x< 1
Algebra 3 – Solving Equations and Inequalities 21 Region
The area on a graph where all points that satisfy one or more
inequalities can be found
DEFINITIONS Inequalities
A set of values that satisfy an inequality {x : x  3}  {x  2} or
1 Integer Whole number 22 using set
described using set notation {x : 2  x  3}
One part of an algebraic expression which notation
2 Term may be a number, a variable or a product of e.g. 3x SOLVING EQUATIONS
both. 23 To solve an equation we use inverse operations
An expression is one or a group of terms and
What ever you do to one side of the equation, you have to do to the other side to keep
3 Expression may include variables, constants, operators e.g. 5x + 2y 24
it “balanced” and equal
and grouping symbols
A mathematical statement containing an Solving equations – one step
‫ݔ‬ = 7 ‫ݔ‬ = 12 ͵‫ݔ‬ = 18 ‫ݔ‬ = 6
4 Equation equals sign (=), to show that two expressions e.g. 3x + 4 = x - 2 One step
25 ൅Ͷ െͷ Ͷ
are equal. ሺെͶሻ ሺെͶሻ ሺ൅ͷሻ ሺ൅ͷሻ ሺൊ ͵ሻ ሺൊ ͵ሻ ሺൈ Ͷሻ ሺൈ Ͷሻ
A special type of equation that shows the relationship between ‫ݔ‬ = 11 ‫ݔ‬ = 17 ‫ݔ‬ = 1 ‫ݔ‬ = 24
5 Formula
different variables
ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ ൌ ͳͻ
An equation which is always true regardless Two step Requires two inverse operations to
e.g. 26 ʹ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ͸
6 Identity of the value of the variables. Has an identity solve ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ͵
3(x + 5) Ξ 3x + 15
sign (Ξ) Involving ͷሺʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ ͵ͷ
ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ ൌ ͵ͷ
7 Unknown A letter representing a number 27 brackets Expand the brackets first ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵Ͳ
The subject of a formula is the variable on its own on one side of the ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵
8 Subject
equals sign ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬Ȃ ͺ
Inverse Unknowns Eliminate the x term from one of the ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ െͺ
9 The operation that reverses the effect of another operation. 28
Operation both sides sides ʹ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳͲ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͷ
10 Solve To find the value of the unknown
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Quadratic An equation with 2 as the e.g. ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͷ ൌ Ͷ͵,
11 The quadratic graph a curved shape called
equation highest power of the unknown ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
29 a parabola
Solving
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ
12 quadratic Finding the values for the unknown that balance the equation
equations 30 A positive x2 term will give a  shape
Solution to the quadratic equation 31 A negative (-x2) term will give a  shape
13
ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
The point where a curve turns in the
14 Roots The ‫ݔ‬-values where the graph crosses the ‫ݔ‬-axis opposite direction
32 Turning points
15 A quadratic equation can have 0, 1, or 2 solutions Either a maximum or a minimum point
Simultaneous A quadratic graph will have a line of symmetry passing through
16 When there are two equations each with two unknowns 33 Line of symmetry
Equations its maximum or minimum point
17 > Is greater than ≥ Is greater than or equal to 34 Solution to the quadratic equation ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
Inequality
18 < Is less than ≤ Is less than or equal to
35 Roots The x-values where the graph crosses the x-axis
19 Inclusive Gives a finite range of solutions e.g. 3 ≤ x < 7
36 A quadratic equation can have 0, 1, or 2 solutions
12
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Quadratics equations can be solved to find the roots INEQUALTITIES
The roots are where the quadratic graph intersects the x-axis 45 Solve Inequalities are solved using the same steps as equations.
There are three ways to solve quadratics: Give the integers that satisfy the inequality
37 Solving Quadratics List integer
46 eg x > 5 integer solutions are 6, 7, 8 ………….
1. Factorising solutions
eg 3 ≤ x < 7.4 integer solutions are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
2. The Quadratic Formula
An empty circle shows the value is NOT included
3. Completing the Square Represent on
47 A full circle shows the value IS included
ଶ a number line
Writing the equation as the e.g. Solve ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ An arrow shows the solution continues to infinity
product of two linear ሺʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
38 By Factorising So ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ or ‫ ݔ‬Ȃ ʹ ൌ Ͳ Negative If you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number, then the
expressions to find the 48
multiples inequality sign is reversed
solution ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  1 or ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ
2 LINEAR INEQUALITIES
A formula that can be used to e.g. Solve ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
49 Points that satisfy an inequality can be represented on a graph
work out the solutions to the ܽ ൌ ͳǡ ܾ ൌ Ͷǡ ܿ ൌ ʹ
By Quadratic quadratic equation െͶ േ ξͶଶ െ Ͷ ൈ ͳ ൈ ʹ The unwanted sections are shaded
39 ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ ‫ݔ‬ൌ
Formula ʹൈͳ
െܾ േ ξܾ ଶ െ Ͷܽܿ Giving ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͲǤͷͻ and
‫ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ͵ǤͶͳ as the solutions
ʹܽ
e.g.
x 2  bx  c can be written in
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ͹
the form
The completed square is
By Completing the 2 2
40
square  b b ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻଶ െ ͵ଶ ൅ ͹
x     c ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻଶ െ ʹ
 2 2

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

50
Add or subtract one equation from the other to eliminate a
variable
 Same
41 Elimination
 Subtract
 Substitute

Rearrange so that the subject of one equation is a single variable,

42 Substitution
then substitute into the second equation

A pair of quadratic and linear

43 simultaneous equations can
Graphically have 2 possible solutions

To find the coordinates where two graphs intersect, solve their 51 Dashed line for exclusive ( < or > ) Solid line for inclusive (  or )
44
equations simultaneously
13
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

To solve ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൏ Ͳ identify the

52 values of x for which the graph lies BELOW
the x-axis

To solve ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൐ Ͳ identify the

53 values of x for which the graph lies ABOVE
the x-axis

ITERATIONS
is the act of repeating a process, either to generate an unbounded
54 Iteration sequence of outcomes, or with the aim of approaching a desired
goal, target or result
defined by giving the relationship between consecutive terms, e.g.
Iterative The relationship, x n 1  x n  3 , is said to produce an iterative
55
Sequence sequence.

56 Roots Solutions to an equation. Where the graph crosses the x-axis

57 Change of sign Show two values with a root between them

14
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics Find the first difference
Find the second difference
Algebra 4 - Sequences n term for a
th
Halve this value and multiply by ݊ଶ to gain a new sequence ܽ݊ଶ
14 Quadratic
DEFINITIONS Subtract the new sequence from the original sequence.
sequence
Find the nth term of the remaining sequence ܾ݊ ൅ ܿ
1 Integer A whole number
The nth term is then ܽ݊ଶ ൅ ܾ݊ ൅ ܿ
2 Sequence an ordered pattern of numbers or diagrams 15 Finite Has a final point
3 Series The sum of the terms in a sequence 16 Infinite Continues forever
4 Term One of the numbers in a sequence 17 Ascending Increases
Term-to-term the rule for moving from one number in a sequence to the next 18 Descending Decreases
5
rule number e.g. 4 7 10 ……. Term-to-term rule is + 3
Arithmetic a sequence where the term to term rule is to add or subtract the 19 Formula A rule written to describe a relationship between quantities.
6
sequence same amount each time e.g. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, … A number from the times tables
20 Multiple
Geometric A sequence where the term to term rule is to multiply by the e.g. the first five multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20
7
sequence same amount each time e.g. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … An arithmetic sequence that can be represent by a straight line
21 Linear function
The amount a geometric sequence is multiplied by from one graph
8 Common Ratio
term to the next SPECIAL SEQUENCES
Quadratic A sequence where the term to term rule is changing by the same
9
Sequence amount each time. The second difference is a constant amount
22 Square numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 …
10 Difference Means subtract
11 Position to term the rule for finding any value of a sequence
The rule to find any term in a sequence of numbers
23 Cube numbers 1, 8, 27, 64, 125 …..
- Find the common difference between the terms
- This is your coefficient of n
nth term for an O O O O O
- The number needed to add or subtract to get to the first term OO OO OO OO
Arithmetic Triangular
is the 2nd term in the rule 24 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28 …. OOO OOO OOO
sequence numbers OOOO OOOO
12
OOOOO

A sequence where each term is the sum of the two previous

Fibonacci
25 terms
Sequence
e.g. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …

nth term for a Divide the second sequence by the first to find the common ratio
13 Geometric The nth term is ܽ‫ ݎ‬௡ିଵ where ܽ is the first term, ‫ ݎ‬is the
sequence common ratio and ݊ is the term position in the sequence

15
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics 23 Profit Income minus all expenses, resulting in a positive value.
Ratio and Proportion 24
Compound
Combine measures of two different quantities
DEFINITIONS Measures
25 Velocity Speed in a given direction Usually measured in m/s
1 Ratio A relationship between two or more quantities
26 Acceleration The rate of change of velocity Usually measured in m/s2
2 Proportion Compares a part with the whole, i.e. fraction
3 Fraction Used to indicate a part of a whole number 27 Rest If something “starts from rest” it means its initial velocity is zero

4 Share Splitting into parts not necessarily equally but in a predefined ratio RATIO

Used to compare ratios, one of the parts is 1 Divide each part of the ratio by
28 Simplifying Ratio eg 12:18 simplifies to 2:3
5 Unit Ratio a common factor
The only time it is permissible to have a decimal in a ratio Divide each part of the ratio by the highest common factor, so it
6 Proportional a change in one is always accompanied by a change in the other, 29 Simplest Form cannot reduce further
Find the value of 1 item, before multiplying to find the value of All parts must be integers
7 Unitary Method more eg Divide £350 in the ratio 3:4
Used to work out which products give the better value for money between Amy and Bob.
Divide an amount so the ratio
The amount of money in a different currency that your currency will 3+4 = 7 (There are 7 parts.)
8 Exchange Rate Divide in a given of the final values simplifies to
buy or sell for 30 350 ÷ 7 = 50 (Each part is worth
ratio the given ratio.
50)
9 Equivalent Ratios are equivalent if they have the same simplest form
3 x 50 = £150 for Amy
10 Function a relation or expression involving one or more variables 4 x 50 = £200 for Bob
Direct PERCENTAGES
11 Two quantities increase at the same rate
proportion If you increase, the new amount will be more than 100%
The original amount is
Inverse One variable increases at a constant rate as the second variable 31
12 always 100% If you decrease, the new amount will be less than 100%
proportion decreases
Express one number as a ܰ‫ͳ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬
13 Graphical Referring to a graph 32 ൈ ͳͲͲ
percentage of another ܰ‫ʹ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬
14 Linear An equation that produces a straight line graph ‫݄݁݃݊ܽܥ‬
33 Percentage change ൈ ͳͲͲ
15 Annual Means yearly ܱ‫݈ܽ݊݅݃݅ݎ‬
To find a multiplier for an ͳͲͲ ൅ Ψ ݅݊ܿ‫݁ݏܽ݁ݎ‬
16 Per annum Means per year 34
increase ͳͲͲ
17 Salary A fixed regular payment, often paid monthly To find a multiplier for a ͳͲͲ െ Ψ ݀݁ܿ‫݁ݏܽ݁ݎ‬
35
18 Simple Interest Interest is calculated as a percent of an original loan decrease ͳͲͲ
Compound When interest is calculated on both the amount borrowed AND any COMPOUND INTEREST FORMULA
19
Interest previous interest P – Original amount
20 Half - Life The time taken for the count rate to fall to half its starting value ࡾ ࢔ R – Interest rate
36 ࡼ ൬૚ ൅ ൰
૚૙૙ n – the number of interest
A financial charge placed on sales or savings by the government
21 Tax periods (e.g. years)
e.g. VAT
37 or ܱ‫ ݈ܽ݊݅݃݅ݎ‬ൈ ‫ݎ݈݁݅݌݅ݐ݈ݑܯ‬௧௜௠௘ ௣௘௥௜௢ௗ
22 Loss Income minus all expenses, resulting in a negative value.
16
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
COMPOUND MEASURES PROPORTION
݉ܽ‫ݏݏ‬ Directly
38 ݀݁݊‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ‬ൌ The graph of two quantities in direct proportion will go through the
‫݁݉ݑ݈݋ݒ‬ 50 Proportional
The mass of a substance contained in a certain origin and have a positive gradient
39 Density graph
volume
- the graph is a straight line
40 Usually measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3
Direct - that goes though the origin
51
݂‫݁ܿݎ݋‬ proportion - if one variable is multiplied
41 ‫ ݁ݎݑݏݏ݁ݎ݌‬ൌ A B C
ܽ‫ܽ݁ݎ‬ by n, so is the other
A is in direct B and C are not
42 Pressure The force applied over an area
Constant of
52 Represented by a k Its value stays the same
proportionality
43 Usually measured in N/m 2
“y is proportional to x”
݀݅‫݁ܿ݊ܽݐݏ‬ Direct Two quantities increase at the
44 ‫ ݀݁݁݌ݏ‬ൌ 53 ‫ݕ‬‫ݔ‬
‫݁݉݅ݐ‬ proportion same rate
‫ ݕ‬ ݇‫ݔ‬
45 The distance travelled in an amount of time “y is inversely proportional to x”
Speed One variable increases at a ͳ
Usually measured in m/s (metres per second) Indirect ‫ݕ‬
54 constant rate as the second ‫ݔ‬
46 or km/h (kilometres per hour) Proportion
variable decreases ݇
or mph (miles per hour) ‫ݕ‬ൌ
‫ݔ‬
KINEMATICS RATE OF CHANGE
47 ࢜ ൌ ࢛ ൅ ࢇ࢚ a is constant acceleration The gradient of a tangent to the curve can be used to calculate the
u is initial velocity
55 Rate of Change
rate of change at any given point.
૚ v is final velocity
48 ࢙ ൌ ࢛࢚ ൅ ࢇ࢚૛
૛ t is the time taken
s is the displacement from
49 ࢜૛ ൌ ࢛૛ ൅ ૛ࢇ࢙
the position when t=0

17
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics DEFINITIONS - ANGLES
Geometry 1 – Properties and Construction Equipment used to measure the size of an
12 Protractor
SPECIAL QUADRILATERALS (4 sided polygon) - Properties angle
4 equal sides 13 Angle a measure of turn, measured in degrees ⁰
4 right angles 4 lines of symmetry
1 Square 2 pairs of parallel sides Rotational symmetry order 4
14 Acute angle An angle less than 90⁰
Diagonals cross at right angles

2 pairs of equal sides

2 lines of symmetry 15 Right angle A 90⁰ angle
2 Rectangle 4 right angles
Rotational symmetry order 2
2 pairs of parallel sides
4 equal sides An angle more than 90⁰ but
16 Obtuse angle
3 Rhombus
2 pairs of equal angles 2 lines of symmetry less than 180⁰
2 pairs of parallel sides Rotational symmetry order 2
Diagonals cross at right angles
2 pairs of equal sides 17 Reflex Angle An angle of more than 180⁰
0 lines of symmetry
4 Parallelogram 2 pairs of equal angles
Rotational symmetry order 2
2 pairs of parallel sides
Equal distance apart
2 pairs of equal sides 18 Parallel lines If lines are extended, they will
1 pairs of equal angles 1 lines of symmetry
5 Kite 2 pairs of parallel sides Rotational symmetry order 1
never meet.
Diagonals cross at right angles
Interior angles I is the interior angle which is
19
Trapezium (I) inside the polygon
6 1 pair of parallel sides

Exterior angles E is the exterior angle which is

20 For any polygon:
1 pair of parallel sides (E) outside the polygon
Isosceles 1 lines of symmetry I + E = 180⁰
7 1 pair of equal sides
Trapezium 2 pairs of equal angles
Rotational symmetry order 1
21 Polygon A 2D shape with straight sides only
SPECIAL TRIANGLES (3 sided polygon) All sides the same length
22 Regular Polygon
- 3 lines of symmetry All angles the same size
- 3 equal sides - Rotational symmetry Two shapes are congruent when they are exactly the same shape
8 Equilateral 23 Congruent
- 3 equal angles (60˚) order 3 and size
24 Similar same shape but different sizes
- 1 line of symmetry
- 2 equal sides - Rotational symmetry 25 A Diagonal A line which joins opposite vertices of a shape
9 Isosceles
- 2 equal angles order 1 26 Bisect Cut in half
- No equal sides 27 Tessellate Fit together leaving no gaps
10 Scalene - No equal angles

- 1 right angle
11 Right-angled - Can be scalene or isosceles

18
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ANGLE RULES ANGLES ON PARALLEL LINES
Alternate angles on parallel
28 Vertically Opposite angles are equal lines are equal
38 Alternate angles
Alternate angles form a ‘Z’
shape
Corresponding Angles on
29 Angles on a straight line add up to 180 Corresponding parallel lines are equal.
39
angles Corresponding angles form an
‘F’ shape
Co-interior angles add to 180
30 Angles in a triangle add up to 180° degrees.
40 Co-interior angles
Co-interior angles form a ‘C’ or
‘U’ shape
DEFINITIONS - CIRCLES
31 Angles around a point add up to 360°
A chord that passes through the centre of a
41 Diameter
circle
The distance from the centre to the
42 Radius
32 Angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360° circumference of a circle
43 Radii Plural of radius

ANGLES IN POLYGONS Distance from edge to edge passing through the

44 Diameter
Interior angle + Exterior angle = 180˚ (as on a straight line) centre.
Interior Angles (I)
33 Exterior angles Distance around the outside of a circle.
(E) 45 Circumference
(The perimeter)

The exterior angle of a triangle equals the A line which touches the circumference at each
Exterior angle in 46 Chord
34 sum of the two opposite interior angles. end
a triangle
angle d = angle a + angle b
For an n-sided polygon
47 Arc A section from the circumference of a circle
Sum of interior angles ൌ ͳͺͲ ൈ ሺ݊ Ȃ ʹሻ
Sum of interior
35 The sum can also be found by splitting the
angles
polygon into triangles and multiplying the The region of a circle bounded by a chord and
48 Segment
number of triangles by 180 the arc subtended by the chord
Sum of exterior
36 For all polygons: Sum of exterior angles = 360 The region of a circle bounded by two radii and
angles 49 Sector
an arc
‫ ݈݁݃݊ܽ ݎ݋݅ݎ݁ݐݔܧ‬ൌ ͵͸Ͳ ൊ ݊‫ݏ݁݀݅ݏ ݂݋ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬
37 Regular polygons ݊‫ ݏ݁݀݅ݏ ݂݋ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬ൌ ͵͸Ͳ ൊ ‫݈݁݃݊ܣ ݎ݋݅ݎ݁ݐݔܧ‬ A line outside a circle which only touches the
50 Tangent
‫ ݈݁݃݊ܽ ݎ݋݅ݎ݁ݐ݊ܫ‬ൌ ͳͺͲ െ ‫݈݁݃݊ܽ ݎ݋݅ݎ݁ݐݔܧ‬ circumference at one point

19
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
51 Semi-circle Half a circle DEFINITIONS – LOCI AND CONSTRUCTIONS
The constant ratio between the 71 Construct Draw accurately using a ruler and a pair of compasses
52 π (Pi) circumference and the diameter of 3.14159265…………
circles. 72 Construction Working out lines / arcs are called construction lines
73 lines Must not be rubbed out – they show the ‘working out’
53 Formula Shows the relationship between different variables
54 Formulae Plural of Formula Cyclical A four sided polygon whose vertices are all on the circumference of a
74
Quadrilateral circle
55 Substitute Replace a variable with a number
75 Bisect Cut in half
A 3D shape with a polygon as a base and triangular sides that meet
56 Pyramid 76 Perpendicular At right angles
at the top
A 3D shape where all the points on the surface are the same Perpendicular
57 Sphere 77 The line that cuts another in half at right angles
distance from the centre bisector
58 Spherical Means in the shape of a sphere 78 Angle bisector The line that cuts an angle exactly in half

DEFINITIONS – 3D SOLIDS The set of all points that obey a certain rule. This is often drawn as a
79 Locus
continuous path
59 Face A flat surface of a 3D shape (can be curved)
80 Loci The plural of locus
60 Edge A line segment where 2 faces meet
81 Region An area bounded by loci
61 Vertex A point where 2 or more edges meet
DRAWING ACCURATE TRIANGLES
62 Vertices Plural of vertex
3D shapes which have a base of any shape, and sloping sides which Given angle, side, angle you can draw
63 Pyramid 82 ASA
meet at a point an accurate triangle
A dimension is the size of something in a particular direction
64 Dimension
e.g. length, width, height, diameter Given two sides and the angle in
65 Plane A flat 2D surface 83 SAS between you can draw an accurate
When a solid can be cut exactly in triangle
Plane of half, and a part on one side of the
66
symmetry plane is an exact reflection of the Given all three sides you can draw an
part on the other side of the plane 83 SSS
accurate triangle
67 Plan The view from above a solid
68 Front Elevation The view from the front of a solid Given that it has a right angle, the
84 RHS hypotenuse and another side length,
69 Side Elevation The view from the side of a solid
you can draw an accurate triangle
A scale is a ratio that shows the relationship between a length on a
70 Scale
drawing or a map and the actual length.

20
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
LOCI DEFINITIONS – SIMILARITY AND CONGRUENCE

The locus of points that are 91 Congruent Exactly the same shape and size
85 Locus 1: Circle a fixed distance from a 92 Similar Same shape but different sizes
fixed point
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Locus 2: The locus of points a fixed 93 Triangles are congruent when one of the 4 conditions of congruence is true
86
parallel line distance from a fixed line Two triangles are congruent if all 3
sides are equal
94 SSS
Locus 3:
The line that cuts another
87 Perpendicular
in half at right angles Two triangles are congruent if two
bisector
sides and the included angle are
95 SAS
equal
The locus of points
Locus 4: angle
88 equidistant between two
bisector Two triangles are congruent if two
fixed points
angles and the corresponding side
96 AAS
CONSTRUCTIONS are equal

Condition 4: Two triangles are

congruent if right angle, hypotenuse
97 RHS
and one other side are equal
88 Angle Bisector

Perpendicular
89
Bisector

Constructing
90
600 angles

21
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
SIMILARITY DEFINITIONS – CIRCLE THEOREMS
Two shapes where one shape is
A quadrilateral with all four
an enlargement of the other. Cyclic
Small base = 4cm 107 vertices on the circumference of
Corresponding angles are equal quadrilateral
Large base = 10cm a circle
and corresponding sides are all
in the same ratio (scale factor) 108 A chord is a line that cuts across a circle
Ratio of these corresponding sides
is ͳͲ ‫ ׷‬Ͷ ൌ ʹǤͷ ‫ͳ ׷‬ The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a
109
98 Similar shapes Scale factor ൌ ʹǤͷ chord bisects the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the
110
Or midpoint of a chord is at right angles to the chord
݈݁݊݃‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݁݃ݎ݈ܽ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݄ݐ‬
The triangle formed by two radii and a chord is
݈݁݊݃‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݈݈ܽ݉ݏ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݄ݐ‬ 111
ͳͲ
isosceles
ൌ ൌ ʹǤͷ
Ͷ CIRCLE THEOREMS

The scale factor or ratio of sides of Angles at the The angles at the centre is twice
99 Linear scale factor two similar shapes. ݈݁݊݃‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݁݃ݎ݈ܽ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݄ݐ‬ 112
‫ ܨܵܮ‬ൌ centre the angle at the circumference
(LSF) If the LSF is k lengths are multiplied ݈݁݊݃‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݈݈ܽ݉ݏ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݄ݐ‬
100 or divided by k
The scale factor or ratio of areas or
101 Area scale factor surface areas of two similar shapes ܽ‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݁݃ݎ݈ܽ ݉݋ݎ݂ ܽ݁ݎ‬
‫ ܨܵܣ‬ൌ Angles in the Angles at the circumference in
(ASF) If the LSF is k the areas are ܽ‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݈݈ܽ݉ݏ ݉݋ݎ݂ ܽ݁ݎ‬ 113
102 multiplied/divided by k2
same segment the same segment are equal
The scale factor or ratio of volumes
103 Volume scale of two similar shapes. ‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݁݃ݎ݈ܽ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݁݉ݑ݈݋ݒ‬
ܸܵ‫ ܨ‬ൌ
factor (VSF) If the LSF is k the areas are ‫݁݌݄ܽݏ ݈݈ܽ݉ݏ ݉݋ݎ݂ ݁݉ݑ݈݋ݒ‬
104 multiplied/divided by k3 Angle in a
114 Angles in a semicircle are 90o
Area of similar shapes semicircle
9
LSF =  1.5
6
ASF = 1.52 = 2.25 Opposite angles of a cyclic
105 Cyclic quadrilateral add to ͳͺͲι
Area of large shape
115
= 2.25 x 32 quadrilaterals ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ͳͺͲι
= 72 cm2 ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ͳͺͲι

Volume of similar shapes LSF =

20 The angle between a tangent and
 2. 5 116
8
Tangents to a radius is 90o
VSF = 2.52 = 15.625
circle Two tangents from the same
Volume of small shape 117
= 2500 ÷ 15.625 point to a circle are equal lengths
106
= 160 cm3

Alternate
118 Alternate segment
segment

22
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
DEFINITIONS - TRANSFORMATIONS TRANSFORMATIONS
Altering a 2D shape in some way. There are four types: 145 A “turning” movement of an image about a fixed point
119 Transformation
Reflection Rotation Translation Enlargement
a) “Rotation”
120 Rotation a “turning” movement of an image about a fixed point b) Angle of rotation
Rotation To describe, you
121 Reflection a “flipping” movement across a mirror line 146 c) Centre of rotation
need to write:
122 Translation a “sliding” movement of an image d) Direction of rotation

123 Enlargement a change in the size of the object (bigger or smaller) 147 A “flipping” movement across a mirror line
The proportions by which the dimensions of an object will a) “Reflection”
124 Scale factor Reflection
increase/decrease by To describe, you b) The equation of the line of
148
125 Line of reflection a “mirror line” which is used to perform reflections need to write: reflection
126 Centre of rotation the fixed point used to rotate an object around
149 A “sliding” movement of an image
127 Centre of enlargement a fixed point to enlarge an object from.
Translation To describe, you a) “Translation”
128 used to represent translations ‫ݔ‬ 150
need to write: b) The column vector
129 Column Vector x is the horizontal movement ൬ ൰
130 x is the vertical movement ‫ݕ‬ 151 A change in the size of the object (bigger or smaller)
a) “Enlargement”
The vector that moves a shape to its final position after a Enlargement To describe, you
131 Resultant Vector 152 b) The scale Factor
number of translations need to write: c) The centre of enlargement
132 Single Transformation Transform the image once
If a scale factor is smaller than 1, then the image will be
133 Combination Transform the image multiple times 153 Fractional Scale Factor
smaller
134 Similarity images of the same shape, but in different sizes If a scale factor is negative then the image will be on the
154 Negative Scale Factor
135 Congruent Same shape, same size opposite side of the centre of enlargement
136 Direction Clockwise or anti-clockwise
137 Co-ordinate Points on a graph ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ
138 Origin The point ሺͲǡ Ͳሻ, where the x and y axis cross
140 2D Shape One which has a length/height and a width, but no depth
141 Object The shape given before a transformation occurs.
142 Image The shape produced after the transformation
143 Symmetry One side of a shape exactly mirrors the other
When a shape it is turned around its centre point, it matches
144 Rotational Symmetry
its original outline at least once or more

23
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics ͳ
Geometry 2 – Mensuration and Calculation 20 Trapezium ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ ൈ ݄
ʹ
DEFINITIONS
21 A shape made up of two or more simple shapes
1 Perimeter The distance around the outside of a 2D shape Compound
2 Area The space inside a 2D shape Shape To find the area, split it into the simple shapes, find their areas and
22
then add them together
3 Surface Area The total area of all of the faces of a 3D shape
Circumference
23 ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ߨ݀
4 Volume The space inside a 3D shape of a circle
A 3D shape with a polygon as a base and triangular sides that meet at 24 Area of a circle ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
5 Pyramid
the top
A 3D shape where all the points on the surface are the same distance ‫ݔ‬
6 Sphere 25 Arc length ൈ ʹߨ‫ݎ‬
from the centre ͵͸Ͳ
7 Spherical Means in the shape of a sphere Area of a ‫ݔ‬
26 ൈ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
sector ͵͸Ͳ
8 Prism A 3D shape with a constant cross-section
Perimeter of a ‫ݔ‬
9 Isosceles Has one line of symmetry 27 ቀ ൈ ʹߨ‫ݎ‬ቁ ൅ ʹ‫ݎ‬ Arc length + 2 radii
sector ͵͸Ͳ
10 Trapezium The two non-parallel sides are equal length 3D SOLIDS
11 Trapezia The plural of trapezium 28 The total area of all the faces of an object
Surface area
12 Capacity The amount of fluid a 3D object can hold 29 You can use the shape’s net to help calculate the surface area
13 Hectare An area of 10 000 m2 A 3D shape that has a constant cross-section
30
2D SHAPES through its length.
Prism
31 ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݏ ݏݏ݋ݎܿ ݂݋ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬
14 ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ‬ൌ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬ ଶ

Square
ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݏ ݏݏ݋ݎܿ ݂݋ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬
15 ܲ݁‫ ݎ݁ݐ݁݉݅ݎ‬ൌ Ͷ ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬
32 Cuboid
ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ݈݁݊݃‫ ݄ݐ‬ൈ ‫ ݄ݐ݀݅ݓ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ݐ‬
16 ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ‬ൌ ݈݁݊݃‫ ݄ݐ‬ൈ ‫݄ݐ݀݅ݓ‬
Rectangle
17 ܲ݁‫ ݎ݁ݐ݁݉݅ݎ‬ൌ ʹ ൈ ሺ݈݁݊݃‫ ݄ݐ‬൅ ‫݄ݐ݀݅ݓ‬ሻ ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݏ ݏݏ݋ݎܿ ݂݋ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬
Triangular
33
Prism ͳ
ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ൈ ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ ݐ‬ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬
18 Parallelogram ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ‬ൌ ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ݐ‬ ʹ

ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݏ ݏݏ݋ݎܿ ݂݋ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൈ ݈݁݊݃‫݄ݐ‬

34
ͳ Cylinder ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄
19 Triangle ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ‬ൌ ൈ ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ݐ‬
ʹ
35 ܶ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑܵ ݈ܽݐ݋‬ൌ ʹߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ൅ ʹߨ‫݄ݎ‬

24
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
A 3D shape with a polygon as a base and BEARING
triangular sides that meet at the top
51 Is the direction of a line in relation to the North-South line
Volume of a
36 ͳ 52 Angle measured clockwise
Pyramid Bearing
ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ൈ ܽ‫ ݁ݏܾܽ ݂݋ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ݐ‬
͵ 53 Measured from north
54 Always written using 3 digits
ͳ PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM
37 ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄
͵
The longest side of a right angled
38 Cone ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑܵ ݀݁ݒݎݑܥ‬ൌ ߨ‫݈ݎ‬
55 Hypotenuse triangle.
It is opposite the right angle
39 ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑܵ ݀݁ݒݎݑܥ‬ൌ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ൅ ߨ‫݈ݎ‬
Right-angled A triangle that contains a right-angle.
Ͷ 56
40 ܸ‫ ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬ൌ ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଷ triangle
Sphere ͵
41 ܵ‫ ܽ݁ݎܣ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑ‬ൌ Ͷߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ Pythagoras’
57 ܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ൌ ܿ ଶ
Theorem
UNITS
42 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
43 1m2 = 10000 cm2 To find the
58
hypotenuse
Area units
44
To find a short
59 side
45 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3
46 1 m3 = 1000000 cm3
3D PYTHAGORAS
Volume units
47 3D Pythagoras’ a2 + b2 + c2 = d2
60
Theorem
d2 – b2 – c2 = a2
48 Is measured in ml and litres
49 Capacity 1cm3 = 1ml
50 1000cm3 = 1 litre

25
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
TRIGONOMETRY - SOHCAHTOA – RIGHT ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY – NON RIGHT ANGLED
61 Trigonometry The ratios between the sides and angles of triangles 1
Area = absin C
H = hypotenuse 2
O = Opposite 68 Area of a triangle You can use this formula if you know
Labelling the
62 A = Adjacent two sides and the angle between them
triangle
θ is the angle involved
a b c
 
  sin A sin B sin C
63 Sine •‹ Ʌ ൌ Ʌ ൌ •‹ିଵ Sine Rule – You use this rule if you know one angle
69
calculating a side and the opposite side, and one angle
  and you want to work out the length of
64 Cosine ‘• Ʌ ൌ Ʌ ൌ ‘• ିଵ its opposite side
sin A sin B sin C
 
a b c
 
65 Tangent –ƒ Ʌ ൌ Ʌ ൌ –ƒିଵ Sine Rule – You use this rule if you know one angle
  70
calculating an angle and the opposite side, and one side and
you want to work out the size of its
Ɵ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o opposite angle
ͳ ξʹ ξ͵
Sin Ɵ 0 1 a 2  b 2  c 2  2bcCosA
ʹ ʹ ʹ Cosine Rule – You use this rule if you know two sides
71
Cos Ɵ 1 ξ͵ ξʹ ͳ
0 calculating a side and the included angle and want to
ʹ ʹ ʹ work out the missing side
Tan Ɵ 0 ξ͵ 1 ξ͵
66 Exact values ͵ b2  c2  a2
cos A 
Cosine Rule – 2bc
72
These can be found using the triangles: calculating an angle You use this rule if you know all three
sides and want to work out an angle

Angle of Angle of
67
elevation depression

26
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics
Geometry 3 – Vectors The magnitude of a vector is the length of the vector
The magnitude can be found using Pythagoras’ Theorem
DEFINITIONS
1 Magnitude Size Magnitude of a
11
2 Scalar A quantity that has a magnitude vector ȁࢇȁ ͵
ࢇൌቀ ቁ
Ͷ
3 Vector A quantity that has a magnitude and a direction
x is the horizontal movement ‫ݔ‬ ȁࢇȁ ൌ ඥ͵ଶ ൅ Ͷଶ ൌ ͷ‫ݏݐ݅݊ݑ‬
4 Column vector ൬ ൰
x is the vertical movement ‫ݕ‬
12 Unit vector A unit vector has a magnitude of 1
5 Written vectors Vectors can be written in bold ࢇ or with underlining ࢇ

Vector between A vector between any two given points, say point L and M, can To travel from Point A to Point B.
6 be written as ሱሮ
two points 13 Combining vectors
௅ெ
ሱሮ ൌ ࢈ െ ࢇ
஺஻
Vectors can be represented on grids

7 Vector diagrams

͵ ͳ ʹ െʹ
ࢇൌቀ ቁ ࢈ൌቀ ቁ ࢉൌቀ ቁ ࢊൌቀ ቁ
Ͷ ͷ െ͵ Ͷ

8 Adding vectors
͵ ͳ Ͷ
ቀ ቁ൅ቀ ቁൌ ቀ ቁ
Ͷ ͷ ͻ

9 Subtracting vectors
͵ ͳ ʹ
ቀ ቁെቀ ቁൌቀ ቁ
Ͷ െʹ ͸

Multiply a vector by ʹ ͸
10 ͵ൈቀ ቁൌቀ ቁ
a scalar quantity ͷ ͳͷ

27
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
Probability 21
Theoretical
Calculated without doing an experiment
DEFINITIONS Probability
For equally likely outcomes the probability that an event will
1 The extent to which an event is likely to occur happen is
22 ݊‫ݏ݁݉݋ܿݐݑ݋ ݈ݑ݂ݏݏ݁ܿܿݑݏ ݂݋ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬
2 Probability It can be given as a fraction, a decimal, or a percentage ܲൌ
Calculating ‫ݏ݁݉݋ܿݐݑ݋ ݈ܾ݁݅ݏݏ݋݌ ݂݋ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ݊ ݈ܽݐ݋ݐ‬
3 It must take a value between zero and 1 probabilities ଵ
e.g. The probability that 23 e.g. The probability of rolling a 6 on a dice is
4 An event will definitely happen ଺
Certain the day after Sunday is a
5 Probability of a certain event is 1 24 The probabilities of all possible outcomes add up to 1.
Monday is 1.
e.g. The probability that e.g. Probability it will rain = 0.3
6 An event will definitely not happen If the probability that something WILL happen is p
Impossible you will have your 3rd 25 Probability it will not rain
The probability that it WILL NOT happen is 1 - p
7 probability of an impossible event is 0 birthday tomorrow is 0 = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
If the probability that The probability that it WILL NOT
8 Biased Unfair 26
something WILL happen is ࢖ happen is ૚ െ ࢖
P(A) + P(NOT A) = 1
9 Unbiased Fair e.g. P(rain) = 0.3
27 They are mutually exclusive
When events cannot happen at e.g. Rolling an even number P(not rain) = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
10 Mutually Exclusive
the same time and rolling a 5 on one dice EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY
11 Exhaustive Events are exhaustive if they cover all possible outcomes also known as experimental probability
Estimated
When the outcome of one event changes the probability of the 28 ݂‫ݐ݊݁ݒ݁ ݂݋ ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ‬
12 Dependent probability ݁‫ ݕݐ݈ܾܾ݅݅ܽ݋ݎ݌ ݀݁ݐܽ݉݅ݐݏ‬ൌ
next event, the two events are not independent ‫ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ݂ ݈ܽݐ݋ݐ‬
Two events are independent if the results of one do not affect the In an experiment, how often something happens as a
13 Independent 29
results of the other proportion of the number of trials
When the outcome of one event changes the probability of the Relative frequency
14 Not Independent 30 Can be used to estimate probabilities
next event, the two events are not independent
௛௢௪ ௢௙௧௘௡ ௦௢௠௘௧௛௜௡௚ ௛௔௣௣௘௡௦
15 Shows all of the possible outcomes for one or more events 31 Relative frequency =
௔௟௟ ௢௨௧௖௢௠௘௦
Sample space
16 Could be shown as a list, or a 2-way table, or a tree diagram 32 Your estimated probability gets more accurate the more trials you do
P() means the probability of the You can predict the number of outcomes you will get by:
e.g. P(Tails) is the probability 33 Predictions
17 P( ) Notation thing inside the brackets Predicted number of outcomes = probability x number of trials
of getting a tails
happening
If two events are independent,
18 AND Rule P(A AND B) = P(A) × P(B)
multiply the probabilities
If two events are mutually
19 OR Rule P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B)
exclusive, Add the probabilities
The probability of a dependent event. The probability of a second
Conditional
20 outcome depends on what has already happened in the first
probability
outcome

28
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
VENN DIAGRAMS
34 Curly brackets show a set of values 5 odd numbers means
35 Means “is an element of” “5 is in the set of odd numbers”

36 Element A “member” of a set

37 Means the universal set All the elements are being considered

All elements in A
38 A‫ת‬B A intersection B
AND B

All the elements in

39 A‫׫‬B A union B
A OR B OR both

All the elements

40 A‘ Not A
NOT in A

41 P(A  B | B) The probability of A And B given B

TREE DIAGRAMS

Shows the number of different

42 Frequency Tree
options for different choice

Shows all possible outcomes

43 Probability Tree
of an event

44 AND Rule Multiply the probabilities P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

45 OR Rule Add the probabilities P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

29
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
GCSE Mathematics ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF AVERAGES
Statistics Average Advantages Disadvantages
DEFINITIONS Mean Every value makes a difference Affected by extreme values
1 Qualitative Data described by words Median Not affected by extreme values May not change if a data value
19 changes
Data that is categorized by numbers, it can be discrete or Mode Easy to find; not affected by There may not be a mode
2 Quantitative
continuous
extreme values; can be used with
3 Discrete data Can be counted, can only have a finite number of possible values non-numerical data
Continuous Can be measured, can have an infinite number of possible values
4 AVERAGES FROM FREQUENCY TABLES
data within a selected range
 less than or  greater than or 20 Modal Class The class with the highest frequency
5 Inequality signs < less than > greater than
equal to equal to If the total frequency is n, then the median lies in the class with the
COLLECTING DATA 21 Median ௡ାଵ
th value in it.
ଶ
6 Sample A selection from the whole population Mean from a Data value Frequency Frequency x Data Value
frequency table 2 3 6
7 Census A survey of the whole population
3 2 6
8 Population The whole group 22 4 5 20
10 32
9 Bias Unfair, sways the results inaccurately
Random Every member of the population has an equal chance of being Mean ൌ ͵ʹ ൊ ͳͲ ൌ ͵Ǥʹ
10
Sample included Estimated Data value Frequency Midpoint Frequency x Data Value
The name given to groups that a population has been divided into mean from a ʹͲ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͵Ͳ 3 25 75
11 Strata
e.g. year groups in a school, gender, age grouped ͵Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͶͲ 2 35 70
Stratified A sample where the number of people chosen from each strata is frequency table ͶͲ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷͲ 5 45 225
12
sample in proportion to the strata size 23 10 370
Capture- A sampling method used to estimate the size of the population of
13 Mean ൌ ͵͹Ͳ ൊ ͳͲ ൌ ͵͹
recapture an animal species
There is a loss of accuracy due to using the midpoint, this is why it is
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND SPREAD
only an estimate.
14 Mean Add up all of the amounts. Divide by how many values there are Estimate of
24 The maximum possible value subtract the minimum possible value
15 Median Put values in order. Locate the middle value range

16 Mode The value that occurs most often

17 Range The biggest value minus the smallest value
18 Outlier An extreme data value that doesn’t fit the overall pattern

30
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
DATA DISPLAYS
A graphical display of data where
Tables used to compare the
Vertical Line the line heights show the
Two Way relationship between two 34
25 Diagram frequencies
Tables discrete data categories.

A convenient way of showing the

26 Distance Chart
distances between several places A circular chart where the pie
35 Pie Chart sectors are used to show the
A data display that shows groups relative sizes of data
of data arranged by place value.
27 Stem and leaf
Leaves should be in order.
Must have a key.
A graph made by plotting the
Frequency
36 frequency against midpoints of
Polygon
Back-to-back Compares 2 sets of results grouped data
28
stem and leaf Must always have a key

SCATTER DIAGRAMS
A graphical display of data where A graphical diagram with points plotted to show a relationship
37 Scatter diagram
29 Bar Chart the bar heights show the between two variables
frequencies 38 Bivariate data Data of two variables we want to compare to look for relationships

Positive As one variable increases, the other

The bars identify are split to show 39
Composite Bar Correlation variable increases
30 different quantities within each
Chart
bar
Negative As one variable increases, the other
40
Correlation variable decreases
A bar chart to compare data sets
31 Dual bar chart by drawing adjoining bars for As one variable increases, the other
each. 41 No Correlation
variable shows no connection

A chart using pictures to A line of best fit is drawn on a scatter diagram so that it is as close
represent quantities. 42 Line of best fit
as possible to the points
32 Pictogram Must have a key to say what each
Using a line of best fit to predict values within the range of data
picture represents. 43 Interpolation
given. Usually accurate
Using a line of best fit to predict values outside the range of data
Time Series 44 Extrapolation
33 A line graph with time plotted on the horizontal axis given. May not be accurate
Graph
45 Outlier A value far away from the rest of the data

31
 MATHS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
REPRESENTING DATA Cumulative Frequency Diagram
Cumulative
46 A running total of frequencies Cumulative
frequency Weight (w grams) Frequency
Frequency
Cumulative A table that shows how many data items are less than or equal to 100  w  110
47 9 9
frequency table the upper class boundary of each data class
Upper class 110  w  120 16 25
48 The highest possible value in each class
boundary 120  w  130 19 44
58
Cumulative 130  w  140
A graph with the data values on the x-axis and cumulative 27 71
49 frequency
frequency on the y-axis 140  w  150 9 80
diagram
The 3 values that divide a set of ranked data into 4 equal groups,
50 Quartiles Median = 128 Lower Quartile = 117
each group comprising a quarter of the data.
51 Median The middle quartile and has 50% of the data below its value Upper Quartile = 135 IQR = 135 – 117 = 18

52 Lower quartile The first quartile and has 25% of the data below its value
53 Upper quartile The third quartile and has 75% of the data below its value
59 Box Plot
Interquartile IQR = Upper quartile – lower
54
range (IQR) quartile
Histogram
A diagram that displays the median, quartiles, minimum and ‫ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎܨ‬
55 Box plot ‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁ܦ ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎܨ‬ൌ
maximum values for a set of data
‫݄ݐܹ݀݅ ݏݏ݈ܽܥ‬
56 Histogram A chart where the area of each bar represents the frequency
Class Frequency
The height of Height (h cm) Frequency
Frequency ‫ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎܨ‬ Width density
57 each bar in a ‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁ܦ ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎܨ‬ൌ 0 ≤ h < 10 4 10 4 ÷ 10 = 0.4
density ‫݄ݐ݀݅ݓ ݏݏ݈ܽܥ‬
histogram
60 10 ≤ h < 15 6 5 6 ÷ 5 = 1.2
15 ≤ h < 20 15 5 15 ÷ 5 = 3
20 ≤ h < 30 52 10 52 ÷ 10 = 5.2
30 ≤ h < 50 68 20 68 ÷ 20 = 3.4
50 ≤ h < 60 24 10 24 ÷ 10 = 2.4
60 ≤ h < 80 16 20 16 ÷ 20 = 0.8

32