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Module 5_dc6987c942ad40f286b757abbed3e689

The document discusses sampling theory, emphasizing the importance of selecting a sample to make inferences about a population. It outlines various sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling, as well as specific techniques like random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling. Each method has its advantages and limitations, impacting the precision and quality of the estimates derived from the sample data.

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13 views16 pages

Module 5_dc6987c942ad40f286b757abbed3e689

The document discusses sampling theory, emphasizing the importance of selecting a sample to make inferences about a population. It outlines various sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling, as well as specific techniques like random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling. Each method has its advantages and limitations, impacting the precision and quality of the estimates derived from the sample data.

Uploaded by

wb6cpy7cym
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAMPLING THEORY

RELEVANCE OF SAMPLING
We select a sample to collect data to make an inference and answer
a research question about a population

A tire manufacturer is considering producing a new tire designed to


provide an increase in mileage over the firm’s current line of tires. To
estimate the mean useful life of the new tires, the manufacturer
produced a sample of 120 tires for testing. The test results provided a
sample mean of 36,500 miles. Hence, an estimate of the mean useful
life for the population of new tires was 36,500 miles

It is important to realize that sample results provide only estimates of


the values of the corresponding population characteristics

Whenever statisticians use a sample to estimate a population


characteristic of interest, they usually provide a statement of the
quality, or precision, associated with the estimate.
CONCEPTS IN SAMPLING
The process of conducting a survey to collect data for the entire
population is called a census.
The process of conducting a survey to collect data for a sample
is called a sample survey.
As one of its major contributions, statistics uses data from a
sample to make estimates and test hypotheses about the
characteristics of a population through a process referred to as
statistical inference.
A population is the set of all elements of interest in a particular
study.
A sample is a subset of the population.
A frame is a list of the elements that the sample will be selected
METHODS OF SAMPLING
Probability sampling or random sampling

Each element of population having an equal probability of


getting selected in a sample

Non probability sampling or non random sampling

The probability of each element of a population of getting


selected in sample is different
Random Sampling Methods
Random Stratifie Cluster Systema Multi
Samplin d Samplin tic Stage
g Samplin g Samplin Samplin
g g g
RANDOM SAMPLING
Sampling frame available

All items in population are alike

How to do it?

Problem – All items are not same


RANDOM SAMPLING
Method 1 – Random number generation and assignment

The elements in population are serially numbered


Random numbers are taken from random number table or generated on a
computer
Computer-generated random numbers can also be used to implement the
random sample selection process.
Excel provides a function for generating random numbers in its worksheets.
It is possible that a random number used previously may appear again in the
table before the complete sample is selected
Sampling without replacement - any previously used random numbers are
ignored because the corresponding element is already included in the sample
Sampling with replacement - previously used random numbers are
acceptable and specific elements could be included in the sample two or more
times
RANDOM SAMPLING
Method 2 – Lottery Method

Each unit of population is numbered


The numbers are written on different pieces of paper and folded
Folded papers are mixed in a box or drum
Randomly picking the numbers from the box or drum
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
Sampling frame available

There are some strata in sample

How to do it?

Problem – cumbersome process


STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Based on the concept of homogeneity and heterogeneity
Elements in the population are divided into homogeneous groups called strata.
Each such group is called a stratum
The process of dividing heterogeneous population into homogeneous groups is
called stratification
Then simple random sampling method is used to collect sample from each
strata
Elements in a stratum should be relatively homogeneous while the strata
should contrast with each other
Most often the demographic factors such as age, gender, income class etc. are
used as the base for stratification
For e.g. selection of sample to study the preference of an ice cream flavor
Stratified sampling could be
Proportionate - percentage of sample taken from each stratum is proportionate to the actual
percentage of stratum within whole population
Disproportionate – sample taken from each stratum is disproportionate to the actual percentage of
stratums within the whole population
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Proportionate stratified sampling Disproportionate stratified sampling

Groups N Select Groups N Select

Low 600 60 Low 600 34

Medium 300 30 Medium 300 33

High 100 10 High 100 33

Total 1000 100 Total 1000 100


CLUSTER SAMPLING
Sampling frame available

There are some strata in sample

How to do it?
CLUSTER SAMPLING
The population is divided into non – overlapping areas or clusters
Clusters are internally heterogeneous
For e.g. for studying the acceptability of a new FMCG product, the entire
country market is divided into clusters of cities
If the initial clusters are too large to study, they may be further
subdivided into clusters for e.g. the city cluster can be divided into
clusters of blocks (two – stage clustering)
Then the respondents can be randomly selected
Advantages – economical, focus can be on a cluster as it represents
population fairly, can be applied in absence of a proper sampling frame
Limitation – similarity in cluster elements will lead to bias
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Groups N A B C D E F G H I J

Low 600 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Medium 300 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

High 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Total 1000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Select anyone from the cluster from A to J randomly


STRATIFIED VS CLUSTER
Stratified sampling Cluster sampling

Between sample Different Same

Within sample Same Different


SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Sample elements are selected from the population at uniform intervals in
terms of time, order or space
Calculation of sampling fraction = N/n
The first element will be selected randomly while others can be obtained using
the fraction
For e.g. if the sampling fraction is calculated as 20, then after selection of first
element, other elements will be selected as every 20th element, so if the first
element selected is 4th then the second will be 24th, 44th, 64th and so on
Sample selection is easy and quick
Can lead to a strong bias if there is periodicity in the data parallel to the
sampling fraction
If the frame is arranged in order of an attribute then the location of first
element may affect the results of the study
Systematic sampling is also known as quasi random sampling

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