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Midterm Notes 3

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Basher Biboy
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10 views

Midterm Notes 3

Uploaded by

Basher Biboy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS

INTRODUCTION:
The term beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the
applied forces are perpendicular to the bar.

In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear force and a bending
moment acting on the cross section of the bar. In the previous chapters, axial and
torsional loads often result in internal forces that are constant in the bar, or over
portions of the bar. The study of beams, however, is complicated by the fact that the
shear force and the bending moment usually vary continuously along the length of
the beam.

This chapter is concerned only with the variation of the shear force and the bending
moment under various combinations of loads and types of supports. Knowing the
distribution of the shear force and the bending moment in a beam is essential for the
computation of stresses and deformations.

SUPPORTS AND LOADS


Beams are classified according to their supports.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: CANTILEVER BEAM:

OVERHANGING BEAM:
A concentrated load, such as P, is an approximation of a force that acts over a very
small area. In contrast, a distributed load is applied over a finite area. The intensity w
of this loading is expressed as force per unit length (lb/ft, N/m, etc.). The load
distribution may be uniform, or it may vary with distance along the beam. The weight
of the beam is an example of distributed loading, but its magnitude is usually small
compared to the loads applied to the beam.

SHEAR-MOMENT EQUATIONS AND SHEAR-MOMENT DIAGRAMS


The determination of the internal force system acting at a given section of a beam is
straightforward: We draw a free-body diagram that exposes these forces and then
compute the forces using equilibrium equations.

However, the goal of beam analysis is more


involved—we want to determine the shear force
V and the bending moment M at every cross
section of the beam. To accomplish this task,
we must derive the expressions for V and M in
terms of the distance x measured along the
beam.
By plotting these expressions to scale, we
obtain the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam. The shear force and
bending moment diagrams are convenient
visual references to the internal forces in a
beam; in particular, they identify the maximum
values of V and M.

SIGN CONVENTIONS
`For consistency, it is necessary to adopt sign conventions for applied loading, shear
forces, and bending moments. We will use the conventions shown in the figure
shown, which assume the following to be positive:
1. External couples that are directed clockwise.
2. Shear forces that tend to rotate a beam element clockwise.
3. Bending moments that tend to bend a beam element concave upward (the
beam smiles)

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT


DIAGRAMS
The following is a general procedure for obtaining shear force and bending moment
diagrams of a statically determinate beam:
1) Compute the support reactions from the FBD of the entire beam.
2) Divide the beam into segments so that the loading within each segment is
continuous. Thus, the end-points of the segments are discontinuities of
loading, including concentrated loads and couples.
Perform the following steps for each segment of the beam:
1) Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within the segment, located at a
distance x from the left end of the beam, that cuts the beam into two parts.
2) Draw a FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of
the cutting plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V
and M acting in their positive directions.
3) Determine the expressions for V and M from the equilibrium equations
obtainable from the FBD.
4) Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown, (b) the maximum value of the bending moment in the
beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown, (b) the maximum value of the bending moment in the
beam.
AREA METHOD FOR DRAWING SHEAR-MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Useful relationships between the loading, shear force, and bending moment can be
derived from the equilibrium equations. These relationships enable us to plot the
shear force diagram directly from the
load diagram, and then construct the
bending moment diagram from the
shear force diagram. This technique,
called the area method, allows us to
draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams without having to
derive the equations for V and M.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Construct the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam shown
by the area method. Neglect the weight
of the beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Construct the shear force
and bending moment
diagrams for the beam
shown by the area
method. Neglect the
weight of the beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
Construct the shear
force and bending
moment diagrams for
the beam shown by the
area method. Neglect
the weight of the beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6
Construct the shear force
and bending moment
diagrams for the beam
shown by the area method.
Neglect the weight of the
beam.
Sample Problem #7
Construct the shear force
and bending moment
diagrams for the beam
shown by the area method.
Neglect the weight of the
beam.

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