Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC

EXPERIMENT NO:5

Title: To Study the op-amp based first & second order Butter worth low pass filter.
Objectives:
1) To study what is meant by 1st & 2nd order filters.
2) To study the working and theoretical analyses of filters.
3) To study frequency response of butterwort filters.
Apparatus:
Bread Board, IC 741, Various R & C, Wires, CRO, Function Generator, Dual
Power Supplies etc.

A) First Order Low Pass Filter

R3

1K
R1 +Vcc
3
+
6
Vout
2
-
1K
-Vcc
10K R1

47K

0.1MFD

B) Second Order Low Pass Filter

Rf
1K

+Vcc
3
+
6
1K 2
-
-Vcc
Vout

47K 47K
0.1MFD

0.1MFD

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Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC

Theory:

The first order butter worth LPF used a RC network for filtering. Note that op-amp
is used in non-inverting configuration. Hence it does not load down RC network R1 and Rf
determine gain of op-amp

According to voltage divider rule, voltage at non-inverting terminal across

capacitor is

Output Voltage = Vo = (1+Rf / R1). Vi

Vin
= (1+ Rf/R1).
1+j (F/ Fh)
Where, Vo/ Vin = gain of filter as function of frequency
Af = pass band gain of filter.
F = frequency of input signal.
Fh = 1/ 2RC = higher cutoff frequency of filter.
The gain magnitude and phase angle equation of LPF can be obtained as,

Vo = Af
Vin (1+(f/fh)2

 = -tan-1 (f/fh) = phase angle in degree

The operation of LPF can be verified from gain magnitude equation
At very low frequency i.e. f<fh.

1) Vo = Af
Vin

2) Vo Af
= = 0.707Af at f=fh
Vin 2

3) At f > fh. Vo
Vin < Af

The LPF has constant gain Af from zero to higher cutoff frequency Fh at Fh gain is
0.707Af and after Fh it decreases at constant rate which an increase frequency i. e. when
frequency is increased. Ten fold (one decade) voltage gain is divided by 10. In other word

Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Page No.

Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC

gain decreases by 20 db. Each time frequency is increases by 10. Hence rate at which gain
of roll of rate after fh is 20db /decade or 6db / octave. Where octave signifies two-fold
increase in frequency. The frequency f = fh is called cutoff frequency this is because the
gain of filter at frequency is down by 3db from 0hz other equal terms for cut off frequency
are –3db break or corner frequency’s
Filter:
LPF can be designed by following steps as
1. Choose value of high cutoff frequency fh.
2. Select C less than or equal to 1µf Mylar or tantalum cap are recommend for best
performance.
3. Calculate R using R = 1/2Пfc
4. Finally select R1 and Rf depended on desired pass band gain Af using Af =
1+Rf/R1.
Frequency scaling:
Once the filter is designed there may sometimes be need to change its cutoff
frequency the procedure used to convert original fh to new cutoff frequency fh is called
frequency scaling it is accomplished as follows. To change high cutoff frequency to new
cutoff frequency multiplied by R or C but not both by ratio of original cutoff frequency of
R and C to new cutoff Frequency
Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuit as per the circuit diagram on the bread broad.
2. Keeping the INPUT signal amplitude constant, vary the INPUT signal frequency
slowly &note down the OUTPUT voltages. (at every reading, see that whether
INPUT signal amplitude is constant or not.)
3. Calculate the gain & then convert them into its dB value.
4. Plot the frequency response of both (Log f Vs Gain in dB)
5. Calculate the cut off frequencies from graph. And compare the same with
theoretical values or assumed values.

Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Page No.

Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC

Observations:
INPUT signal amplitude =………..Volt (constant)

Sr. Frequency OUTPUT

Gain= Vout/Vin Gain (dB) Log f
No. (Hz) Voltage
(Hz)

Results:
1. Maximum dB gain:
2. Lower cut off frequency:
3. Upper cut off frequency:

Conclusion:

Continuous Cognitive Psychomotor Affective Total out of

Assessment of (04) Skills (04) Domain (02) (10)
Lab Work
Signature of Subject Expert

Study Question:
1) What is the difference between first & second order filters?

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