Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org
GEOGRAPHY
LITHOSPHERE - I
1 ENDOGENETIC PROCESSES
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… is the rigid outer layer of the Earth.

a) Core b) Mantle c) Crust d) Inner core Ans: c)
2. …………… layer is made up of liquid iron.
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a) Inner core b) Outer core c) Mantle d) Crust Ans: b)

3.
Magma is found in the ……………
GEOGRAPHY

a) crust b) mantle c) Core d) None of the above

Ans: b)
4. Diastrophism is connected to ……………
a) Volcanism b) Earthquakes c) Tectonics d) Fold/Fault Ans: c)
5. The movement of tectonic plates is induced by …………… energy.
a) Hydel b) Thermal c) Wave d) Tidal Ans: b)
6. In the ancient period, Gondwana land moved towards …………… direction.
a) North b) South c) East d) West Ans: a)
7. Many million years ago , India was a part of the super continent ……………
a) Gondwana b) Laurasia c) Panthalasa d) Pangea Ans: a)
8. The movement of plates that creates stress and tension in the rocks causing them
to stretch and cracks result in ……………
a) Fold b) Fault c) Mountain d) Earthquake Ans: b)
9. …………… refers to a bowl-shaped depression found at the top of the volcano.
a) Crater b) Vent c) Chamber d) Volcanic cone Ans: a)
10. The point of origin of an Earthquake is called the ……………
a) Epicentre b) Focus c) Seismic wave d) Magnitude Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL
11. The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into …………… Layers.
a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b)
12. The interior part beneath the crust is called ……………
a) Core b) Lava c) Mantle d) Rock Ans: c)
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13. The word ‘igneous’ is deried from the Lating word Ignis meaning ……………
a) Wind b) Water c) Fire d) Land Ans: c)
14. The instrument which records the earthquake waves is called ……………
a) Seismometer b) Windwane c) Lactometer d) Radiometer Ans: a)
15. The …………… is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.
a) Mid Oceanic Ridges b) Mid Continental belts
c) Pacific Ring of Fire d) Atlantic Ring Ans: c)
16. The term ‘Volcano’ is derived from the …………… term ‘VULCAN’.
a) Greek b) Sanksrit c) Japanese d) Latin Ans: d)
17. The world ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term meaning ……………

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a) Harbor waves b) Cyclone c) Thunder d) Lightning Ans: a)
18. The science that deals with Earthquakes is called ……………

GEOGRAPHY
a) Pathology b) Geology c) Seismology d) Archaeology Ans: c)
19. …………… waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves and the first to reach
the epicenter.
a) Surface b) Secondary c) Primary d) Thunder Ans: c)
20. Igneous rocks are also called Primary or …………… rocks.
a) Parental b) Mother c) Major d) Founder Ans: b)
21. The …………… is the layer of Earth where life exists.
a) Lithosphere b) Biosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Atmosphere Ans: b)

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Endogenetic process - a) Seismograph
2. Mantle - b) Subduction Zone
3. Convergent boundaries - c) Volcanic Eruption
4. Earthquake - d) Pacific Ocean
5. Composite volcano - e) SIMA Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-b 4-a 5-d

ADDITIONAL
6. Earthquakes - a) Mother rocks
7. Richter scale - b) Seismic waves
8. Himalayas - c) Store house of rocks
9. Igneous rocks - d) Fold mountain
10. Crust - e) Magnitude of Earthquakes Ans: 1-b 2-e 3-d 4-a 5-c

III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS.

1. i) Mt. Fuji is a dormant volcano.  (T)

ii) Mt. Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano.  (F)
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iii) Mt. Tanzania is a dormant volcano.  (F)

Which of the statement(s) is are true?
a) i is true b) ii is true c) iii is true d) i, ii, iii are true Ans: a)
2.
Statement : Magma gushes out when it finds vents.
Reason : Interior of the Earth contains compressed hot magma
Which of the statement(s) is are true?
a) Statements & reason are true b) Statements is true, reason is false
c) Statement is false reason is true d) Statement & reason are false Ans: a)
3. Statement I : Mountain ranges are formed by the collision of tectonic plates.
Statement II : The movement of tectonic plates is due to the thermal energy from the
mantle.
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a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false

c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d)
GEOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL
4. i) The term ‘volcano’ is derived from the French term “VULCAN’.  (F)
ii) Volcanoes are classified into two types.  (F)
iii) Mt St. Helens in the USA is an example of active volcano.  (T)
Which of the statement(s) is are true
a) i is true b) ii is true
c) iii is true d) i, ii, iii are true Ans: c)
5. Statement : The volcano in Mauna Loa, Hawaii is an example of dead volcano.
Reason : The volcano that permanently stops its volcanic activity is called as extinct
or dead volcano.
a) Statements & reason are true b) Statements is true, reason is false
c) Statement is false and reason is true d) Statement & reason are false Ans: c)
6. Statement I : Crust is the inner most layer of the Earth.
Statement II : It is the skin of out Earth where we live.
a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false
c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: a)
7. Statement I : Mantal is also termed as SIMA.
Statement II : It contains the major elements Silica(si) and Magnesium(Mg).
a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false
c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d)
IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Write a brief note on the various spheres of the Earth.

The Earth surface is a vast area which contains four spheres. They are-
Lithosphere - It is the solid outer part of the Earth.
Atmosphere - It is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
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Hydrosphere - It is the watery part of the Earth’s surface.

Biosphere - This is the layer of the Earth where life exists.
2. Mention the layers of the interior of the Earth.
The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into three layers namely the crust, the mantle and
the core.
Crust - Crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is also known as the ‘Skin of our Earth’.
It is the solid and rigid layer.
Mantle - The interior part beneath the curst is called Mandle. The major elements of the
Mantle are Silica (si) and Magnesium (Mg). So, this layer is also known SIMA.
Core - The Core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth. It is composed mainly
of Nickel (Ni) and Iron(Fe). So, This layer is called as NIFE.

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3. Define : Plate tectonics.
• Tectonic plates are huge slabs of rocks which float independently over the mantle.

GEOGRAPHY
• Collisions of these plates produce mountain ranges and other irregular surface features
both on land and ocean floor.
• This phenomenon is called ‘Plate tectonics.
4. What is Tsunami?
• The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term meaning harbor waves.
• It is adopted to describe large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes and
landslides.
• These waves travel at a great speed (more than 500 km per hour) and the length of 600
km.
• These waves reach to a height of more than 15 m near the sea shore.
• The waves are capable of causing destruction along the coastal areas.
5. What is a Volcano? Mention its major components.
A volcano is a vent an opening on the surface of the Earth crust through which hot solid, liquid
and gaseous materials (magma) erupt out to the surface from the Earth’s interior.
Its major components are-
• Magma chamber  Volcanic cone
• Vents  Creater
6. What is an Earthquake and how it occurs?
A sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along
geologic faults or by volcanic activity is known as Earthquake.
It occurs mainly because of-
• The sudden vibration in the Earth’s crust which spreads outward in all the direction as
waves from the source of disturbance.
• The time when rocks underneath the Earth surface push over each other or pull apart from
one another.
• The time when the tectonic plates colliding with each other.
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7. What are seismic waves and mention its types?

The Seismic waves are generated by the earthquakes. The nature, force and speed of these
seismic waves depend on the nature of the medium through which it passes. Its types are –
• Primary waves or P-waves.
• Secondary waves or S-waves and
• Surface waves or L-waves.
8. Write about the Pacific Ring of fire.
• The Pacific Ring of Fire or Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
• The Ring of Fire contains more than 450 volcanoes and is home to over 75 percent of the
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world’s active and dormant volcanoes.

• Approximately 90 percent of the world’s earthquakes and 81 percent of the world’s largest
earthquakes happen along the Ring of Fire.
GEOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL
9. What are Composite Volcanoes?
• Volcanoes built by many layers of hardened lava, pumice and volcanic ash are called as
Composite Volcanoes.
• These are conical in shape and also known as Strata Volcanoes.
• These volcanoes are commonly found in the Pacific Ocean.
• Example: Mt. Fuji in Japan.
10. Write a few lines about Richter scale.
• C.F.Richter devised a scale to measure the magnitude the Earthquakes is called Richter
scale.
• This scale relates to the energy released at the epicenter and provides an estimation of the
severity of an earthquake.
• It is an open ended scale.
11. What is called Endogenetic processes?
The forces that act from the Earth’s interior towards the Earth’s surface are called Internal
processes or Endogenetic processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic
relief.
12. What are metamorphic rocks?
• The term ‘metamorphic’ is derived from the word ‘metamorphosis’ which means ‘change
of form.
• When igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, they
undergo a complete change in their form and character. Such types of rock are called as
metamorphic rocks.
• For example, granite may get transformed to gneiss, limestone to marble and sandstone
to quartzite.
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13. What are rocks? Mention its types?

An aggregate of minerals on the Earth’s crust is called ‘rock’. It may be hard and compact like
‘granite’ or solid as ‘clay’ or loose as ‘sand’. The crust of the Earth is a storehouse of rocks.
Based on formation, rocks are classified as –
• Igneous rocks,
• Sedimentary rocks and
• Metamorphic rocks.
14. Write a note on Sedimentary rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks are named after the Latin word ‘sediment’ meaning settle.
• Rivers, glaciers and winds carry bits of rock and soil and deposit them in layers.

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• After a few million years, these deposits harden into compact rocks and are called
Sedimentary rocks.

GEOGRAPHY
• Sandstone, limestone, chalk, gypsum and coal are examples of sedimentary rocks.
15. Write a note on Fold and Fault?
• Tectonic plates float independently over the mantle. Due to the lateral compressional
forces, they are forced to move upwards and downwards. At that time, the sedimentary
beds become bent or curved. This is called Fold.
• The movement of plates creates stress and tension in the rocks, causing them to stretch
and crack. This is called ‘Fault’.
V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

1. SIAL floats over SIMA.

• Crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the skin of our Earth. The major elements of crust
are Silica (Si) and Aluminum (Ai) and thus, it is termed as SIAL.
• The interior part beneath the crust is called Mandle. The major elements of the mantle are
Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg).
• So, we say SIAL floats over SIMA.
2. Igneous rocks are also called Primary Rocks or Mother rocks.
• The interior of the Earth contains very hot molten material called ‘Magma’.
• When the magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it is referred to as ‘Lava’.
• The lava on the surface cools down and gets solidified as rocks called igneous rocks.
• All other rocks are directly or indirectly formed from igneous rocks.
• So Igneous rocks are called Primary rocks or Mother rocks.
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ADDITIONAL
4. Earth’s core is also called as ‘NIFE’.
• The core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth. It lies below the mantle.
• Core is mainly composed of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe).
• So the Core is also called as NIFE.
5. The interior part of the crust is also called as SIMA.
• The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle.
• The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg).
• Hence, it is also called as SIMA.
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VI. Distinguish between:

1. Core and crust.

GEOGRAPHY

S.No. Core Crust

1. Core is the innermost lay of the Earth. It is the outer layer of the Earth.
2. It lies below the mantle. It lies above the layer – mantle.
3. It is termed as NIFE. It is known as SIAL.
It is mainly composed of Nickel and Iron. The major elements of crust are Silica
4.
and Aluminium.
2. Epi centre and Hypo centre:
S.No. Epicentre Hypocentre
It is a point on the Earth’s surface that The point of origin of an Earthquake is
1.
lies directly above the Hypocentre. called Hypocentre (Focus).
The impact of the Earthquake is felt the It generates a series of elastic waves.
2.
most at the epicenter.
3. Divergent and convergent boundaries:
S.No. Divergent boundary Convergent boundary
Here, the plates pull away from each Here, the plate moves towards each
1.
other.. other.
2. Magma pushes up from the mantle Sometimes, a plate sinks under another

4. Primary waves and Secondary waves.

S.No. Primary waves Secondary waves

These waves are the fastest of all the These waves are not fast compared to
1.
earthquake waves. P-Waves.
These waves pass through solids, liquids These waves pass or travel only through
2.
and gases. solids.
Geography  Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 153

5. Shield volcano and volcanic Dome.

S.No. Shield volcano Volcanic Dome

Shield volcanoes are formed by intense Volcanic dome is formed due to the slow
1.
viscous lava. ejection of viscous lava from a volcano.
Volcano at Mauna Loa, Hawaii is an Lava dome at Paricutin, Mexico is an
2.
example for shield volcano. example for Volcanic dome.

ADDITIONAL
6. Crust and Mantle.

1
S.No. Crust Mantel
It is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the interior parts and also beneath
1.
the crust.

GEOGRAPHY
2. It lies above the layer – Mantle. It lies above the layer – Core.
3. It is known as SIAL. This layer is known as SIMA.
The major elements of crust are Silica The major elements of Mantel are Silica
4.
and Aluminium. (Si) and Magnesium (Mg).

VII. WRITE ANSWERS IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Describe the structure of the Earth.

The Crust:
• Crust is the outer layer of the Earth.
• It is also known as the skin of our Earth
• It is the slid and rigid layer of the Earth which is between 5 and 30 km.
• The crust is classified as Continental crust and Oceanic crust.
• The major elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al). Thus, it is termed as SIAL.
The Mantle:
• The interior part beneath the Crust is called Mantel which is about 2900 km thick.
• The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg). Hence, it is also
termed as SIMA.
• In the upper part of the mantle, the rock remains solid. In the lower part of mantle, rocks
are in molten form.
• This molten rock inside the Earth is called ‘Magma’.
The Core:
• The core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth.
• It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). Hence, it is called NIFE.
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• The core divided into Solid inner core and Liquid outer core.
• The presence of large quantities of iron in the core is responsible for the Earth’s gravitational
force.
2. Write a note on the internal and external processes of Earth.
The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the Earth is a continuous activity
of two broad processes. These processes are referred as Geomorphic Processes. The two
processes are: Internal processes, External processes.

Internal processes:
The forces that act from the Earth’s interior towards the surface of the Earth are called Internal
Processes or Endogenetic Processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic
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relief.

External processes:
The forces that act on the surface of the Earth due to natural agents like running water,
GEOGRAPHY

glacier, wind, waves etc., are called External Processes or Exogenetic Processes. These external
processes tear the landscape down into relatively low elevated plains.

3. How are volcanoes classified based on the periodicity of their eruptions?

Volcanoes are classified into three based on the periodicity of eruptions. They are-
• Active Volcano
• Dormant Volcano and
• Extinct volcano.
Active Volcano:
• Active volcanoes are those which constantly eject volcanic lava, gases and fragmented
materials.
• Volcano at Mount St. Helens in the USA is an example for Active Volcano.
Dormant Volcano:
• Volcanoes that do not show any sign of volcanic activity for a long period of time are known
as dormant volcanoes.
• Sometimes, there may be a sudden explosion which may cause unimaginable loss to life
and property.
• Example – Mt. Fuji in Japan.
Extinct Volcano:
• A volcano which stopped permanently its volcanic activity is known as Extinct Volcano.
• It is also called as Dead Volcano.
Example: Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu.
Geography  Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 155

4. Explain the effects of Volcanoes.

The effects of volcanoes can be divided into Constructive effects and Destructive effects of
volcano are given below.

Constructive effects:
• Volcanic materials enrich the soil fertility that promotes agricultural activities.
• The hot volcanic region helps in generating geothermal energy.
• Many active and dormant volcanoes are the most attractive tourist spots of the world.
• Most of the volcanic materials are used as building materials.
Destructive effects:

1
• Volcanic eruption causes Earthquakes, fast floods, mud slide and rock fall.
• Lava can travel very far and burn, bury or damage anything in its path.
• The large amount of dust and ash makes breaking hard and irritable.

GEOGRAPHY
• Volcanic eruptions can alter the weather conditions.
• It disrupts transport in and around the volcanic region.
ADDITIONAL
5. Explain the Seismic waves.
Earthquakes generate seismic waves. The nature, force and speed of these seismic waves
depend on the nature of the medium through which it passes. Accordingly they are three major
types of waves. They are: Primary or P-waves, Secondary or S-waves and Surface wave or
L-waves.

Primary Waves or P-Waves:

• Primary waves or P-waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves and the first to reach
the epicenter.
• These waves pass through solids, liquids and gases either through push or pull.
• The average velocity is 5.3 km per second to 10.6 km per second
Secondary Waves or S-Waves:
• Secondary waves or S-waves travel only through solids.
• These waves shake the ground perpendicular to the direction in which they propagate.
• The average velocity of these waves is 1 km per second to k km per second.
Surface Waves or L-Waves:
• Surface waves are similar to P-waves but they travel primarily along the ground surface.
• These waves travel comparatively slower and are the most destructive waves.
• The average velocity of these waves is 1 km per second to 5 km per second.
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VIII. MAP SKILL:

1. On the given outline map of the world, mark the following:

a. Pacific Ring of fire
b. Earthquake prone zones (any two)
c. Locate any two active volcanoes of the world.
d. Himalayas and Alps ranges
e. Rift valley of East Africa.
1
GEOGRAPHY

Pacific Ring of fire

Earth quake prone zone - 1. Mexico 2. Turkey 3. Nepal
Active Volcanoes - 1. Italy 2. Japan 3. Philippines
→ 1 Alps, 2. Himalayas
→ Rift Valley
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IX. HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS (HOTS).

1. Consider the various sources of information related to the Earth’s Interior. Classify
the above as DIRECT & INDIRECT sources of information. Give reasons-
i) Seismic activity ii) Earth ‘smagnetism iii) Volcanoes
iv) Mined rocks v) Gravitational force vi) Meteors
iii) Volcanoes and iv) mined rocks are Direct Source of Information.

 Mining, drilling and volcanic eruption are the example of Direct source of information.
During the process of mining and drilling, rocks and minerals are extracted which gives
information that there are layer system in the crust. Crust is made of many kings of rocks
and minerals. Volcanic eruption suggests that there is some zone inside the earth which is

1
very hot and in liquid condition.

i) S
 eismic activity, ii) Earth’s magnetism, v) Gravitation force and vi) Meteors

GEOGRAPHY
are Indirect Source of Information.

  Seismic activity, Gravitation force, Magnetism field, falling of meteors, etc., are
example of indirect source. They are very important to know about the Earth’s interior.
These sources suggest that there are three layers in the Earth each layer has different
density. Density increases towards the centre of the Earth.
2. Scientists use GPS to measure the rate of Tectonic Plate movements. Discuss.
(Self Activity)

X. LIFE SKILLS.

1. Imagine that you feel tremors or shocks in your locality. What will be your role in
saving lives from destruction? List out the Do’s and Don’ts.

Do’s Don’ts
Do stay indoors and wait for the shaking to Don’t turn on the gas in your kitchen; there
stop. might be leakages.
Do move to a nearby safe place or take cover Don’t light a match until you are certain there
under a table or desk. are no gas leakages.
Do hold on to a piece of heavy furniture for Don’t stop your car under or over bridges,
support. overpasses or underpasses, if you happen to
be driving.
Do stand against an inside wall. Don’t go near windows and doors
Do find a safe spot away from power lines Don’t take an elevato.r
and building if you are outdoors.
Do slow down your car and drive to a safe
place nearby and then turn off ignition.


 158 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

GEOGRAPHY
LITHOSPHERE - II
2 EXOGENETIC PROCESSES
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. www.nammakalvi.org
1. The disintegration or decomposition of rocks is generally called as
a) Weathering b) Erosion c) Transportation d) Deposition Ans: a)
2. The process of the levelling up of land by means of natural agents.
2

a) Aggradation b) Degradation c) Gradation d) none Ans: c)

3. …………… is seen in the lower course of the river.
GEOGRAPHY

a) Rapids b) Alluvial fan c) Delta d) Gorges Ans: c)

4. Karst topography is formed due to the action of ……………
a) Glacier b) Wind c) Sea waves d) Ground water Ans: d)
5. Which one of the following is not a depositional feature of a glacier?
a) cirque b) Moraine c) Drumlins d) Eskers Ans: a)
6. Deposits of fine silt blown by wind is called as ……………
a) Loess b) Barchans c) Hamada d) Ripples Ans: a)
7. Stacks are formed by ……………
a) Wave erosion b) River erosion c) Glacial erosion d) Wind deposition Ans. a)
8. …………… erosion is responsible for the formation of cirque.
a) wind b) glacial c) river d) underground water Ans: b)
9. Which one of the following is a second order land form?
a) Asia b) Deccan Plateau c) Kulu Valley d) Marina Beach Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL
10. …………… results in the weakening of rocks.
a) Hydration b) Oxidation c) Canyons d) Weathering Ans: b)
11. Building up of landforms due to natural agents is known as ……………
a) Mountains b) Degradation c) Aggradation d) Deposition Ans: c)
12. Erosion is the most dominant action of river in the …………… course.
a) End b) Lower c) Middle d) Upper Ans: d)
13. The highest waterfalls in the world is …………… in Venezuela.
a) Los Angles b) Niagara c) Angel d) Silver Ans: c)
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 159

14. Lake Kanwar in …………… (India) is Asia’s largest fresh water ox bow lake.
a) Kashmir b) Kerala c) Punjab d) Bihar Ans: d)
15. A triangular shaped low lying area formed by the river at its mouth is called ..............
a) Delta b) Estuary c) Flood plain d) Alluvial Fan Ans: a)
16. The redness of the soil is due to the presence of …………… oxide.
a) Copper b) Silicon c) Iron oxide d) Nickel Ans: c)
17. In India, the mushroom rocks are found near Jodhpur in …………….
a) Gujarat b) Punjab c) Assam d) Rajasthan Ans: d)
18. …………… are isolated crescent shaped sand dunes.
a) Loess b) Barchan c) Transverse dunes d) Longitudinal dunes Ans: b)

2
19. Formation of …………… are the most dominant and constructive work of the sea.
a) Waves b) Sea cliffs c) Sea cave d) Beach Ans: d)

GEOGRAPHY
20. Soil is the top covering of the Earth’s surface formed by ……………
a) Erosion b) Weathering c) Degradation d) Landslides Ans: b)
II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.
1. Distributaries – a) Glacial action
2. Mushroom rock – b) Action of sea wave
3. Eskers – c) Lower course of river
4. Stalactites – d) Aeolian process
5. Cliff – e) Karst topography Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-a 4-e 5-b

ADDITIONAL
6. Terminus - a) Beach
7. Spit - b) Glacier
8. Sand dunes - c) Embankment of sediment
9. River of ice - d) End of glacier
10. Juhu in Mumbai - e) Mounds or hills of sand Ans: 6-d 7-c 8-e 9-b 10-a

11. V – shaped valley - a) Erosional land form of glacier

12. Sea Arch - b) Depositional land form of glacier
13. Matterhorn - c) Erosional land form of river
14. Yardang - d) Erosional land form of wind
15. Barchan - e) Erosional land form of waves
Ans: 11-c 12-e 13-a 14-b 15-d
 160 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

III. 
CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS AND CHOOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN
BELOW.

1. i) ‘I’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the river.  (T)

ii) ‘U’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the glacier.  (T)
iii) ‘V’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the glacier.  (F)
a) i, ii & iii are right b) i & ii are right
c) i & iii are right d) only I is right Ans: b)
2. Statement I : Running water is an important agent of gradation.
Statement II : The work of the river depends on the slop of land on which if flows.
a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false
2

c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d)

3. Statement : Limestone regions have less underground water.
Reason : Water does not percolate through limestone.
GEOGRAPHY

a) The statement is right reason is wrong.

b) The statement is wrong Reason is right.
c) The statement and reason are wrong.
d) The statement and reason are right. Ans: b)
ADDITIONAL
4. Statement I : Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in shape.
Statement II : They have gentle slopes on the windward side and steep slopes on the
leeward side.
a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false
c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: c)
5. Statement I : A triangular shaped low lying area formed by the river at its mouth is called
delta.
Statement II : Deltas have fine deposits of sediments enriched with minerals.
a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false
c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: a)
6. Statement : Erosion is the most dominant action of river in the upper course.
Reason : Rivers usually tumbles down the steep mountain slopes. The steep gradient
increases the velocity and the river channel performs erosion with great
force in the upper course of the river.
a) The statement is right reason is wrong.
b) The statement is wrong Reason is right.
c) The statement and reason are wrong.
d) The statement and reason are right. Ans: d)
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 161

IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Define weathering.
• Weathering is the breaking disintegration and decomposition of materials of the Earth’s
crust by their exposure to atmosphere.
• Weathering is affected and controlled by the factors such as temperature, rock structure,
land slope and vegetation.
2. What do you mean by biological weathering?
• Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the Earth’s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.
• Biological weathering occurs due to the penetration and expansion of plant roots,

2
earthworms, burrowing animals (rabbits, rats, etc.,) and some human activities.
3. Mention the three courses of a river with any two land forms associated to each

GEOGRAPHY
course.
The three courses of a river with any two land forms associated to each course are-

S.No. Courses of a river Land forms

1. Upper course V Shaped Valleys and Waterfalls
2. Middle course Alluvial fans and Ox-bow lakes
3. Lower course Delta and Estuary
4. What are ox-bow lakes?
• The rivers loaded with debris flows slowly and forms sweeping loops and bends. It is
referred to as meanders.
• Meanders in due course of time become almost a complete circle with narrow necks. This
in turn gets abandoned and forms a lake. This is called as Ox-bow Lake.
5. How does a cave differ from a sea arch?
• Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone rocks when carbon di
oxide in air turns into carbonic acid after its reaction with water.
• But, two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite, they form
an Arch.
6. List out any four karst topographical areas found in India.
Karst topographical areas found in India are-
• Guptadham caves in Western Bihar.
• Tapkeshwar temple in Uttarakhand.
• Pandav caves at Pachamri in Madhya Pradesh and
• Borra caves of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
 162 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

7. What do you mean by a hanging valley?

• A valley is a low area between hills or mountains often with a river running through it.
• There valleys are eroded by tributary glacier and that hangs over the main valley.
8. Define: a) Moraine b) Drumlin c) Esker.
Moraine : Landforms formed by the glacial deposits of valley or continental glaciers are
termed as Moraines.
Drumlin : The deposits of glacial moraines that resemble giant inverted teaspoons or half
cut eggs are known as Drumlins.
Esker : Long narrow ridges composed of boulders gravel and sand deposited by steams
of melting water which run parallel to a glacier are called eskers.
2

9. Mention the various features formed by wind erosion.

• The air that blows horizontally at or near the Earth’s surface is called wind.
• The erosional, transportational and despositional action of wind is predominant in arid
GEOGRAPHY

regions.
• Some of the erosional landforms of wind are Mushroom rocks, Inselbergs and Yardangs.
10. What are wave cut platforms?
• Flat surface found at the foot of sea cliffs are called as Wave cut platforms.
• Wave cut platform is also referred as beach, shelf, terrace and plain
ADDITIONAL
11. What are the two processes that control the structure of the Earth’s surface?
• The continuous interaction of internal and external processes control the structure of the
Earth’s surface.
• The external processes are the consequence of solar energy and gravitational forces. The
internal processes are an outcome of the Earth’s internal heat.
12. Define : Exfoliation.
• The alternate heating and cooling on rounded rock surfaces leads to the peeling of rocks,
layer by layer like an onion. This is called Exfoliation.
• Sheeting and Shattering are the other forms of Exfoliation.
14. Write a note Carbonation.
• Carbonation is the mixing of water with the atmospheric carbon dioxide, forming carbonic
acid.
• Carbonation is important in the formation of caves in limestone region.
• When the carbonic acid reacts with the carbonate rocks, the rocks get disintegrated.
15. What is a river? What are its primary functions?
Running water for few kilometres is known as river. Its primary functions are erosion,
transportation and Deposition.
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 163

16. Where do the rivers originate?

• The rivers originate on higher landforms like mountains, hills and plateaus that receive
water from various sources like the rain, glaciers, spring, lakes, etc.
• The place where the river originates is called its Source and where it joins the sea is known
as its mouth.
13. What is Block disintegration?
Repeated expansion and contraction of rocks during day and night respectively causes stress on
the joints of the rocks which results in Block disintegration.

14. Differentiate : Tributary and Distributary.

• Tributary is a small stream that joins the main river. For example, River Bhavani.

2
• Dsitributary is a river channel that gets separated from the major river. For example,
Kollidam.

GEOGRAPHY
V. GIVE REASONS.

1. Chemical weathering is predominant in hot and humid zones.

The agents of chemical weathering are oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. These gases
are plenty in hot and humid regions. So Chemical weathering is predominant in hot and humid
zones.

2. Silt deposits are less at estuaries than deltas.

Deposition of silt by the river is not possible at estuaries because the waves keep on eroding
the deposits. At the same time, Deltas have more fine deposits of sediments enriched with
minerals.

3. The snow line is at the sea level in Polar Regions.

The height above which there is a permanent snow cover in the higher altitude or latitude is
called snowline.
Higher the latitude, lower the snowline from the sea level. So the snow line is lower at the sea
level in Polar Regions.

4. Wind can possibly erode the rocks from all sides.

• The air that blows horizontally at or near the Earth’s surface is called Wind.
• The erosional, transportational and despositional action of wind is predominant in arid
regions. This is called as Aeolian process.
• The Aeolian processes erode the rocks from all sides.
5. In limestone regions, surface drainage is rarely found.
• Water that percolates through the pores and fissures of rock gets collected beneath and
earth’s surface.
• The lime stones which are deposited under toper later of earth observes water. So in the
lime stone regions, surface drainage is rarely found.
 164 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

ADDITIONAL
6. Estuary is formed where the rivers meets the sea.
Deposition of silt by the river is not possible in this area like delta. In Estuary, the sea waves
keep on eroding the deposits. Example – River Narmada and Tapti.

7. Sand dunes are formed mostly in deserts.

In deserts, during sandstorms, wind carries loads of sand. When the speed of wind decreases,
huge amount sand gets deposited like mounds of soil. Only the desert region, we can find a
huge amount of soil. So, sand dunes are formed mostly in deserts.

VI. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN:

2

1. Physical and Chemical Weathering.

S.No. Physical weathering Chemical weathering

GEOGRAPHY

It is the breakdown of rocks without Disintegration and decomposition of

1. changing their chemical composition rocks due to chemical reactions is called
through the action of physical forces. Chemical weathering.
Heat and cool weather are the agents of The agents of chemical weathering are
2.
physical weathering oxygen, carbon-dioxide and hydrogen.

2. Delta and Estuary:

S.No. Delta Estuary

A triangular shaped low lying area formed Estuary is formed where the rivers meets
1.
by the river at its mouth is called delta. the sea.
Cauvery Delta in Tamil Nadu is an River Narmada and Tapti are examples
2
Example. of Estuary

3. Stalactite and stalagmite:

S.No. Stalactite Stalagmite

The water containing dissolved calcite Here, when the calcite deposits rises
gradually drips from the ceiling of upward like a pillar stalagmites are
1. the caves. Water evaporates and the formed.
remaining calcite hangs from the ceiling
and form Stalactite.
Stalactites are formed in the ceiling of the Stalagmites are formed on the floor of
2.
caves. the caves.
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 165

4. Longitudinal and Transverse sand dunes.

S.No. Longitudinal sand dunes Transverse sand dunes

Longitudinal sand dunes are long narrow Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in
1.
ridges of sand. shape.
These dunes are extended in a direction These dunes are formed by alternative
2. parallel to the prevailing winds. slow and fast winds that blow from the
same direction.

5. Inselbergs and yardangs:

S.No. Inselberg Yardang

2
Hard rocks like igneous rocks are more The rocks in arid regions have hard and
resistant to wind action. Such isolated soft layers arranged vertically. When
1. residual hills rising abruptly from their wind blows over these rocks, the soft

GEOGRAPHY
surroundings are termed as inselbergs. layers get eroded leaving irregular crests.
These are called Yardings.
Uluru or Ayers Rock, Australia is an Example - Yardang located at Medow,
2.
example of Inselberg. Texas in the USA.

6. Spit and bar.

S.No. Spit Bar

A spit is a ridge or embankment of A bar is an elongated deposit of sand,
sediment, attached to the land on one shingle or mud found in the sea, almost
1.
end and terminating in open water on the parallel to the shoreline
other end.
Spit are common at the mouth of Bar is found parallel to the shoreline.
2.
estuaries.

ADDITIONAL
7. Continental glaciers and Valley glaciers.

S.No. Continental glaciers Valley glaciers

Thick sheets of ice that covers vast areas The glacier which takes its origin from a
1. of a continent is called Continental glacier show covered mountain range is known
as a Valley glacier.
These glaciers cover large swaths of land. These glaciers are confined to mountains
2.
and don’t exceed the length of 100 km.
These are far thicker and usually moves These glaciers are viewed as ‘rivers of
3.
very little. ice’ far thinner. They move very fast.
 166 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

VII. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH.

1. Write a note on weathering. Classify and explain.

Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.
They are three types of weathering: Physical weathering, Chemical weathering and Biological
weathering.

Physical weathering:
• It is the breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition, through the
action of physical forces.
• The constant freezing and thawing of rocks during the night and day leads to the expansion
2

and contraction of rocks.

• Exfoliation, block disintegration, granular disintegration, etc, are the different types of
weathering.
GEOGRAPHY

Chemical weathering:
• Disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions is called Chemical
weathering.
• The agents of Chemical weathering are Oxygen, Carbon-dioxide and Hydrogen.
• The Chemical weathering takes place through the process of oxidation, carbonation,
solution and hydration.
Biological weathering:
• Biological weathering occurs due to the penetration and expansion of plant roots, earth
worms, burrowing animals and some human activities.
2. Explain the erosional landforms formed by underground water.
The erosional landforms formed by underground water are-

Terra Rossa:
• Deposition of red soil on the surface of the Earth is due to the dissolution of limestone
content in rocks.
• The redness of the soil is due to the presence of iron oxide.
Lappies:
• When the joints of limestone rocks are corrugated (ridged) by groundwater, long furrows
are formed and these are called Lappies.
Sinkhole:
• A funnal shaped depressions formed due to dissolution of limestone rock is called sinkholes.
Caves and Caverns:
• Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone rocks when Carban di
oxide in air turns into carbonic acid after its reaction with water.
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 167

• Caverns are the caves with irregular floors.

• All types of deposits in the caves and caverns are collectively called Speleothems.
3. What is a glacier? Explain its types.
A glacier is large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land form its place of accumulation. It
is also known as ‘River of ice’. The place of accumulation is called snowfield.
Glaciers are broadly divided into two types based on the place of occurrence such as Continental
glacier and Valley glacier.

Continental glacier:
Thick sheets of ice that covers vast areas of a continent is called Continental glacier. These
glaciers cover large swaths of land.

2
Valley glacier:
The glacier which takes its origin from a snow covered mountain range is known as a Valley

GEOGRAPHY
glacier.

4. Describe the depositional work of winds.

Deposition occurs when the speed of wind is reduced by the presence of obstacles like bushes,
forests and rock structures.
The sediments carried by wind get deposited on both the wind ward and leeward sides of these
obstacles. Some of the depositional landforms are sand dunes, barchans and loess.

Sand dune:
In deserts, during sandstorms, wind carries loads of sand. When the speed of wind decreases,
huge amount of sand gets deposited. These mounds or hills of sand are called sand dunes.

Barchan:
Barchans are isolated, crescent shaped sand dunes. They have gentle slopes on the windward
side and steep slopes on the leeward side.

Transverse Dunes :
These are asymmetrical in shape. They are formed by alternate slow and fast winds that blow
form the same direction.

Longitudinal Dunes :
These are long narrow ridges of sand, which extend in a direction paralled to the prevailing
winds.

Loess:
The tem loess refers to the deposits of find silt and porous sand over a vast region.
 168 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

ADDITIONAL
5. Give a detailed account on the three orders of land forms.
• Landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body.
• Typical landforms include hills, mountains, plateaus, canyons, valleys as well as shoreline
features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas.
• Land forms are grouped into three orders. They are first order land form, second order land
form, and third order land form.
First order land form:
First order land forms are continents and oceans.
2

Second order land form:

Mountains, plateaus and plains in both continents and oceans are the Second order land forms.
GEOGRAPHY

Third order land form:

Third order land forms are called as Minor land forms. They are deltas, fjords, coasts, sand
dunes, beaches, valleys, cirques, mushroom rocks and limestone caves.

6. Write a paragraph on ‘Erosional land forms of waves’.

A steady up and down movement of surface water are called waves. Sea waves are the most
powerful agents of gradation.

Erosional land forms of waves:

Some of the erosional landforms of sea waves are sea cave, arch, stack, sea cliff and wave cut
platforms.

Sea Cave:
Prolonged wave attack on the base of a cliff erodes rock materials which result in the formation
of caves.

Sea Arch:
When two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite, they form an
arch. Example: Neil island in Andaman and Nicobar.

Sea Stack:
Further erosion by waves ultimately leads to the total collapse of the arch. The seaward portion
of the head land will remain as a pillar of rock known as Stack. Example: the Old man of Hoy
in Scotland.

Sea Cliffs:
Sea cliffs are steep rock faces formed when sea waves dash against them. The rocks get eroded
to form steep vertical walls.

Wave cut platforms:

Flat surface found at the foot of sea cliffs are called as Wave cut platforms. Wave cut platform
is also referred as beach, shelf, terrace and plain.
Geography  Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 169

ADDITIONAL
B.P.No.168
4. Is weathering a pre-requisite in the formation of soil?
Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’s curst by their
exposure to atmosphere.
Soil is a mixture of disintegrated rock materials and decayed organic matter called humus.
It is essential for life on the earth. So weathering is a pre-requisite in the formation of soil.

5. Snowline of Alps is 2700 metre where as snowline of Greenland is just 600

metre. Find out the reason. B.P.No.173
• The height above which there is a permanent show cover in the higher altitude or latitude
is called snowline.

2
• The main principle behind is ‘Higher altitude or latitude lower the snowline from the sea
level. Here, the altitude of Alps is higher than Greenland.

GEOGRAPHY
VIII. MAP SKILL:

1. On the given outline map of the world, mark the following.

1. Any two deltas 2. A Karot region 3. Any two hot and cold deserts

A karot region
Hwango Delta
A karot region Gangetic Delta
Sahara hot desert
Ar
ab
ian
(h
ot
)d
es
er
t
A karot region
Australian cold desert

IX. HOTS.

1. Is wind the only gradational agent in the desert?

No. Wind is not only gradational agent in the desert. A little rainfall also plays a minor as
gradational agent in deserts.

2. Underground water is more common in limestone areas than surface run off. Why?
Limestone is the name given to rock which is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It is a
permeable rock. This means that water can enter limestone through pores, joints or cracks in the
rock. So, underground water is more common in limestone areas than surface run off.
 170 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 2

3. The river channels in the lower course are wider than the upper course.
• The river moving downstream is loaded with debris, brought down from its supper and
middle courses.
• Large deposits of sediments are found at the level bed. In that region, the rivers splits into
a number of channels called distributaries.
• The main work of the river here is deposition. Mainly of this, the river cannels in the lower
course are wider than the upper course.
X. GIVE GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

a) Chemical alternation of carbonate rocks on lime stone region.

Karst topography.
2

b) Flat surfaces near cliffs.

Wave cut platforms
GEOGRAPHY

c) Erosion + Transportation + Deposition =

Gradation.

d) The bottom line of a snow field.

Snow line.

XI. ACTIVITY

Discuss in a small groups about the effects of global warming.

Internet.


Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 171

GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
3 www.nammakalvi.org
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… is the most important gas for the survival of living organisms.
a) Helium b) Carbon-di-oxide c) Oxygen d) Methane Ans: c)
2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is

3
a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Exosphere d) Mesosphere Ans: a)
3. …………… reflects radio waves.

GEOGRAPHY
a) Exosphere b) Ionosphere c) Mesosphere d) Stratosphere Ans: c)
4. The average global surface temperature is ……………
a) 12° C b) 13° C c) 14° C d) 15° C Ans: b)
5. The process of change of state of water from gaseous to liquid state is called
a) Precipitation b) Evaporation c) Transpiration d) Condensation Ans: d)
6. The …………… is the chief energy source of the Earth.
a) Sun b) Moon c) Stars d) Clouds Ans: a)
7. All types of clouds are found in the ……………
a) Troposphere b) Ionosphere c) Mesophere d) Exosphere Ans: a)
8. …………… clouds are called ‘Sheep clouds’.
a) Alto-cumulus b) Alto-Stratus c) Nimbo-stratus d) Cirro-stratus Ans: a)
9. The Monsoons are ……………
a) Prevailing winds b) Periodic winds c) Local winds d) None of the above Ans: d)
10. Dew in the form of ice crystals is called ……………
a) Frost b) Fog c) Mist d) Sleet Ans: a)
11. …………… is called the eye of the storm/cyclone.
a) Pressure b) Wind c) Cyclones d) Snow Ans: c)
12. The vertical movement of air is called ……………
a) Wind b) Storm c) Air current d) Drift Ans: c)
ADDITIONAL
13. The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called ……………
a) Weathering b) Atmosphere c) Biosphere d) Structure Ans: b)
 172 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

14. …………… lies beyond the Exosphere.

a) Stratosphere b) Troposphere c) Mesosphere d) Homosphere Ans: d)
15. The sun rays fall vertically on the …………… region.
a) Polar b) Sub-tropical c) Equatorial d) Tropical Ans: c)
16. Places near the coast experiences …………… climate.
a) Humid b) Equable c) Continental d) Cold Ans: b)
17. …………… is the instrument used to find the direction of the wind.
a) Compass b) Anemometer c) Wind vane d) Mercury Ans: c)
18. The term cyclone is a Greek word meant ‘Coil of a ……………’.
a) Snake b) Rope c) Thread d) Wire Ans: a)
3

19. Tropical cyclones are known as …………… in Philippines.

a) Typhoons b) Hurricanes c) Baguios d) Willy willy Ans: c)
GEOGRAPHY

20. …………… is the most predominant type of precipitation.

a) Snow b) Dew c) Sleet d) Rainfall Ans: d)
21. The …………… pressure belt extends from 5°N and 5°S latitudes.
a) Equatorial low b) Subtropical high c) Sub-polar low d) polar high Ans: a)
22. The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are
called ……………
a) Periodic winds b) Planetary winds c) Variable winds d) Local winds Ans: b)
23. …………… helps in protecting the Earth from harmful ultra violet radiation.
a) Atmosphere b) Ozone layer c) Rain d) Oxygen Ans: b)
II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.
1. Meteorology - a) Wind speed
2. Climatology - b) Direction of wind
3. Anemometer - c) Cirrus
4. Wind Vane - d) Study of climate
5. Mare’s Tail - e) Study of weather
6. Leeward side - f) Australia
7. Willy willy - g) Rain shadow region
Ans: 1-e 2-d 3-a 4-b 5-c 6-g 7-f
ADDITIONAL
1. Torrid zone - a) Horizontal movement of air
2. Air current - b) Local wind
3. Wind - c) Heat zone
4. Loo - d) chunk of ice
5. Hails - e) Vertical movement of air

Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-d

Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 173

6. Alto-cumulus - a) Relief rainfall

7. Orographic rainfall - b) Measuring unit of wind speed
8. Mawsynram - c) Permanent winds
9. Knot - d) Sheep clouds
10. Planetary winds - e) Wettest place in India
Ans: 6-d 7-a 8-e 9-b 10-c
III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY.

1. Define atmosphere.
• The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the Atmosphere. It is held close to the
Earth by gravitational attraction.

3
• Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water various and dust particles in different proportions.
• It is thick near the Earth surface and thins out until it eventually merges with space.

GEOGRAPHY
2. Name the different atmospheric layers.
The five atmospheric layers are-
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere and
• Exosphere.
3. Mention the factors that affect the climate?
The factors that affect the climate are –
• Distance from the equator  Mountain barrier
• Altitude  Cloud cover
• Nearness to the sea  Ocean currents and
• Nature of the prevailing winds  Natural vegetation
4. Write short note on Lapse rate.
The temperature decreases at the rate of 650 C per km of height. This is called Normal lapse
rate.

5. What are the processes responsible for heating the atmosphere?

The processes that are responsible for atmospheric heat are radiation, conduction, convection
and advection.

6. Mention the Planetary wind system of the earth.

• The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the
planetary winds.
• They are also called as permanent winds or the prevailing winds.
• These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies.
 174 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

7. Write short note on: a) Trade winds. B) Roaring Forties

a) Trade winds:
• Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt on the Equatorial low pressure
belt in both the hemispheres.
• They blow with great regularity, fore and in a constant direction throughout the year.
• These winds were very helpful to traders who depended on the winds while sailing in the
seas.
b) Roaring forties:
• Westerlies are the permanent winds.
• They blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in both
3

the hemispheres.
• They blow from South West to North East in the northern hemisphere and North West to
GEOGRAPHY

South East in the southern hemisphere.

• The velocity of westerlies becomes so vigorous and fast to be called Roaring forties at 40°.
8. How are clouds formed?
• A visible mass of condensed water vapour floating in the air above the ground level is called
a cloud.
• Large amount of water evaporates each day from the surface of the sea. This is the
principal source of atmospheric moisture.
• Cool moisture laden air collect particles like dust, salt content from the sea smoke, etc.,
and forms cloud.
• Sometimes, mixing of warmer and cooler air also produced clouds.
9. What are the different types of rainfall?
Moisture laden air masses raise upwards, forms clouds and bring rainfall. Based on the
mechanisms of raising the air, there are three types of rainfall. They are-
• Conventional rainfall
• Frontal or Cyclonic rainfall and
• Orographic rainfall.
10. What is Precipitation? What are the different forms of precipitation?
• Falling down of condensed water vapour in different forms is called Precipitation.
• The main forms of precipitation in dude drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, hail etc.
11. Write short notes on: a) drizzle b) rain c) sleet d) snow e) heat

a) Drizzle:
Falling of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5 is called
a drizzle.mm. They combined with fog and reduce visibility.
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 175

b) Rain:
Rain is the most widespread and important form of precipitation in places having temperature
above the freezing point. It occurs only when there is abundant moisture in the air.

c) Sleet:
Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent
ice. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain.

d) Snow:
Snow is formed when condensation occurs below freezing point. It is the precipitation of
opaque and semi opaque ice crystals. When these ice crystals collide and stick together, it
becomes showflakes.

3
e) Heat:
• Heat refers to energy that is transferred from a warmer substance or object to a cooler one.
Transfer of heat energy is possible only through conduction and radiation.

GEOGRAPHY
• As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI).
12. How are Cyclones classified?
• The term cyclone is a Greek work meaning ‘Coil of a snake’. Cyclones are centres of
low pressure where winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the
centre in the spiral form.
• Cyclones can be classified into tropical cyclones, temperate cyclones and extra tropical
cyclones.
ADDITIONAL
13. What is insulation?
The amount of heat received from the sun in the form of short waves is called Insulation or
incoming Solar Radiation.

14. What are isotherms?

• Temperature varies from place to place, season to season and continent to continent.
• Isotherms are imaginary lines drawn on maps, connecting points and have equal
temperatures.
15. What are the units used to measure the temperature?
• The atmosphere acts as an insulator and maintains the temperature of the Earth.
• Temperature is a measure of the warmth of an object expressed in terms of Celsius or
Fahrenheit.
• It is measured with thermometer.
16. How is the atmospheric Pressure measured?
• The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by air on a particular area of the Earth
surface.
• It is measured with a mercury barometer and the unit of measurement is millibar(mb).
 176 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

17. Polar Easterlies are cold and dry. Why it is so?

• Polar Easterlies blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt.
• These are weak winds blowing from North East direction in the Northern Hemisphere and
South East direction in the Southern Hemisphere.
• So, Polar Easterlies are cold and dry.
18. What are Conduction, Convection and Advection?
• Conduction is the transfer of heat from hot body to a cold body through contact.
• Convection is transfer of heat by movement or circulation of air in a mass.
• Advection is the transfer of heat through the horizontal movement air.
19. What is called Horse Latitude?
3

• In the olden days, vessels with cargo of horses passing through sub-tropical high pressure
belts found difficult in sailing under calm conditions.
GEOGRAPHY

• With little water and food left for the humans, sailors used to throw the horses into the sea
in order to make the vessels lighter and sail further.
• Henceforth, these belts or latitudes are called as ‘Horse latitude’.
20. What is humidity?
• The amount of water varpour present in the atmosphere is referred to humidity.
• It affects both weather and climate.
• Humidity of the atmosphere is high when it has large quantities of water vapour.
• The amount of water varpour in the atmosphere is called absolute humidity.
21. Write about hail storm and its effect.
• Thunderstrom which is associated with fall of hail stones is known as hailstorm.
• It is one of the most feared weather phenomenons.
• It has the potential to destroy plant, trees, crops, animals and human life.
22. Write about Magnetosphere.
• Magnetosphere lies beyond the exosphere.
• It is the Earth’s magnetic belt where proton and electrons coming out from sun are trapped
by the Earth.
• The magnetic field extends to around 64,000 km above the Earth
IV. GIVE REASONS:
1. Cyclones cause huge loss of life and property.
• They move in anti clock wise direction in the northern hemisphere, whereas clock wise
direction in southern hemisphere.
• Cyclones are formed over the sea (the high pressure area) and moves towards land (the
low pressure area).
• They hit the coastal areas strongly. It led to a huge of life and property.
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 177

2. Cloudy days are warmer than cloudless days.

• Cloud is a mass of small water droplets or ice crystals formed by the condensation of water
vapour.
• Clouds are relatively close to the surface of the Earth and act like a blanket to trap the heat
of the sun.
• So, cloudy days are warmer than cloudless days.
3. Fog is dangerous for traffic.
Fog is dangerous for traffic because
• Bad visibility for drivers in the road.
• Road will be slippery due to wet condition brought by fog.

3
• Difficult to see in front of you and dangerous to cross the road due to visibility problem
from drivers.

GEOGRAPHY
4. Convectional rainfall is also called 4’0 clock rain.
• Continuous heating of the earth in the day causes hot convectional currents.
• On reaching the upper layers of the atmosphere they cool, condense and from cumulonimbus
clouds.
• In the late afternoon, the clouds burst into a heavy downpour, often accompanied by
thunder and lighting.
• It usual occurs at about 4 pm, so convectional rain is called ‘four o’clock rain’ .
5. Polar Easterlies are cold and dry. Why it is so?
• Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to
the sub polar low pressure belt.
• These winds are intensely freezing and dry, due to its location at such high latitudes.
This contributes to the polar climate which is characterized basically by icy winds of high
temperature
• In the mid latitude region, the polar easterlies cold wind meets the warm wind from the
Westerlies. This is known as a temperate climate. So, the polar easterlies are cold and dry.
ADDITIONAL
6. The Equatorial low pressure belt is an area of calm.
• Due to intense heating, the air gets warm and rises in the equatorial region causing
equatorial low pressure belt.
• This belt extends from the equator to about 10’N and S.
• This belt is characterized by extremely low pressure with calm conditions.
• Surface winds are generally absent and thus vertical currents are found.
• This equatorial low pressure belt is an area of calm which is called Doldrum.
 178 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

7. The cyclonic winds in the Northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction
where as they move clock wise direction in the Southern hemisphere.
Due to the rotation of the Earth, direction of the cyclonic winds change in Northern and Southern
hemisphere.

V. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:

1. Weather and Climate:

S.No. Weather Climate

It is the study of the average weather
It is the study of atmospheric conditions
i condition observed over a long period of
for a short period over small areas.
time for a larger area.
3

Weather changes very often – hour to Climate is more or less permanent and
ii
hour and day to day. remains the same.
GEOGRAPHY

iii Study of weather is called Meteorology Study of climate is called Climatology

2. Land breeze and sea breeze:

S.No Land breeze Sea breeze

The wind that blows from land to sea is The wind that blows from ocean to land
i
known as Land breeze. is called Sea breeze.
ii This breeze usually blows in night. Sea breeze blows in afternoon.
Cauvery Delta in Tamil Nadu is an River Narmada and Tapti are examples
Example. of Estuary

3. Windward side and Leeward side:

S.No Windward side Leeward side

The other side of the mountain which is
The wind striking side of the mountain is
i sheltered from the wind is called Leeward
called windward side.
side.
ii Windward side receives heavy rainfall. It receives very less rainfall.
Mumbai and Karnataka coast are in the Pune and Bangalore are lies in the
iii
windward side of the Western Ghats. Leeward side of the Western Ghats.

4. Tropical cyclone and Temperate cyclones:

S.No Tropical cyclone Temperate cyclone

Temperate cyclones are formed in mid
Tropical cyclones develop in the Inter
i latitudes region between 35° and 65°N
Tropical convergence zone.
and S.
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 179

They are formed due to the differential This cyclone is formed when hot and cold
ii
heating of land and sea. air masses meet together.
Tropical cyclones become weak after These cyclones do not become weak like
iii
reaching the landmasses. Tropical cyclones on reaching the land.

ADDITIONAL
5. Troposphere and Mesosphere.

S.No Troposphere Mesosphere

i. It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere It is the third layer of the atmosphere.

3
The layer extends up to 8 km at the poles This layer extends between 50 km and
ii.
and up to 18 km at the Equator. 80 km.
Here, the temperature decreases with In this layer, the temperature increases

GEOGRAPHY
iii.
increasing height. with increasing height.
The upper limit of the troposphere is The upper limit of the stratosphere is
iv.
called as tropopause. called as stratopause.

6. Insulation and temperature:

S.No Insulation Temperature

The amount of heat received from the Temperature is a measure of the warmth
i
sun is called Insulation. of an object.
The atmosphere acts as an insulator and Temperature is a physical quantity
ii maintains the temperature of the Earth. expressing hot and cold. Temperature is
measured with a thermometer

VI. PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS.

1. Write a paragraph about the structure of the atmosphere.

The structure of the atmosphere is-
• Troposphere  Thermosphere and
• Stratosphere  Exosphere
• Mesosphere
Troposphere:
• The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. The layer extends up to a 8 km to
18 km at the Equator.
• In this layer, the temperature decreases with increasing height. This layer is also known as
Weather making layer.
 180 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

Stratosphere:
• Stratosphere lies above the troposphere. It extends to a height of about 50 km above
earth.
• The temperature increases with increase in height in this layer. This layer is also called as
Ozonosphere.
Mesosphere:
• It is the third layer of the atmosphere. It extends 50 km and 80 km.
• Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to earth from this layer.
• In this layer also the temperature increases with increasing height.
• Most of the meteors nearing the earth get burned in this layer.
3

Thermosphere:
• Thermosphere exists above the Mesosphere. It extends to about 600 km.
GEOGRAPHY

• Here, the temperature increases with increasing height.

• The upper portion of the Thermosphere is referred as ‘Hetrosphere’ and the lower portion
is known as ‘Homosphere’.
Exosphere:
• The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere.
• This layer is extremely rarefied with gases and gradually merges with the outer space.
2. Explain the different types of Permanent winds.
Winds are generally classified into four types.

Planetary winds:
• The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the
Planetary Winds.
• They are also called as Permanent Winds of the Prevailing Winds.
• These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies.
Trade Winds:
• Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatorial low pressure belt
in both the hemispheres.
• They blow with great regularity, force and in a constant direction throughout the year.
• These winds are very helpful to the traders who sail in the sea.
Westerlies:
• Westerlies blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in
both the hemispheres.
• They blow from South-west to North-east in the northern hemisphere and North-west to
South-east in the southern hemisphere.
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 181

• The velocity of westerlies become to vigorous and fast to be called Roaring Forties at 40°,
Furious fifties at 50° and screaming sixties at 60° latitudes.
Polar Easterlies:
• Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to
the sub polar low pressure belt.
• These are weak winds blowing from North-east direction in the Northern Hemisphere and
South-east direction in the Southern Hemisphere.
3. How are clouds classified? Explain them..
According to their height, clouds are classified into three types such as-
• High clouds (6 – 20 km height)

3
• Middle clouds (2.5 km – 6km height)
• Low clouds (Ground surface to 2.5 km height)

GEOGRAPHY
High Clouds:
High clouds are further classified into Cirrus clouds, Cirro-cumulus and Cirro-stratus.
i) Cirrus : Detached clouds formed at the high sky (8000 meters to
12,000meters).
These clouds are dry and do not give rainfall
ii) Cirro-cumulus : White patched, sheet or layer like clouds composed of ice crystals.
iii) Cirro-stratus : Smooth milky transparent whitish clouds composed of tiny ice
crystals.
Middle clouds:
Middle clouds are three types. They are i) Alto-stratus ii) Alto-cumulus and iii) Nimbo stratus.
i) Alto-stratus : Thin sheets of grey or blue coloured clouds in uniform appearance
consisting of frozen water droplets.
ii) Alto-cumulus : Clouds fitted closely together in parallel bands called as ‘Sheep
clouds’ or ‘Wool pack clouds’.
iii) Nimbus stratus : These are clouds of dark colour very close to the ground surface
associated with rain, snow or sleet.
Low clouds:
Four types of Low clouds are i) Strato-cumulus ii) Stratus iii) Cumulus and iv) Cumulo-
nimbus.
i) Strato-cumulus : Grey of whitish layer of non-fibrous low clouds found in rounded
patches at an height of 2,500 to 3000 metres associated with fair or
clear weather.
ii) Stratus : Dense, low lying fog like clouds associated with rain or snow.
iii) Cumulus : Dome-shaped with a flat base resembling a cauliflower, associated
with fair weather.
iv) Cumulo-nimbus : Fluffy thick lowering thunderstorm cloud capable of producing heavy
rain, snow, hailstorm or tornadoes.
 182 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

4. How are cyclones formed? How are they classified?

• The term cyclone is a Greek work meaning ‘Coil of a snake’. Cyclones are centres of
low pressure where winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the
centre in the spiral form.
• Due to the rotation of the earth, the cyclonic winds in the northern hemisphere move in anti
clock wise direction and clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.
• Cyclones can be classified into-
i. Tropical cyclones
ii. Temperate cyclones and
iii. Extra tropical cyclones.
3

i. Tropical cyclones:
• Tropical cyclones develop in the Inter tropical convergence zone. They are formed due to
the differential heating of land and sea.
GEOGRAPHY

• Tropical cyclones often cause heavy loss of life and property on the coasts and become
weak after reaching the landmasses.
• They are known as ‘cyclones’ in Indian ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the western pacific ocean,
‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic and ‘willy willy’ in Australia.
ii. Temperate cyclones:
• Temperate cyclones are formed where hot and cold air masses meet in mid-latitudes
between 35° and 65° N and S.
• The temperature cyclones do not become weak like the tropical cyclones on reaching the
land.
• Temperate cyclone commonly occurs over the North Atlantic ocean, North west Europe and
Mediterranean basin.
• In India, it is called as ‘Western disturbances’
iii. Extra tropical cyclones:
• Extra tropical cyclones occur in the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both the hemispheres.
• They also called as mid-latitude cyclones.
• They collect energy from temperature differences which are found in higher latitudes.
• Extra tropical cyclones produce mild showers to heavy gales, thunderstorms, blizzards and
tornadoes.
5. Explain the different forms of precipitation.
Falling down of condensed water vapour in different forms is called Precipitation. The main
forms of precipitation include-
• Drizzle  Snow
• Rain  Hail
• Sleet
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 183

Drizzle
• is a fall of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5mm.
They combined with fog and reduce visibility.
• Rain is the most widespread and important form of precipitation in places having
temperature above the freezing point. It occurs only when there is abundant moisture in
the air
• Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent
ice. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain.
• Snow is formed when condensation occurs below freezing point
• Hails are chunks of ice (greater than 2cm in diameter) failing from the sky during a rain
storm or thunder storm.

3
• Hailstones are a form of solid precipitation where small pieces of ice fall downwards.
VII. ACTIVITY:

GEOGRAPHY
1. Preparing chart of clouds at various atmospheric layers.
High clouds:
These clouds are formed at the high sky (between 8000 meters and 12,000 meters). Three
types of the high clouds are i) Cirrus ii) Cirro-cumulus and iii) Cirro-stratus

Middle clouds:
Middle clouds are three types. They are i) Alto-stratus ii) Alto-cumulus and iii) Nimbo stratus.

Low clouds:
These clouds are classified into four. They are i) Strato-cumulus ii) Stratus iii) Cumulus and iv)
Cumulo-nimbus
3
GEOGRAPHY 184 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

2. Collecting Proverbs - Clouds and rain related Proverbs

i) Cloud related proverbs:
• Thunder in the morning, all day storming.
• Thunder at night is the travellers delight
• Evening red and morning gray will set the traveller on his way.
• Chimney smoke descends, our nice weather ends.
• When clouds look like black smoke a wise man will put on his cloak.
• The more cloud types present, the greater the chance of rain or snow.
• When clouds appear like rocks and towers, Earth is refreshed by frequent showers.
• Evening gray and morning red will bring down rain upon his head
• Red sky in morning, sailor takes warning.
ii) Rain related proverbs:
• No dew on the grass at night is a sign of rain
• A pale rising moon portends rain the next day.
• Look for rain when the crow flies low
• When cats wash behind their ears, it means rain
• It is said that flies bite more when it is going to rain
• A ring around the sun or moon means rain or snow coming soon.
• When leaves show their undersides, be very sure that rain betides.
• If ants move their eggs and climb, rain is coming anytime.
• If salt is sticky and gains in weight, it will rain before too late.
• Flowers are more fragrant before rain
Geography  Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 185

2. Poem on ‘clouds’, ‘rain’:

i) Poem on Clouds:

3
GEOGRAPHY
ii) Poem on Rain

4. Report writing - Observe the clouds for a week. Write your report about the shape
and colours of clouds.
(Self Activity)
5. Working models - a) Rain Gauge b) Wind vane
A) RAIN GAUGE:

Needed things:
A plastic (soft drink) bottle, Some stones or pebbles, Tape, Marker (felt pen) and A ruler
 186 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 3

Instructions:
• Cut the top off the bottle.
• Place some stones in the bottom of the bottle. Turn the top upside down and tape it to the
bottle.
• Use a ruler and marker pen to make a scale on the bottle.
• Pour water into the bottle until it reaches the bottom strip on the scale. Congratulations,
you have finished your rain gauge.
• Put your rain gauge outside where it can collect water when it starts raining. After a rain
shower has finished, check to see how far up the scale the water has risen.
Usage:
Rain falls into the top of the gauge and collects at the bottom where it can be easily measured.
3

From this, we prepare a chart on rainfall of a region for week or a month.

B) WIND VANE:
GEOGRAPHY

Needed things:
Cardstock, Scissors, Metric, Pin, Modelling clay, Paper Plate and Marker.
Instructions:
• Cut out the shape of an arrow from a sheet of cardstock. The arrow must be 5cm in length.
Then cut out the tail of the arrow. The tail must be 7cm in length. Use a metric ruler to get
the measurements exact.
• Cut a slit in both ends of your straw. Slide your arrow head in one end, and your arrow tail
in the other. If you are afraid they won’t stay, you can add a little glue.
• Hold a pencil so that its point is facing down. Place the straw over the eraser part of the
pencil. Make sure the middle of the straw is over the eraser and then press a push pin down
through the straw and into the eraser. Make sure there is a little gap in between the straw
and the eraser so that the straw can spin easily.
• Build a mound out of some modelling clay. Stick the point of the pencil down into the centre
of the mound. Go far enough that the homemade wind vane won’t blow over.
• Place your homemade wind vane on a paper plate. Label each side of the paper plate with
a marker. You should have north, south, east, and west in their respective places.
• Take the wind vane outside and note which direction the wind is blowing.
6. Preparing bar diagram.
a. Collect the data of temperature of Kanyakumari, Delhi, Allahabad and Itanagar for a day.
b. Collect the data of rainfall received by Jaisalmer (Rajasthan), Mawsynram (Meghalaya),
Nagapattinam, Coimbatore for a day.
(Self Activity)
7. Become a budding Meterologist: Record the local weather condition of your place
for a week.
(Self Activity)


Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 187

GEOGRAPHY
HYDROSPHERE
4 www.nammakalvi.org
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The Sunda Trench lies in the …………… Ocean.

a) Atlantic b) Pacific c) Indian d) Antarctic Ans: c)

2. The temperature of the ocean waters generally …………… at greater depth.

4
a) Increases b) Decreases
c) Remains constant d) None of the above Ans. d)

GEOGRAPHY
3. Ocean currents are produced due to ……………
a) Due to rotation of Earth b) Due to variation in temperature
c) Due to Earth’s movement d) All the above Ans. b)

4. Consider the following statements.

1. Most of the fishing grounds occur in areas where the continental shelf is wide (T)
2. Fishing is well developed in warm tropical waters. (T)
3. Mixing of warm and cold currents facilitates plant nutrients for fish. (T)
4. Inland fishing became significant in India. (F)
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1 and 3 are correct.
c) 2,3 and 4 are correct. d) 1,2 and 3 are correct Ans. d)

5. The oceanic ridge comes into existence due to ……………

a) Convergence of tectonic plates b) Divergence of tectonic plates
c) Lateral movements of plates d) Stearing of plates Ans: b)

6. Which of the following indicates the correct sequence of the topography beneath
the surface of the sea?
a) Continental shelf-Continental slope-Sea plain-Sea trench.
b) Continental slope-Continental shelf-Sea plain-Sea trench.
c) Sea plain-Continental slope-Continental shelf-Sea trench.
d) Continental slope-Sea plain-Continental shelf-Sea trench. Ans: a)

7. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

a) Gulf Stream - Pacific Ocean
b) Labrador current - North Atlantic Ocean
c) Canary current - Mediterranean sea.
d) Mozambique current - Indian Ocean  Ans: b)
 188 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

8. The amount of planktons to be found in the ocean is determined by

1. Depth of the water.  (T)
2. Ocean currents.  (T)
3. Temperature and Salinity.  (T)
4. Length of day and night.
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct d) All are correct. Ans: b)

II. Questions 9 to 13 are of Assertion (A), Reason (R) type.

a) both A and R are correct and R explains A.
b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
4

c) A is correct but R is false.

d) A is false but R is correct.
GEOGRAPHY

9. Assertion (A) : Oceans are always shown in blue in maps.

Reason(R) : It indicates the natural colour of the oceans. Ans: c)
10. Assertion(A) : Flat topped seamounts are known as Guyots.
Reason(R) : All guyot features are of volcanic origin. Ans: b)
11. Assertion(A) : Submarine canyons are deep gorges on the ocean floor.
Reason(R) : They are mainly restricted to continental shelf, slope and rise. Ans: b)
12. Assertion (A) : Atolls are more common in the Atlantic Ocean.
Reason (R) : The marine population at the depth is less. Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL
13. Our planet East consists of …………… spheres.
a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: c)
14. …………… water is considered to be purest form of water.
a) Mineral b) Lake c) Sea d) Rain Ans: d)
15. The deepest known underwater sink hole in the world is ……………
a) Amazon hole b) Dragon Hole
c) Bermuda Hole d) Isobath Ans: b)
16. Maritime boundary of most the countries is fixed to be …………… nautical miles from
the baseline.
a) 12 b) 15 c) 20 d) 25 Ans: a)
17. …………… are the life blood of planet Earth and mankind.
a) Forests b) Mountains c) Forms d) Oceans Ans: d)
18. The Gangetic …………… was declared the National Aquatic Animal in 2010.
a) Alligator b) Eel Fish c) Fish d) Dolphine Ans: d)
Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 189

19. The salinity of sea water is expressed in term of parts …………… (pp or ‰).
a) per hundreds b) per thousands
c) per tens d) per hundred thousands Ans: b)
20. CNN labelled …………… as one of the seven natural wonders of the world.
a) Pyramids b) Great Barrier Reef
c) Great Wall of China d) Pacific Ocean Ans: b)
21. The local fishermen call the Dragon Hole as the …………… of the South China Sea.
a) Eye b) Mouth c) Well d) Ground Ans: a)
22. The degrees of concentration of salts in the sea water is called ……………
a) Sweety b) Smell c) Tasty d) Salinity Ans: d)

4
21. 1) Ocean waters vary in temperature from place to place.  (T)
2) The temperature is even at the surface and its depths.  (F)

GEOGRAPHY
3) The warming and cooling of water is higher than the land.  (F)
4) The annual range of temperature in any part of the ocean is very lower.  (T)
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: d)
22. 1) Trenches occupy about 25% of the total relief of the ocean floor.  (F)
2) The Trenches are deepest part of the oceans.  (T)
3) Most of the trenches are V-shaped with steep sides.  (T)
4) The ocean temperature in the trench is hotter than the normal temperature.  (F)
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct
c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: b)
23. 1) The ocean is a continuous body of salt water.  (T)
2) Oceans form the major part of Hydrosphere.  (T)
3) 80 percent of the Earth is covered by water.  (F)
4) Oceans are evenly distributed in the Northern and Southern hemisphere.  (F)
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct
c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: a)
24. 1) Earth consists of four spheres.  (T)
2) Earth is also called as Red Planet.  (F)
3) Hydrosphere consists of land in various forms found on the Earth.  (F)
4) The most indispensable natural resources on Earth is water.  (T)
a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct
c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: d)
25. 1) On the basis of temperature, ocean currents are classified in to three.  (F)
2) T he movement of ocean currents from the low attitude to high latitudes is called Cold
Current.  (F)
3) North Equatorial current in Pacific Ocean is an example of Warm Current.  (T)
4) Ocean currents are in clockwise motion in the Southern hemisphere.  (F)
 190 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

a) 1 is correct b) 2 is correct
c) 3 is correct d) 4 is correct Ans: c)
26. Assertion (A) : Earth is called the Blue Planet.
Reason (R) : The three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water bodies. When
looked from the space, it appears blue due to those water bodies. Ans: a)

27. Assertion (A) : Rain water is considered to be the purest form of water.
Reason (R) : It contains very less proportion of salts when compared to other waters. Ans: d)

28. Assertion (A) : Finland is known as the Land of Thousand Lakes.

Reason (R) : There are 1,87,888 lakes in Finland.  Ans: a)
4

29. Assertion (A) : Oceans and seas are considered as Resource Bowl of the Earth.
Reason (R) : The immense availability of food, minerals etc., in the oceans and seas. Ans: a)
GEOGRAPHY

30. Assertion (A) : The degree of concentration of salts in the sea water is called salinity.
Reason (R) : It is usually expressed in term of Kilogram per sq. Kilometre. Ans: c)

31. Assertion (A) : National Institute of Oceanography was established in Jan. 1966.
Reason (R) : It conducts research and observations to understand oceanic features.  Ans: b)

32. Assertion (A) : In the Continental slope, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism.
Reason (R) : It is due to absence of oxygen. Ans: c)
33. Assertion(A) : Salinity is higher in closed ocean basins.
Reason(R) : They are mainly restricted to continental shelf, slope and rise. Ans: c)
III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.
1. Mariana trench - a) Decreases salinity in the oceans
2. Great Barrier Reef - b) Along the coast of Japan
3. Sargasso Sea - c) Deepest point in the Pacific
4. Spring tides - d) Australia
5. Heavy rains - e) Second order landform
6. Kuroshio current - f) North Atlantic Ocean
7. Continental slope - g) On full and new moon days
Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-f 4-g 5-a 6-b 7-e
ADDITIONAL
8. California Current - a) Indian Ocean
9. Alaska Current - b) North Atlantic Ocean
10. Mariana Trench - c) Warm Current
11. Java Trench - d) Cold Current
12. Bermuda Triangle - e) Pacific Ocean Ans: 8-d 9-c 10-e 11-a 12-b
Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 191

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

1. What do you mean by the term Hydrosphere?

• The hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth.
• Earth is called the Blue Planet because it holds water in abundance.
• Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the Earth.
2. What is hydrological cycle?
• The Earth’s water is not static. It is always in motion.
• This continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth’s surface is called the
Hydrological cycle.

4
3. Mention the various relief features of ocean floor.
• Continental shelf  Deep sea plain or Abyssal plain
• Continental slope  Oceanic deep

GEOGRAPHY
• Continental rise  Oceanic ridge
4. What are the factors that generate the ocean currents?
The factors that generate ocean currents are:
• Earth’s rotation
• Prevailing winds and
• Differences in temperature and salinity of ocean water.
5. Write a brief note on sea waves.
• Sea waves are ripples on water causes when winds blow over the sea.
• Of all the movements of the oceans, sea waves are considered the strongest.
• The height of the waves depends on the speed of wind, its duration and the direction.
• The waves that are caused by tremors on the ocean are called Tsunami.
ADDITIONAL
6. What do you mean by the ocean salinity?
• The degree of concentration of salts in the sea water is called salinity.
• It is usually expressed in terms of parts per thousand (ppt or ‰).
• Salinity varies both horizontally and vertically.
• Thus salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles.
7. What are the three processes involved in the water cycle?
• The three major processes involved in the water cycle are Evaporation, condensation and
precipitation.
• Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes to a vapor caused by heat.
• Condensation is the conversion of a vapour or gas to a liquid.
• Precipitation is the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution.
 192 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

8. Sylvia Earle is popularly known as “Hero for the Planet’. Why?

• Sylvia Earle is a famous American oceanographer.
• She was named as the ‘Hero for the Planet’.
• Time, magazine honoured her with the title for her efforts towards marine life protections.
9. What is Hypsometric curve?
• ‘Hypso’ means height in Greek.
• Hypsometric Curve is a graphic representation which shows the height of a certain place
found on land and the height of ocean features at sea.
10. What is ONGC?
• ONGC is Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
4

• It is India’s largest oil and gas exploration and production company.

• Its largest exploration is 20 million tons of oil reserves in West of Mumbai High off shore.
GEOGRAPHY

11. Write a note on Abyssal plains.

• The deep sea plains otherwise known as Abyssal plains are underwater plains.
• These plains are found on the deep ocean floor.
• These plains extend from continental rise to the mid oceanic ridges.
• These plains are usually covered by the thick layer of sediments.
12. Define : i) Fathoms ii) Isobath and iii) Isohaline
Fathoms : A nautical measurement of the depth of water in the ocean.
Isobath : An imaginary line of a map joining the points of equal depths.
Isohaline : An imaginary line on a map joining the points of equal salinity in oceans.
13. What do you known about the movement of ocean water?
• The ocean water is dynamic.
• Temperature, salinity, density, external forces of the sun, moon and the winds keep the
ocean waters in movement.
• The movement of oceans are broadly divided into Horizontal motion and Vertical motion.
14. What is the role of National Institute of Oceanography?
• National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) was established in 1st January 2966.
• The headquarters of NIO is located at Dona Paula, Goa.
• It conducts research and observations to understand oceanic features, ocean engineering,
marine archaeology, etc.
V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING.
1. The Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere are called land and Water
hemispheres respectively.
• Northern hemisphere holds 61% of land. So, it is called as Land hemisphere.
• Southern hemisphere holds 81% of water. So, it is called as Water hemisphere.
Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 193

2. Continental shelf provides good fishing ground.

• A shallow and genteelly sloping platform enables sunlight to penetrate through the water.
• This encourages abundant growth of grass, see weeds and plankton.
• Hence, this zone provides good fishing ground in the world.
ADDITIONAL
3. The ocean waters are saline in nature.
• Ocean water contains lots of different mineral salts such as sodium, chloride, sulphate,
calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, etc.
• These salts enter the ocean through rivers.

4
• When the sea water evaporates, it doesn’t take the salt with it.
• So with less water and the same amount of salt, the sea water becomes pretty salty.
4. Salinity of Arabian Sea is greater than the Bay of Bengal.

GEOGRAPHY
Salinity of Arabian Sea is much higher than in the Bay of Bengal because-
• Evaporation over the Arabian Sea is much greater and
• It receives relatively less river runoff.
5. Oceans and seas are considered as resource bowl of the Earth.
Oceans and seas are considered as resource bowl of the Earth because of the immense
availability of food, minerals, etc.,

6. Continental Shelf becomes accessible for oil drilling and mining.

 he Continental shelves have extensive deposits of minerals and mineral fuels. Hence, this
T
zone becomes accessible for oil drilling and mining activities.

7. In the Continental Slope, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism.
The Continental Slope has nearly freezing temperature due to the low penetration of sun light.
Hence, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism.

8. Salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles.
• The influence of temperature on ocean salinity depends upon the heating up of the surface
water.
• The salt content is left out in the oceans after evaporation when the sun heats up the
surface layer in the tropics.
• Thus salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles.
 194 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

VI. DISTINGUISH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Spring tide and Neap tide.

S.No. Spring tide Neap tide

This tide occurs when the Earth, the When the Sun and the Moon are at right
Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The angles, their gravitational forces work
1.
gravitational forces of the Moon and the against each other causes Neap tide
Sun both contribute to the tides.
2. Spring tide is also known High tide Neap tide is also called as Low tide.
It always occurs on full moon and new It occurs twice in a month – the first and
3.
moon days. last quarter moon appears.
4

2. Abyssal plains and Ocean deeps.

GEOGRAPHY

S.No. Abyssal plains Ocean deeps

Abyssal plains are the deep sea plains These oceanographic features are the
1.
Found on the deep ocean floor. deepest parts of the ocean floor.
These plains are usually covered by the It is sediment free zones.
2.
thick layer of sediments.
The gradient of the slope is very gentle The trenches are V shaped with steep
3.
slides.

ADDITIONAL
1. Land hemisphere and Water hemisphere.

S.No. Land hemisphere Water hemisphere

Northern hemisphere is called as Land Southern hemisphere is known as Water
1.
hemisphere hemisphere
2. This hemisphere holds 61% of land. This hemisphere holds 81% of water.
North America, Europe, Russia and Asia Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic
3.
are located in this hemisphere. Oceans are found in this hemisphere.

2. Continental shelf and Continental slope.

S.No. Continental shelf Continental slope

It is a platform extending out from the It descends from the edge of the
1.
adjoining continental land mass into sea. continental shelf to the deep ocean bed.
It is almost uniform zone of sea bed with Deep canyons and trenches are present
2.
a gentle gradient. here.
3. Sunlight penetrate through the water Here, penetration of sunlight is slow.
Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 195

3. Waves and Tides.

S.No. Waves Tides

Sea waves are ripples on water caused The periodic rise and fall of sea water is
1.
when winds blow over the sea. called as Tides.
The height of these waves depends on It occurs due to the gravitational pull of
2. the speed, duration and direction of the the Sun and Moon on the Earth.
wind.
3. Waves are in horizontal motion Tides have vertical motion

4. Tidal power and Hydel power.

4
S.No. Tidal power Hydel power
The power generated from the waves of Hydel power’ is the short form of
1.

GEOGRAPHY
sea water is known as tidal power. hydroelectric power.
We can get tidal power throughout the It depends on monsoon. We cannot
2.
year. depend on this power.
This power plants are installed at Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Guntur and
3. Vizhinjam in Kerala coast and Andaman & Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat are the best
Nicobar islands of India. examples.

VII. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Write a paragraph on the origin of oceans.

• The ocean is a continuous body of salt water that forms the major part of hydrosphere.
• Geoscientists believe that the oceans were formed on Earth nearly three billion years ago.
• It is difficult to believe that in the beginning there was no water on our planet.
• In due course of time, when the Earth started cooling, steam escaped from the interior and
entered the atmosphere to form clouds.
• At first, the clouds brought incessant rains. The rain water filled the depressions for tens of
thousands of years and eventually a super ocean was formed.
2. Write a note on continental shelf and continental slope.
Continental shelf :
• A shallow and gently sloping platform extending out from the adjoining continental land
mass into the sea is called Continental Shelf.
• It enables sunlight to penetrate through the water which in turn encourages abundant
growth of grass, sea weeds and plankton.
• Hence these zones become the richest fishing grounds in the world. Eg. The Grand Banks
of New Foundland.
 196 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

Continental Slope :
• A steep slope which descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep ocean-bed
is called continental slope.
• It forms a boundary between the Continental Crust and the Oceanic crust.
• This zone is free from deposits as they are steep.
• Due to the low penetration of sunlight, the slope has nearly freezing temperature. Hence
aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism
3. What do you mean by ocean currents? Explain its types.
The movement of oceanic water on the surface and at the depths in a definite direction is called
ocean current. Ocean currents are in clockwise motion in the northern hemisphere and in the
4

anti-clockwise motion in the southern hemisphere.

Warm Current:
The movement of ocean currents from the low latitudes (tropical zones) towards high latitudes
GEOGRAPHY

(temperate and polar zones) is called warm current. Eg. Gulf Stream in Atlantic Ocean.
Cold Current:
The movement of ocean currents from high latitudes (temperate and polar regions) to low
latitudes (tropical regions) is called cold currents. Eg. Labrador Current in Atlantic Ocean.
4. Explain the influences of the marine resources on mankind.
• The biotic and abiotic resources found in the oceanic water and at the bottoms are called
marine resources. The ocean’s resources play a vital role in sustaining the needs of society.
• Oceans are the life blood of planet earth and mankind. The humankind depends on the
marine resources for its survival. They are also essential for the economic prosperity, social
well-being and quality of life.
• A diverse array of marine organisms is used for food, medicine, cosmetics, and a wealth of
industrial applications.
• The world’s demand for energy, minerals and water has become increasingly dependent on
non-living marine resources.
• Oceans have extensive deposits of oil reserves. Besides a major fishing ground, it helps in
generating non-conventional energy, development of many ports and harbours for trade
activities. Coastal tourism also attracts people around the world, thereby contributing to the
economy of many countries.

ADDITIONAL
5. Explain the types of tides with a diagram.
The periodic rise and fall of sea water due to the gravitational pull of the Sun and moon on Earth
are called tides. They are classified broadly into Spring tides and Neap tides.
Geography  Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 197

Spring Tide: When the Sun, Moon and Earth

are aligned in the same line, the collective
gravitation pull of the Sun and Moon on
earth’s water strengthens to form a high tide
known as spring tide.

Neap Tide : When the Sun and the Moon

are at right angles, their gravitational forces
work against each other, causing a low tide
called Neap tide.

4
A Neap tide occurs between two spring
tides i.e., twice a month when the first and
last quarter moon appears.

GEOGRAPHY
6. How can we conserve the Marine resources?
• Oceans are the life blood of planet Earth and mankind. The humankind depends on the
marine resources for its survival. They are also essential for the economic prosperity, social
well-being and quality of life.
• In the recent years, the marine environment is facing a number of threats. These include
loss of biodiversity, loss of habitats, contamination of sea water and the impact of climatic
change.
• It is our responsibility to take measures to conserve the marine resources for the use of
future generation. A few of them are as follows-
• Mind your Carbon Footprint and reduce energy consumption.
• Make Safe, Sustainable seafood choices.
• Use fewer plastic products.
• Help take care of the beach.
• Don’t purchase items that exploit marine life.
• Be an ocean-friendly pet owner.
• Support organizations working to protect the ocean.
• Influence change in your community.
• Educate yourself about oceans and marine life.
7. What are Marin resources? Write its classifications.
• The biotic and abiotic resources found in the oceanic water and at the bottoms are called
marine resources.
• The ocean’s resources play a vital role in sustaining the needs of society.
• A diverse array of marine organisms is used for food, medicine, cosmetics and a wealth of
industrial applications.
 198 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 4

Its classifications:
4

HOTS.
GEOGRAPHY

1. 71% of the Earth is covered by water, but very little can be used by humans. Why?
71% of the Earth is covered by water. Out of that, over 97% of the water on the Earth’s surface
is confined to oceans which are salty. Less than 3% of water is held on land as glaciers, ice
caps, groundwater, rivers and lakes. So, a very little water can be used by humans.

2. What will happen if the seas and oceans contain only fresh water?
This is not a probability still if happens, potability is to be checked. If fit to consume, drinking
water shortage would vanish. Agriculture would develop but sea water animals may slowly
disappear from existence.

3. The oceans are salty. Why?

• Ocean water contains lots of different mineral salts such as sodium, chloride, sulphate,
calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, etc.
• These salts enter the ocean through rivers which pass over rocks and soil picking up salt
along the way.
• This salt builds up in the ocean because the only way water can leave the ocean is through
evaporation. When the water evaporates, it doesn’t take the salt with it.


Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 199

GEOGRAPHY
BIOSPHERE
5 www.nammakalvi.org
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The coldest biome on Earth is

a) Tundra b) Taiga c) Desert d) Oceans Ans: a)
2. This is the smallest unit of biosphere.

5
a) Ecosystems b) Biome c) Environment d) None of the above Ans: a)
3. Nutrients are recycled in the atmosphere with the help of certain micro organisms,

GEOGRAPHY
referred to as ……………
a) Producers b) Decomposers
c) Consumers d) None of the above Ans: a)
4. To which climatic conditions are Xerophytic plants specifically adapted to?
a) Saline and sandy b) Limited moisture availability
c) Cold temperature d) Humid Ans: b)
5. Why is the usage of rainforest biomes for large scale agriculture unsustainable?
a) Because it is too wet b) Because the temperature is too warm.
c) Because the soil is too thin d) Because the soil is poor Ans: a)
QUESTIONS 6 – 13 ARE ASSERTION TYPE QUESTIONS.
Directions:
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true; (R) explains (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true; (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is true; (R) is false
d) Both (A) and (R) are false

6. Assertion (A) : Heterotrophs do not produce their own food.

Reason (R) : They depend on autotrophs for their nourishment. Ans: a)

7. Assertion (A) : Hotspots are the regions characterised by numerous endemic plants and
animal species living in a vulnerable environment.
Reason (R) : To manage and focus on conservation work more effectively, researchers
identified hotspots. Ans: a)

8. Assertion (A) : The number of gorillas in Africa has plummeted by 60% in the past twenty
years.
Reason (R) : Non intervention of human beings in the forest areas. Ans: c)
 200 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 5

ADDITIONAL
9. Assertion (A) : Producers are called as Autotrophs.
Reason (R) : Producers are self nourishing components. Ans: a)

10. Assertion (A) : Deserts remain agriculturally unproductive.

Reason (R) : The soil is sandy and saline. Ans: a)

11. Assertion (A) : Tundra biomes experiences long severe winter and short cool summer.
Reason (R) : The population in this region is very thick. Ans: c)

12. Assertion (A) : Marine Biomes are the smallest aquatic biomes on Earth.
Reason (R) : It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands, etc. Ans: d)
5

13. Assertion (A) : Biomes are broadly classified as terrestrial and aquatic biomes.
Reason (R) : Biosphere has to be conserved as it is considered an asset to planet Earth. Ans: b)
GEOGRAPHY

14. The vertical range of the biosphere is approximately …………… from the ocean floor.
a) 10 km b) 20 km c) 30 km d) 40 km Ans: b)
15. The area in which micro organism, animal or plant lives is called its ……………
a) Ecosystem b) Biodiversity c) Biomes d) Habitat Ans: d)

16. …………… harbours all ecosystems on the Earth and sustains life forms including
mankind.
a) Biosphere b) Biodiversity c) Biomes d) Eco system Ans: a)

17. Biotic components can be classified into …………… categories.

a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b)

18. The branch of science that deals about ecosystem is called ……………
a) Biology b) Entomology c) Ecology d) Physiology Ans: c)

19. The special vegetation type found in desert regions is called as ……………
a) Xerophytes b) Saprophytes c) Savanna d) Pampas Ans: a)

20. The mouth of a river or stream along the coastline with less deposits of silt is known
as ……………
a) Delta b) Estuary c) Coast d) Sea bed Ans: b)

21. …………… is the study of freshwater ecosystem.

a) Etimology b) Lumbering c) Ecology d) Limnology Ans: d)

21. Deer and rabbit come under the …………… consumers.

a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) None of the above Ans: a)

22. Biomes are broadly classified as …………… and aquatic biome.

a) Producers b) Consumbers c) Decomposers d) Territorial Ans: d)
Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 201

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. An area where animals, plants and micro organisms live and interact with one another is known
as. ........... Ans: Eco system
2. ........... are also called Heterotrophs. Ans: Consumbers
3. ........... is a system of interlocking and independent food chains. Ans: Food web
4. ........... is an extensive large ecosystem. Ans: Biome
5. The vegetative type commonly found in desert biomes is called ........... Ans: Xerophytes
6. ........... is an aquatic biome that is found where fresh water and salt water mix.
Ans. Estuary

5
ADDITIONAL
7. The fourth sphere of the Earth is ........... Ans. Biosphere

GEOGRAPHY
8. All living things, small or large, are grouped into ........... Ans. Species
9. A person who studies ecology is referred to as an ........... Ans. Ecologist
10. The ........... is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere. Ans. Sun
11. The primitive people of Tropical Savanna are ........... Ans. Nomadic
12. The annual rainfall in desert region is less than ........... Ans. 25 cm
13. Tundra regions are also called as ........... Ans. Barren lands.
14. The extinction of species due to human and natural influences is called ...........
 Ans: Loss of biodiversity
15. An oasis is a fertile fresh water source found in ........... and semi-arid regions.
Ans: Desert

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

1. What is Biosphere?
• Biosphere, the fourth sphere of the Earth is a life supporting layer that exists on the Earth’s
surface.
• This layer on Earth encompasses the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere.
• It includes flora and fauna that thrive on or near the Earth’s surface.
2. What is an ecosystem?
• Ecosystem is a community where all living organisms live and interact with one another.
• It also interacts with their non-living environment such as land, soil, air, water, etc.

3. What does the term ‘biodiversity’ mean?

• Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to a wide variety of living organisms which live in
a habitat.
 202 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 5

• It is highly influenced by topography, climate as well as human activities.

• It maintains the ecological balance and facilitates social benefits such as tourism, education,
research etc., over an area.
4. What is meant by loss of biodiversity?
• The extinction of species (flora and fauna) due to human and natural influences is called
Loss of biodiversity.
• The biodiversity loss has a great impact on mankind and also affects land, water, air, etc.
5. Mention the various terrestrial biomes.
Terrestrial biomes is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another on land.
They are mainly determined by temperature and rainfall.
5

Some of the major territorial biomes of the world are-

• Tropical forest biomes  Temperature Grassland Biomes
GEOGRAPHY

• Tropical Savanna Biomes  Tundra Biomes

• Desert Biomes

ADDITIONAL
6. What is ecosystem? What are its components?
An ecosystem is a community, where all living organisms live and interact with one another and
also with their non-living environment. Its components are -
• Abiotic components
• Biotic components and
• Energy components.
7. What does a healthy eco system provide?
A healthy eco system provides –
• Clean water  Food
• Pure water  Raw materials
• Enriched soil  Medicines etc.
8. What is considered a hotspot? Where do we find hotspots in India?
• An ecological region that has lost more than 70% of its original habitat is considered a
Hotspot.
• Hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo Burma Region and Sundaland.
9. What is a great threat to the wide range of fauna in Savanna grassland?
• In the recent years, the parts of Savanna Grasslands are being converted into farmlands.
• It is a great threat to the wide range of fauna in Savanna grassland.
• For example, the population of the big cats like cheetah, lion, etc., are dwindling drastically.
Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 203

10. What is an Oasis?

• Oasis is a fertile fresh water source found in the deserts and semi-arid regions.
• Oasis are fed by springs.
• Crops like date palms, figs, citrus fruits, maize etc., are cultivated near these oases.

11. Mention the different names used to mention temperate grasslands in different
parts of the world?
The Temperate grasslands are called differently in different parts of the world They are-
• Downs - Australia and New Zealand
• Pampas - Argentina and Uruguay
• Prairies - North America

5
• Steppes - Euraisa
• Veld - South Africa

GEOGRAPHY
12. What is Biosphere Reserve?
• Biosphere Reserve is a special ecosystem or specialized environment with flora and fauna
that require protection and nurturing.
• There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.
13. What are the major causes for loss of biodiversity?
The major causes for the loss of biodiversity are Habitat destruction due to deforestation,
Population explosion, Pollution and Global warming.

IV. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING:

1. Producers are also called autotrophs.

• The organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide or other
chemicals present in the environment is known as producers.
• Producers are self nourishing components of the ecosystem.
• Hence, they are called as autorophs.

2. Biosphere provides a stable ecosystem.

• Ecosystems range in size from the smallest units that can sustain life to the global ecosystem
or ecosphere.
• Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the Earth and sustains life forms including mankind.
• Therefore, Biosphere provides a stable ecosystem.
ADDITIONAL
3. Decomposers are called Saprotrophs.
• The Decomposers are some organisms that are incapable of preparing its own food.
• So, they live on dead and decaying plants and animals.
• Hence, Decomposers are called Saprotrophs.
 204 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 5

4. In India, some regions are declared as Hotspots.

• The ecological region which has lost more than 70% of original habitant is considered a
Hotspot.
• In India, some species plants and animals become extinct in the Himalayas, Western Ghats,
Indo-Burma region and Sundaland.
• To protect the rare species, these regions are declared as Hotspots.
5. The people in Tropical forest Biomes get afflicted to diseases like malaria, yellow
fever, etc.
• The unique weather condition – high temperature, high annual rainfall and relatively
constant favours thick vegetative cover.
5

• Due to the humid nature of this biome, the people in Tropical forest Biomes get afflicted to
diseases like malaria, yellow fever, etc.
6. The chief occupation of the people in Tropical Savanna Biomes is herding.
GEOGRAPHY

• This biome is generally hot and dry and experience moderate to low rainfall.
• So, the grass which grow here are tall and sharp.
• Hence, the chief occupation of the people found here is herding.
V. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING.

1. Producers and Decomposers.

S.No Producers Decomposers

These are self nourishing components of These organisms are incapable of
1.
the ecosystem. preparing its own food.
The Producers are also known as The Decomposers are known as
2.
Autotrophs. Saprotrophs.
Plants, Algae, Bacteria, etc are examples Fungus, Mushrooms, etc are examples of
3.
of Producers Decomposers.

2. Terrestrial biomes and Aquatic biomes.

S.No Terrestrial biomes Aquatic biomes

Terrestrial biomes is a group of living Aquatic biome is a group of living
1. organisms that live and interact with one organisms that live and interact with one
another on land another in aquatic environment.
They are mainly determined by Aquatic biomes are influenced by a series
2.
temperature and rainfall of abiotic factors.
Terrestrial biomes are broadly classified Aquatic biomes are classified into two
3.
into five biomes biomes
Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 205

3. Tropical vegetation and Desert vegetation

S.No Tropical vegetation Desert vegetation

Tropical vegetation found between 10° N Deserts usually between 20° and 30° N
1.
and 20°S of the Equator. and S latitudes.
The climate shows little seasonal variation Here, the annual rainfall is less than 25cm
2. with high annual rainfall and constant & and temperature is maximum thought
high temperature. out the year.
The chief trees found here are rubber, Drought resistant thorny scrubs, bushes,
3.
bamboo, ebony, etc. palms, etc., are found here.

4. Savannas and Tundra

5
S.No Savannas Tundra
Savannas (grassland) are generally found Tundra regions are found where the

GEOGRAPHY
1.
between tropical forests and deserts. ground remains frozen.
The chief occupation of the people is Hunting and fishing are the major
2.
herding occupation of the people
Lion, leopard, tiger, deer, zebra, giraffe, Polar bear, wolverine, reindeer, snowy
3.
etc. are the animals found in this biome. owl, etc., are the animals found here.

ADDITIONAL
5. Producers and Consumers:

S.No Producers Consumers

These are self nourishing components of These are dependent on producers.
1.
the ecosystem.
The Producers are also known as The Consumers are also known as
2.
Autotrophs. Heterotrophs.
Plants, Algae, Bacteria, etc are examples goat, lion, snakes, owl etc., are examples
3.
of Producers of Consumers.

6. Primary Consumers and Secondary consumers:

S.No Primary consumers Decomposers

They depend on producers for their food. These organisms are incapable of
1.
preparing its own food.
They are exclusively herbivores. They live on dead and decaying plants
2.
and animals.
Example – Zebra, goat, rabbit, etc., Fungus, Mushrooms, etc are examples of
3.
Decomposers.
 206 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 5

7. Fresh water biomes and Marine Biomes:

S.No Fresh water Biomes Marine Biomes

It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, They are continuous bodies of salt water
1.
wetlands, etc. such as seas and oceans.
Humans rely on freshwater Biomes for Coral reefs, sea plants, aquatic animals
2. drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation depend on Marine Biomes.
and industry.
Water lily, lotus, duck weed, etc, are the Plants such as phytoplankton, kelp,
3.
common plants found here. algae, etc., are found in this Biomes.

8. Write the differences between Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystem.

5

S.No Aquatic Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem exists on water Terrestrial ecosystem exists on land
GEOGRAPHY

1
covering 71% of the Earth surface. covering 29% of the Earth surface
Aquatic animals use 20% of energy to Terrestrial animals use only 1-2% of
2
obtain oxygen. energy to obtain oxygen.
In this ecosystem, there is abundant of In this, there is amount of water, greater
3
water with limited oxygen supply. availability of gases.

VI. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Explain the various components of ecosystem.

Ecosystem is a community where all living organisms live and interact with one another and also
with their non-living environment. The three basic components of eco system are :
• Abiotic components
• Biotic components and
• Energy component
Abiotic Components
Abiotic components include the non-living, inorganic, physical and chemical factors in the
environment. Eg. Land, Air ,Water, Calcium, Iron etc.

Biotic Components
Biotic components include plants, animals and micro organisms. Biotic components can be
classified into three categories. They are-
• Autotrophs are self nourishing components of the ecosystem. Hence, they are called as
Producers. They are found both on land and water.
• Heterotrophs are those that depend on producers, directly or indirectly. Hence they are
called as Consumbers
• Decomposers are some organisms that are incapable of preparing their own food. They live
on dead and decaying plants and animals. Hence they are called Saprotrophs.
Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 207

Energy Components
• All organisms in the biosphere use energy to work and convert one form of energy into
another.
• The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere as a whole.
• The solar energy gets transformed into other forms of energy through the various
components in the ecosystem.
• The producers, consumers and the decomposers contribute a lot to the energy flow in an
ecosystem
2. Write a paragraph on the functions of an ecosystem.
The functions of an ecosystem are as follows-

5
• The living organisms form an interacting set of flora and fauna which are organized into
trophic levels, food chains and food webs.
• The functioning of an ecosystem depends on the pattern of the energy flow, as it helps in

GEOGRAPHY
the distribution and circulation of the organic and inorganic matter within an ecosystem.
• Energy flow generally takes place in a hierarchical order in an ecosystem through various
levels. These levels are called trophic levels.
• The chain of transformation of energy from one group of organisms to another, through
various trophic levels is called a food chain.
• A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains is called a food web.
3. Explain about the aquatic biomes on Earth.
• Aquatic biome is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another and its
aquatic environment for nutrients and shelter.
• Like terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are influenced by a series of abiotic factors. It is
broadly classified as Fresh water biomes and Marine biomes.
Fresh water Biomes:
• Fresh water biome comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands etc.
• It is influenced by various abiotic components such as the volume of water, water flow,
composition of oxygen, temperature, etc.
• Humans rely on freshwater biomes for drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and
industry. Water lily, lotus, duck weeds etc. are the common plants found here.
• Trout, salmon, turtles, crocodiles etc. are the animals found here.
Marine Biomes:
• Marine biomes are the largest aquatic biomes on earth.
• It provides a wide range of habitats for marine plants and animals.
• Coral reefs are a second kind of marine biomes within the ocean.
• Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine
biome.
 208 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 5

• Apart from animals, plants such as kelp, algae, phytoplankton etc. also grow in water.
• Aquatic biomes are not only important for plants and animals, but also for humans.
• Humans use aquatic biomes for water, food and leisure activities.
• Some of the threats and issues to aquatic biomes are overfishing, pollution and rise in sea
level.
ADDITIONAL
1. Write a paragraph on ‘Temperate Grassland Biomes’.
• Temperate Grasslands are usually found in the interior of the continents.
• They are characterized by large seasonal temperature variations, with warm summer and
cold winter.
5

• The type of grassland in these regions strongly depends upon precipitation.

• Higher precipitation leads to tall and soft grass and lower precipitation leads to short and
GEOGRAPHY

soft grass.
• These regions favour wheat cultivation. Extensive mechanised agriculture is practised due
to lack of farm labour.
• Pastoral industry becomes the main occupation, thereby facilitating slaughtering of animals,
packing of raw and processed meat, dairy products etc.
• The common birds and animals are grass hopper, wolf, bison, prairie dog etc.
• The Temperate grasslands are called differently in different parts of the world such as-
i) Downs - Australia and New Zealand
ii) Pampas - Argentina and Uruguay
iii) Prairies - North America
iv) Steppes - Euraisa
v) Veld - South Africa

VII. FIND OUT THE DATES FOR THE FOLLOWING.

1. World Wild Life Day ...................................... March 3rd
2. International Day of Forest ........................... March 21st
3. World Water Day .......................................... March 22nd
4. Earth Day .................................................... April 22nd
5. World Environment Day ................................ June 5th
6. World Oceans Day ....................................... June 8th

VIII. MAP STUDY.

1. Locate the following on the world outline map.

i) Priairies
ii) Downs
iii) Tundra Biomes
iv) Equatorial Biomes
Geography  Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 209

Tundra
Priairies

Equatorial

5
Downs

GEOGRAPHY
IX. PICTURE STUDY.

1. Narrate the given food web of Arctic tundra in you own words.


 210 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 6

GEOGRAPHY
MAN AND
6 ENVIRONMENT
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. www.nammakalvi.org
1. All external influences and factors that affect the growth and development of living
organisms is ……………
a) Environment b) Ecosystem c) Biotic factors d) Abiotic factors Ans: a)
6

2. The ‘World Population Day’ is observed on …………… every year.

a) August 11th b) September 11th c) July 11th d) January 11th Ans: c)
GEOGRAPHY

3. The statistical study of human population is ……………

a) Demography b) Morphology c) Etymology d) Seismography Ans: a)
4. The extraction of valuable minerals and other geological minerals from the mines,
is ……………
a) Fishing b) Lumbering c) Mining d) Agriculture Ans: c)
5. The Secondary sector of the economy produces …………… from raw materials.
a) Semi finished goods b) Finished goods
c) Economic goods d) raw materials Ans: b)
6. Gradual increase of the earth’s temperature by the Green house gases in the
atmosphere is called …………….
a) Acid rain b) thermal pollution
c) Global warming d) Deforestation Ans: c)
ADDITIONAL
7. The place, things and nature that surround any living organism is called ……………
a) World b) Earth c) Environment d) Surrounding Ans: c)
8. …………… is the cutting down of trees permanently by the people to celar forests.
a) Afforestation b) Defoestation c) Social forestry d) Land slide Ans: b)
9. …………… activities transform raw materials into finished goods.
a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quinary Ans: b)
10. …………… is widely believed to be oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world.
a) Rome b) Harappa c) Damascus d) Egypt Ans: c)
11. Cities with more than 50 lakh population are called ……………
a) Corporation b) Megacities c) Town d) Metropolitan cities Ans: b)
Geography  Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 211

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Loudspeaker - a) Push factor
2. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - b) Pull factor
3. Cruciform settlement - c) Noise pollution
4. Natural disaster - d) T- shaped settlement
5. Better living conditions - e) Earth Summit, 1992 Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-d 4-a 5-b

ADDITIONAL
6. Area of high density - a) Northern Russia
7. Area of moderate density - b) South Asia
8. Area of low density - c) Europe

6
9. Demography - d) Congo in Africa
10. Black death - e) Study of human population Ans: 6-b 7-d 8-a 9-e 10-c

GEOGRAPHY
III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS AND CHOOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN
BELOW.
1. Assertion (A) : Ozone layer in the stratosphere is considered as a protective shield.
Reason (R) : It prevents the UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface.
a) A and R are correct and A explains R b) A and R are correct, but A does not explain R
c) A is incorrect but R is correct d) Both A and R are incorrect Ans: a)
2. Assertion (A) : In tertiary activities, instead of producing goods by themselves, they are in
the process of production.
Reason (R) : People in Tertiary activities are purely eco friendly.
a) Both A and R are incorrect b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R
c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: c)

ADDITIONAL
3. Assertion (A) : Conservation and awareness are two important terms that can bring
sustainability to our living.
Reason (R) : The excessive usage of natural and manmade resources deplete its availability
for future generation.
a) Both A and R are incorrect
b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R
c) A is correct and R is incorrect
d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: c)
4. Assertion (A) : Services like consultation, education and banking are the examples of
Quaternary activities.
Reason (R) : The activities related to research and development as well as knowledge are
called Quaternary activities.
 212 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 6

a) Both A and R are incorrect

b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R
c) A is correct and R is incorrect
d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: d)

5. Assertion (A) : Urban centres are thickly populated areas.

Reason (R) : Better employment opportunities, suitable conditions for business, education,
etc are the factors for the development of urban centes.
a) Both A and R are incorrect
b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R
c) A is correct and R is incorrect
6

d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: d)

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

GEOGRAPHY

1. What do you mean by the term ‘density of population’?

• Density of population refers to the number of people living per square kilometre.
• Large area with less number of people is known as sparsely populated area.
• Similarly, smaller the area with a large number of people, it is said to be densely populated.
Total population
Population Density =
Total land area

2. What is ‘black death’?

• The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 - 60 percent of Europe’s total population
during the 14th century.
• The dominant explanation for black death is attributed to the outbreak of plague.

3. Where do we have high and low densities of population?

• We have high density (above 50 people per sq.km) in East Asia, South Asia, North West
Europe & Eastern North America.
• Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km) are Central Africa, Western Australia,
Northern Russia and Canada.

4. Write any two ways of how the locals and the government restored Palk Bay.
• Mangrove trees offer coastal protection by checking erosion.
• Saplings of native species of plants and trees are planted and taken care by the government.
• The local communities are actively involved in the conservation and restoration of the
mangroves.
• Education and awareness programmes about mangrove ecosystem are being undertaken.
Geography  Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 213

5. Define.
i) Population growth ii) Infant Mortality Rate iii) Census iv) Sustainable Development
i) Population growth:
• Population is a dynamic phenomenon where the number, distribution and composition are
constantly changing.
• Population growth refers to an increase in the number of people who reside in a particular
area during a particular period.
ii) Infant Mortality Rate:
• The number of deaths under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a year is known
as Infant mortality rate.

6
• Example - In 2016, the infant mortality rate was 17 per 1000 live births.
iii) Census:

GEOGRAPHY
• Census is an official enumeration of population carried out periodically.
• It records information about the characteristics of population such as age, sex, literacy and
occupation.
• Denmark was the first country in modern world to conduct a census.
• In India, the first census was carried out in the year 1872.
iv) Sustainable Development:
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
ADDITIONAL
6. What is Green House effect?
• Global warming is caused by the increase of green house gases such as carbondioxide,
methane, water vapour, Carbon monoxide.
• These gases are responsible for the heat retention ability of the atmosphere.
• Global warming is the main result of Green House effect.
• Global warming led to climatic change, ozone layer depletion, rise in sea level and drowning
of coastal inhabited land etc.
7. Define : Over population and Under population.
• Over population is a condition when a country has more people than its resources to
sustain.
• Under population is a condition where there are too few people to develop the economic
potential of a nation fully.
8. What is man-made environment?
• Man-made environment has been created by man himself for the purpose of fulfilling his
needs and to make his life more convenient and easy.
• For example, building, transport, industries, monuments etc, are man-made environment.
 214 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 6

V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

1. Reforestation is encouraged throughout the world.

• Cutting of trees results in many effects like floods and droughts, loss of soil fertility, air
pollution, global warming, spread of deserts, etc.,
• To avoid the entire above, reforestation is encouraged throughout the world. It involves the
replanting or regeneration of areas of forest.
2. Acid rain destroys the ecosystem.
• Acid rain contains the sulfur and nitrogen acids. They can cause damage to natural
environments including forests and freshwater lakes.
• Acid rain has many ecological effects. Its impact is heavy
6

• on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments.

3. The economy of the quaternary sector is called knowledge economy.
GEOGRAPHY

• The activities related to Research and Development, as well as knowledge are called
Quaternary activities.
• For example, Services like consultation, education and banking.
• So, the economy of the quaternary sector is also called as Knowledge economy.
4. Population growth has to be brought under control.
• Population growth leads to unemployment problem, illiteracy, poverty and exploitation of
natural resources.
• It affects the standard of living and the government cannot provide the basic needs to its
own people.
• So, population growth has to be brought under control.
5. Sustainable development growth has been set to protect the planet.
• Humans on earth are facing many problems, such as pollution, climatic changes, poverty,
war and uneven distribution of resources.
• These problems directly affect the survival of mankind. Therefore to sustain mankind and
the planet, we have to educate people about the sustainable development.
VI. DISTINGUISH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Birth rate and Death Rate.

S.No Birth rate Death rate

It indicates the number of live births per It indicates the number of deaths under
1. 1000 people in a year. one year of age for every 1000 live births
in a year.
It is one of the reasons for the population It is one of the reason for the decrease of
2.
growth. the population
Geography  Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 215

2. Rural settlement and urban settlement

S.No Rural settlement Urban settlement
The settlement where the people Urban settlement is the term related
engaged in primary activities is known as to cities and towns where people are
1.
Rural settlement. primarily engaged in non-agricultural
activities.
The unique feature of rural settlements The common feature of an urban unit is
2. is the vast, open spaces with green, that they are compact, congested and
pollution free environment. liable to a large number of populations.

3. Primary activities and Secondary activities.

6
S.No Primary activities Secondary activities
Primary activities pertain to the extraction Secondary activities transform raw
1.

GEOGRAPHY
of raw materials from the Earth’s surface. materials into finished goods.
For example, food gathering, hunting, For example, iron and steel industries,
2.
fishing, agriculture are primary activities. automobile manufacturing, etc.,

ADDITIONAL
4. Emigration and Immigration.

S.No Emigration Immigration

It means moving out or to leave a place. It means to enter or come into a new
1.
country for the purpose of settling there.
Events like civil war, internal disturbances Higher education and job opportunity
2. make the people to another place or area. attracts the people to that area or
country.

5. Metropolitan and Mega cities.

S.No Metropolitan cities Mega cities

Cities accommodating population Cities with more than 50 lakhs of
1. between 100 lakhs and 50 lakhs are population are called Megacities.
metropolitan cities.
2. Example for Metropolitan city is Madurai Chennai is an example for Mega cities.

6. Push factors and pull factors.

S.No Push factors Pull factors
Push factors are those factors which force Pull factors are those factors that attract
1.
people to move to new areas to live. migrants to a new location.
War, natural disaster, pollution, etc., are Fertile land, security, education, etc., are
2.
the push factors. a few pull factors.
 216 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 6

VII. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Explain the factors affecting the distribution of population.

Population distribution refers to the way in which people are spread out across the earth’s
surface. The world population is not uniformly distributed due to the following factors -

Physical Factors:
Physical factors include temperature, rainfall, soil, relief, water and natural vegetation,
distribution of minerals and availability of energy resources.

Historical Factors:
Regions with historical importance like river valleys, centres of war and constant invasion areas
fall under historical factors responsible for population distribution
6

Economic Factors:
Educational institutions, employment opportunities, manufacturing industries, luxurious
GEOGRAPHY

amenities, trade and commerce and other facilities encourage dense population in an area.

2. Describe the patterns of rural settlement with neat diagrams.

People are engaged in primary activities like agriculture, forestry, mining and fishery is known
as a rural settlement. Most of the world’s settlements are rural, that are mostly stable and
permanent.

Patterns of rural settlements:

i) Rectangular pattern:

Rectangular pattern of settlements

are found in plain areas or valleys. The roads
are rectangular and cut each other at right
angles.

ii) Linear pattern

In a linear pattern, the houses are

located along a road, railway line and along
the edge of the river valley or along a levee.

iii) Circular or semicircular pattern

The pattern of settlement that is
found around the lakes, ponds and sea coasts
are called circular or semi circular pattern.
Geography  Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 217

iv) Star like pattern

Where several metalled or
unmetalled roads converge, star shaped
settlements develop. In the star shaped
settlements, houses are spread out along the
sides of roads in all directions.

v) Triangular pattern
Triangular patterns of rural
settlement generally develop at the confluence
of rivers.

6
GEOGRAPHY
vi) T-Shaped, Y-Shaped, Cross-Shaped or Cruciform settlements:
T-shaped settlements develop at
tri-junctions of the roads (T), while Y-shaped
settlements emerge as the places where two
roads converge with the third one. Cruciform
settlements develop on the cross-roads which
extend in all four directions,which extend in
all four directions.
vii) Linear pattern
The arrangement of roads is almost
circular which ends at the central location or
nucleus of the settlement around the house
of the main landlord of the village or around a
mosque, temple or church.

ADDITIONAL
1. Migration towards cities are the main cause for the birth of slums. Justify.
• Migration is defined as the permanent or semi-permanent change of home of an individual
or a group of people over a significant distance from their place of origin.
• The causes of migration to cities may be physical (climate, drought, flood, earthquake,
volcanic eruption, epidemics etc.), social inequalities, economic opportunities, technology,
education, cultural clashes, war or political issues.
Birth of Slum areas:
• Poverty: Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums. With rapid shift
from rural to urban areas, poverty migrates to urban areas.
• Urbanization: The formation of slums is closely linked to the Urbanization.
 218 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 6

• Politics: Many local and government have for political interests, subverted, efforts to
remove, reduce or upgrade slums into better housing option for the poor.
• Poor Housing Planning: Lack of affordable low housing and poor planning encourages
the supply sides of slums.
• Poor Infrastructure & Social Exclusion: It’s forces people to adapt the conditions
beyond his/her control. Poor families that can’t afford transportation or those who simply
lack any form of affordable public transportation settle nearby their working area.
VIII. MAP SKILL.

A. On the outline map of the world mark the following.

1. An area of high density of population in Europe.
6

2. An area of low density of population in Australia.

3. Palk Bay.
GEOGRAPHY

4. A fracking banned country.

5. England - A country affected by ‘black death’.
6. Denmark - First country where the modern census was conducted.
7. River Hwang Ho.

nd
Engla R.
Ha
Denmark wn
Monaco gH
Newyork ay
kB o
Pal

Sydney
Geography  Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 219

B. On the outline map of Tamil Nadu mark the following.

1. A metropolitan city 2. A district with 7857 people per sq. km.
3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Palk Strait

Chennai

6
GEOGRAPHY
it
ra
St
lk
Pa

Gulf of Mannar

Activity
1. The population date of the five most densely populated districts of Tamil Nadu is
given below. (Find out the population density and their rank).  B.P.No.223

Population Population
District Area (Sq. Km.) Rank
(2011 census) Density
1. Chennai 178.2 46,46,732
2. Kanchipuram 7857 39,98,252
3. Vellore 6077 39,36,331
4. Thiruvallur 3424 37,28,104
5. Salem 5205 34,82,056
IX. HOTS.

1. Study your area and write down about its settlement pattern.
(Self Activity)


 220 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 7

GEOGRAPHY
MAPPING SKILLS
7 www.nammakalvi.org
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The new phase in topographical surveying in the 20th century is ……………

a) Toposheets b) Aerial photography
c) Maps d) Satellite imagery Ans: b)
7

2. …………… indicates the purpose of theme of the map.

a) Title b) Scale c) Direction
d) Legend Ans. (a)
GEOGRAPHY

3. Standard symbols that are used in map to convey a definite meaning are called
……………
a) Conventional signs and symbols b) Coordinates
c) Grid reference d) Directions Ans: a)
4. Which one of the following maps show us a very large area with less details?
a) Large Scale b) Thematic c) Physical d) Small scale Ans: a)
5. GPS consists of a constellation of …………… satellities.
a) 7 b) 24 c) 32 d) 64 Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL
6. A map is a basic tool of a ……………
a) Mathematician b) Scientist c) Geographer d) Soldier Ans: c)

7. The art of map making is called ……………

a) Cartography b) Radiography c) Oceanography d) Demography Ans: a)

8. Maps are drawn normally with …………… orientation.

a) East b) West c) South d) North Ans: d)

9. The …………… of a map helps to understand the map details.

a) Symbols b) Grid system c) Legend d) Direction Ans: c)

10. The ‘azimuthal’ polar projection is depicted on the flag of ……………

a) United Kingdom b) United Nations c) U.S.A d) SAARC Ans: b)

11. On the map, …………… colour is used to show international boundaries.

a) Red b) Pink c) Black d) Brown Ans: b)
Geography  Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 221

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.

1. The art and science of mapping - a) USA
2. Thematic mapping - b) Geoid
3. Actural shape of the Earth - c) Inmarsat
4. A satellite - d) Political map
5. NAVSTAR - e) Cartography Ans: 1-e 2-d 3-b 4-c 5-a

ADDITIONAL
6. Bhuvan - a) India
7. GLONASS - b) Sanskrit for Earth
8. Felix Nadar - c) Russia

7
9. NAVIC - d) Europe
10. GALILEO - e) French ballonist Ans: 6-b 7-c 8-e 9-a 10-d

GEOGRAPHY
III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS ARE CLOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN BELOW:

1. Assertion (A) : The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are
called coordinates.
Reason (R) : The lines that run horizontally and vertically are called Northings and Easting
respectively.
a) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
d) (A) is false; (R) are true. Ans: a)
2. Assertion (A) : The legend of a map does not help us to underastand the information in a
map.
Reason (R) : It is usually placed at the left or right corner at the bottom of the map.
a) (A) is false; (R) are true.
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: a)
ADDITIONAL
3. Assertion (A) : In Egypt, surveyors were called ‘rope stretchers’.
Reason (R) : Because, they used ropes to measure distances.
a) (A) is false; (R) are true.
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: d)
4. Assertion (A) : Lost vehicles cannot be tracked generally by satellite or aerial photographs.
Reason (R) : They can be tracked by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
 222 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 7

a) (A) is false; (R) are true.

b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: b)
IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Name the different methods to represent the Earth.

Maps and Globes are the different methods to represent the Earth.

2. What is a map?
• A map is defined as the miniature image of the 3 dimensional earth’s surcace on a paper/
cloth or any flat surface.
7

• Maps can show a whole or part of the world.

3. What are the components of a map?
GEOGRAPHY

The components of the map are-

1. Title 4. Grid system 7. Conventional signs
2. Scale 5. Projection 8. Symbols
3. Direction 6. Legend

4. The distance between two cities A and B is 5 km. It is represented by a line of 5 cm

on the map. Calculate the distance and give the answer in RF.
Distance on the map 5cm
To find Representative Fraction (RF) = =
Distance on the ground 5km
1 cm = 1 km
RF = 5 cm / 5 km
so, 5 : 500000 (or) 1 : 100000
Therefore, RF is 1 : 1,00,000 cm

5. Mention a few surveying instruments.

A few surveying instruments are-
1. Chain 4. Dumpy level 7. Theodolite
2. Prismatic compass 5. Abney level 8. Total station
3. Plane table 6. Clinometre 9. GNSS

6. Define : Remote sensing.

• Remote sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthy objects without
touching them.
• ‘Remote’ means far way and ‘Sensing’ means observing or collecting information.
• Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance using a
various of tools and methods.
Geography  Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 223

7. What are the components of remote sensing?

The components of remote sensing are-
• Energy source
• Transmission path
• Target
• Sensor.
ADDITIONAL
8. Who is a cartographer?
• A cartographer is one who measures, analyzes and interprets geographical information to
create maps and charts.

7
• Cartographers draw maps or political, cultural and educational purposes.
9. What is the extent of India?

GEOGRAPHY
The main land of India extends from 8° 4’ N to 37°6’ N latitude and from 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E
Longitude. Here (°) is degree and (‘) is minutes.

10. What are the three methods of projection?

Protections are drawn to maintain the shape, area and directions. The three methods are –
• Projection on the surface of a cylinder
• Projection on to the surface on a cone
• Projection directly onto a flat plane
11. What are the three types of map symbols?
• Point symbols - Buildings, dipping tanks, trigonometrical beacons
• Line symbols - Railways, roads, power lines, telephone lines.
• Area symbols - Cultivated lands, ponds, orchards and vieyards.
V. GIVE REASONS:

1. Satellite imageries stimulate map making.

• Satellite images which are accurate photographs of the Earth’s surface allow cartographers
to precisely determine the location of roads, cities, rivers, and other features on the Earth.
• These images help cartographers create maps that are more accurate than ever before.
• Satellite images are great tools that allow cartographers to stay up-to-date.
2. Map is the basic tool of a geographer.
• Map is a two-dimensional drawing of the earth’s surface. It can be very simple or very
detailed.
• It shows natural landmarks like mountains and lakes and also show man-made boundaries
like state lines or roads and trails.
• For centuries, maps have been the primary way to record geographic information and the
primary way to get around.
 224 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 7

3. Grid references are essential to find the exact location of places on a map.
• The local of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude.
• In normal practice, latitude is started first and then comes the longitude.
• The latitude and longitude of a place can be expressed in units of degree, minutes and
seconds.
ADDITIONAL
4. Web cartography is one of the modern making techniques.
• The term Web cartography is associated with the design, production, display and use of
maps over the Web.
• The computer revolution transformed cartography replacing the traditional map with a
7

digital spatial database.

• The arrival of the World Wide Web in the early to mid 1990’s has changed the way in which
GEOGRAPHY

maps are created, published and used.

VI. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING.

1. Globe and Map.

S.No Globe Map

Globe is the three diamentional of the Map is a two dimensional presentation of
1.
Earth. Earth.
2. Globe is not portable and use Map is easy to use and portable.
Rotation and revolution of the Earth can Map can not be used for these purposes.
3.
be taught with the help of globe.
Conventional symbols cannot be shown Convention symbols are useful in the
4.
on the globle. maps

2. Large scale map and Small scale map:

S.No Large scale maps Small scale maps

Large scale maps show a small area in Small scale maps show a larger area in
1.
greater detail less detail.
2. They are guide maps or topographic maps They are wall maps or atlas maps.
Details of cities, towns and villages are They show important features like
3. shown in these map mountains, plateaus, continents and
countries.
4. The scale may be 1cm = 50 m or 1 km The scale may be 1cm = 100 km.
Geography  Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 225

3. Aerial photographs and Satellite imageries:

S.No Aerial photographs Satellite imageries

It covers a small area normally a few It covers a very large area which ranges
1.
square kilometers. from 3,500 to 30,000 Square Kilometers.
These photographs are taken from an Satellite imageries are taken from an
2.
altitude of a few hundred metres. altitude of a few hundred Kilometers.
Surveys are highly expensive. Much less expensive compared to aerial
3.
survey.
Surveys are adversely affected by bad It is not affected by bad weather.
4.
weather.

7
4. GIS and GPS

GEOGRAPHY
S.No GIS GPS
GIS stands for Global Positioning System. GPS stands for Geographical Information
1.
System.
GIS is a software program that helps GPS uses satellites that orbit Earth to
2. people use the information that is send information to GPS receivers that
collected from the GPS satellites are on the ground

VII. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH.

1. What do you mean by the term ‘scale of the map’? Explain its classifications.
A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground.
Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole Earth to show it on a piece of paper.
Scales can be represented in three methods. They are-

Statement scale:
• The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words.
• For example, one centimeter is to ten kilometers. It is expressed as 1 cm = 10 km.
Representative Fraction:
• It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance.
• It is usually abbreviated as R.F.
• It is stated as 1/100000 or 1:100000. This means that one unit on the map represents
100,000 of the same unit on the ground.
Liner (or) Graphical scale:
• Liner Scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts to show what these
markings represent on the actual ground.
• This scale helps in the direction measurement of distance on the map.
 226 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 7

2. Write a note on directions with relevant diagram.

• Maps are drawn normally with north orientation.
• North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the Earth.
• The top of the map always show the North and the bottom is the South.
• The Four directions such as East, West, North and South are called the Cardinal directions.
• Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North-South line with the North direction
represented by an arrow head
3. Explain the major uses of GPS? Explain about any one.
Major uses of GPS:
• Helps in providing accurate transport data
7

• Helps in minary searches and rescue in wars

• Acts as a reliable tourist guide
GEOGRAPHY

• Helps rescue efforts at the time accidents

• Speeding the delivery of emergency services
• Useful to find the lost vehicles
Disaster relief:
Weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring and environment protection can be done effectively
by using GPS. During the time of disaster, relief measures can be taken at the right time and
right direction with the help of GPS.

4. Bhavan has tremendous uses for scientists, policy makers and the general public
Justify.
• Bhuvan (Sanskrit for Earth) is a free internet based computer application launched by the
Indian Space Research Organisation.
• It was launched in 2009 which enables visualization of Indian Remote Sensing images
taken over a year ago.
• The Remote sensing images are taken by ISRO’s seven satellites including CartoSat-1 and
CartoSat – 2.
• Using Bhuvan, one can explore the places of interest, scenes of events in the news and
parts around the world by entering the names or places or co-ordinates.
• Bhuvan has tremendous used for scientists, academicians, policy makers and the general
public.
ADDITIONAL
5. Write the colour codes that are used with the map symbols.
The following colour codes are used with the map symbols-

Brown:
To mark the land or earth features such as contour lines, prominent rock, sand areas, dunes,
secondary of gravel roads brown colour will be used.
Geography  Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 227

Light blue:
This is colour is used to mark water features such as canals, coastlines, dams, lakes, ponds
rivers and water towers.

Dark blue:
National waterways are marked with dark blue colour.

Green:
This colour is used to mark the vegetative features such as golf course, nature boundaries,
orchards, recreation grounds woodland etc.

Black:
Construction features like roads, trcts, railways, buildings, bridges, cemeteries, wind pumps

7
communication towers, excavation sites, mines & boundaries are marked with black colour.

Red:

GEOGRAPHY
It is used to mark construction features such as national, arterial and main roadsm light houses
and marine lights.

Pink:
Pink colour is used to show international boundaries.

6. Differenciate the Satellite remote sensing and Aerial photography.

S.No Satellite remote sensing Aerial photography

High cost of satellite systems. Takes at Surveying can be planned and executed
1. least 10 years to plan, construct, test in a short time economically.
and launch
Satellites collect large amount of data of Takes more time to capture an area. Air
2.
the entire area in a short span craft needs to fly back and forth.
It allows global coverage and does not It covers a small area and needs
3.
require permission permission from authorities.
Satellite cicle the Earth. They can repeat Revists or repeatability involves extra
4.
and revisit easily cost.
Wheather does not affect the functioning Adversely affected by bad weather
5.
of satellite .
All information is digital. It can be easily It is an analogue record. So, no further
6. integrated with software for image improvement is possible after obtaining
improvement photographs.

VIII. MAP EXERCISE.

1. With the help of an atlas, mark the following on the outline map of Tamil Nadu.
a) The latitude and longitude of Chennai.
b) Mark the city located at 10° N and 78° E
c) Locate the city approximately on 11° N and 78° D
d) Find the latitude and longitude of Kanyakumari and mark it.
 228 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 7

Chennai
13.0827o N– 80.2709o E

Kozhikotu
9o N – 96o E
7

Madurai
10o N – 78o E
GEOGRAPHY

Kanyakumari
8.0883o N – 77.5385o E

IX. HOTS.

1. Can you imagine a world without satellites?

• It is very tough to imagine the world without satellites and people have to forget about the
usage of GPS without satellites, which all of us are used to.
• If you have to go anywhere, you should know the route, as no GPS will be available to show
you the route map. You would go way back to 20th century technology.
• The system that is used to check the weather conditions by the airline people would not be
available. No broadband, 4G/5G services would be available.

2. Imagine you are a cartographer. Draw the map of your area.

If I were is cartographer, I would know the physiography of my village. According to that, I
design my village and I safeguard the water Reservoirs like ponds, lakes, rivers, wells, canals and
also I increase the ground water level. Then I protease my village as sustainable development
village.

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Geography  Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 229

GEOGRAPHY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
8 RESPONDING TO DISASTERS
I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER. www.nammakalvi.org
1. One among the following is the first responder in case of a disaster.
a) Police officers b) Firefighters
c) Insurance agents d) Emergency medical Ans: a)

8
2. ‘Drop, Cover, Hold’ is a mock drill a vowal for ……………
a) Fire b) Earthquake c) Tsunami d) Riot Ans: b)

GEOGRAPHY
3. When you happen to see a fire break out, you will make a call to ……………
a) 114 b) 112 c) 115 d) 118 Ans: b)

4. Which of the following statements are untrue?

a) ‘Stop, Drop, Roll’ is for fire.
b) “Drop, Cover, Hold’ is for an earthquake.
c) ‘If sea water recedes back, run to higher places’ is for flood.
d) ‘If gunshots are head, drop to the ground and cover the head with hand’ is for riot. Ans: c)

5. Which of the following statements belongs to responding to earthquake?

a) Avoid, any place where police or security forces action is in progress.
b) Know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the
coast.
c) Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls and anything that could fall.
d) Before opening a door, feel it with the back of our hand. Ans: c)
ADDITIONAL
6. …………… is in a very active seismic area.
a) India b) China c) Japan d) Russia Ans: c)

7. The country that actually has more number of earthquakes is ……………

a) Japan b) Malaysia c) Australia d) Indonesia Ans: d)

8. Wildfires are common during hot and …………… periods.

a) Winter b) Vacation c) Dry d) Autumn Ans: c)

9. …………… tops in riot in the world followed by Nigeria, Iraq and India.
a) Pakistan b) Srilanka c) Egypt d) Syria Ans: d)
 230 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 8

II. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Who are the community’s first responders to disaster?

The community’s first responders to disaster are Police officers, Firefighters and Emergency
medical technicians.

2. What are the four phases of the Disaster Management cycle?

The four phases of the Disaster Management cycle are Planning, Prevention, Mitigation and
Preparedness

3. Though Japan has the densest seismic network, Indoneisa has the most number of
earthquakes. Why?
• Japan has the densest seismic network in the world.
8

• But, Indonesia has the most number of earthquakes because it is larger than Japan.
4. How many males and females per day die to fire in India?
GEOGRAPHY

• In India, every year about 25,000 on an average die due to fires.

• In this, it is estimated that about 42 females and 21 males die every day due to fire.
5. What should you do after a Tsunami?
• Tuned a local radio or television station for updated emergency information.
• Check ourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary.
• If someone needs to be rescued, call professional with the right equipment to help.
• Stay out of the building (house) if water remains around it.
III. Answer the Paragraph :

1. Write a short note on Tsunami.

• Tsunami is a Japanese word which means ‘harbour wave’. It is a series of waves in a
water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water generally in an ocean
or a large lake.
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all
have the potential to generate a tsunami.
• It can travel 700-800 km per hour with waves 10-30 meter high.
• It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communication and water supply.
• Tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure.
2. What do you do if you are indoors during earthquakes?
• DROP to the ground, take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture
and HOLD ON until the shaking stops.
• Protect by staying under the lintel of a inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table
or even under a bed.
• Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls and anything that could fall.
• Stay inside until the shaking stops and go outside.
Geography  Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 231

3. How do you respond to Tsunami?

• First of all, should find out the home, school, workplace or other frequently visited location
are in Tsunami hazard areas along the sea shore.
• Plan evacuation routes from the home, school, works place where tsunami poses a risk.
• Use a weather radio or stay tuned to a local radio or television station to keep informed of
local watches and warnings.
• Discuss tsunamis with the family members. Everyone should be aware of what to do when
tsunami strikes.
• Review flood and safety and precautionary measures with the family members.
4. Write three sentences about what to do during fire.

8
• Stay calm and pull the nearest fire alarm or call 112.
• Give the name, address and location of the fire.

GEOGRAPHY
• Donot hang up until the police dispatcher tells to do so.
• Walk, don’t run to the nearest exit
• Leave the building immediately.

ADDITIONAL
5. What should you do if you are trapped in a car during a civil unrest?
• Stay in the car as long as possible
• Unbuckle seatbelt, and those of any passengers, to be prepared to exit car quickly
• Keep the car moving as far as possible, whilst checking for possible escape routes
• Avoid hitting any protestors with the vehicle as this may turn the mob against me
• Do not mock the protestors by shouting, signalling or roar at them
• Remain as calm as possible to ensure what is going on around the area.
• Seek assistance or safety from the police as quickly.
• Listen to police instructions
• If the situation seems to be turning, leave my car and get out of the area on foot.
• Remember the life is more valuable than my car or any possessions inside
• Once personally safe (with or without your vehicle), call family or friends to rescue.
6. What to do during an earthquake if you were i) in outdoors ii) in moving vehicle.
Earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur later. Minimize the
movements to a few steps that reach a safe place nearby and stay indoors until the shaking has
stopped.

Out doors:
• Move away from buildings, trees, street lights and utility wires.
• The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings at exists and alongside exterior walls.
 232 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography  Unit 8

• Most of the earthquake related casualties result due to collapsing walls, flying glass and
falling objects. So, move to open space and stay there until the shaking stops.
Moving vehicle:
• Stop as quickly as safety permits.
• Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses and utility wires.
• Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges or ramps that
might have been damaged by the earthquake.
HOTS.

1. Why should you cut off all the branches of trees below 3 meteres of height standing
near your house? 
8

B.P.No.245
• Avoid to touch the power lines and the disturb the power supply to the house.
• Not to fall on our house at the time of cyclone.
GEOGRAPHY

• Not to a disturbance to the neighbours.

• If the leaves of the tree fall on the street and make the environment unclean.

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