SAMPLING AND

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
EXPLORING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS OF
SAMPLE MEANS
LESSON OBJECTIVES:

In this lesson, you will be able to:

• illustrate random sampling
• distinguish parameter from statistic;
and
• construct sampling distribution of
sample means
Differentiate Statistic from Parameter
 Statistic Parameter

Refersto the Refersto a numerical

numerical index index describing a
describing a characteristic of a
characteristic of a population
sample
Sample
is a group in a research study on which
information is obtained.
Population
a group to which the results of the study are
intended to apply

Sampling
refers to the process of selecting the sample of
individuals who will participate as a part of the
study.
A. Random Sampling

is the process whose members had an equal

chance of being selected from the
population; it is also called probability
sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1.SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING is a process of selecting
n sample size in the population via random numbers
or through lottery.

2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING is a process of selecting a

kth element in the population until the desired
number of subjects or respondents is attained.
Example: For instance, we have the data shown
below; say we want to consider every 5th on the list.

23 34 12 14 13 23 24 39 27 23
12 15 16 23 26 28 23 22 19 34
25 22 18 30 23 24 17 18 15 12

Therefore, the samples from every 5th from left to right

are 13, 23, 26, 34, 23, and 12.
 3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING is a process of subdividing the
population into subgroups or strata and drawing
members at random from each subgroup or stratum.

Example: Given that a population of a certain

university.
Field of Specialization Population
Nursing 6, 000
Accountancy 500
Management 2,000
Marketing 1,000
Education 2,500
Total 12, 000
Field of Population Percentage Sample Size Found by
Specialization
Nursing 6, 000 50.00 2,728 0.5000 x 5,455

Accountancy 500 4.16 227 0.0416 x 5,

455
Management 2,000 16.66 909 0.1666 x 5,
455
Marketing 1,000 8.33 455 0.0833 x 5,
455
Education 2,500 20.33 1,136 0.2033 x 5,
455
Total 12, 000 100.00 5,455

Therefore, the total sample size is 5, 455.

4. CLUSTER SAMPLING is a process of selecting clusters
from a population which is very large and widely
spread out over a wide geographical area.

Example: If we want to know the opinion of the

residents of Manila regarding the improvement of
living in the city. We may use the cluster sampling by
subdividing the city into district then select at random
the number of district to be used as sample.
B. Non – Random Sampling is a sampling procedure
where samples are selected in a deliberate manner
with little or no attention to randomization; it is also
called non-probability sampling.

1. Convenience sampling is a process of selecting a

group of individuals who (conveniently) are available
study.
Example: A researcher may only include close friends
and clients to be included in the sample population.
2. Purposive sampling is a process of selecting based
from judgement to select a sample which the
researcher believed, based on prior information, will
provide the data they need. The advantage of
purposive sampling is that the researcher’s judgement
may be in error—he or she may not be correct in
estimating the representative of a sample or their
expertise regarding the information needed. It is also
called non-probability sampling.
Example: A human resource director interviews the
qualified applicants in a supervisory position. (Note:
Qualified applicants are selected by the HR Director
which is based from his own judgement.)
3. Quota Sampling is applied when an investigator
survey collects information from an assigned number,
or quota of individuals from one of several sample
units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria or belonging
to one stratum. Their advantage is that they are
cheaper to administer.
Example: When the respondents are composed of
men aged over 30 or 20 people who have bought
cellular phones in the last week, it is in the
interviewer’s discretion which men or cellular phone
buyers they select.
4. Snowball sampling is a technique in which one or
more members of a population are located and used
to lead the researchers to other members of the
population.

Example: Imagine attempting to obtain the frame

that includes all homeless people in Metro Manila. To
obtain a sample of homeless individuals, for example,
the researcher will interview individuals on the street
or a homeless shelter.
5. Voluntary sampling is a technique when sample
are composed of respondents who are self-select into
the study/survey. Most of the time samples have a
strong interest in the topic of the study.

Example: Consider a news show asking their views to

participate in an on-line poll. The samples are viewers
who have chosen themselves and not the survey
administrator.
6. Judgment sampling is a technique when the
researcher relies on his/her personal/sound judgment
in choosing to participate in the study or the sample
selected is based on the opinion of an expert.

Example: In a study wherein a researcher wants to

know what it takes to be a topnotcher in a bar
examination, the only people who can give the
researcher firsthand advise are individuals ho are bar
topnotcher.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN

Population distribution is the probability distribution of

the population data. The probability of sample mean
is called sampling distribution. The sampling
distribution is the list of various values of 𝑥ҧ can assume
and the probability of each value of sample mean
𝑥ҧ .
Sampling distribution of sample means is a probability
distribution consisting of all possible sample means of
a given sample size n selected from a population N,
and the probability of occurrence with each sample
mean.
Sampling distribution can be applied in two ways with
replacement and without replacement. Sampling
with replacement is when a datum is chosen from the
population to form the sample frame and is returned
to the population in which it has a chance to be
chosen again. On the contrary, sampling without
replacement is when a datum, once chosen from the
population, will not be returned in the population
frame.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

is a frequency distribution using the means computed

from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population.

The number of samples of size n that can be drawn

from a population of size N is given by 𝑁𝐶𝑛
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEANS
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can
be drawn from the population using the formula 𝑁𝐶𝑛 ,
where N is the size of the population and n is the size
of the sample.
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean
of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample
means obtained in Step 2.
EXAMPLE 1
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5.
List all possible samples of size 3 from this population
and compute the mean of each sample.

Solution:

Using the formula 𝑁𝐶𝑛 :

5𝐶3 = 10 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00
 Sample 3.67 5.00 5.33 5.67 6.00 6.33 7.00 7.67 8.00
mean
Frequency 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Probability 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Sampling error is the difference between the
sample mean and the population mean. It is
the error due to sampling. Thus,

Sampling error = 𝑋ത − 𝜇
Example 2:
Using the sample means obtained in Example
1, compute the sampling error for each of the
samples.

Solution:

2+4+9+10+5 30
μ= = =6
5 5
 Sampling error = 𝑋ത − 𝜇
Sample 3.67 5.00 5.33 5.67 6.00 6.33 7.00 7.67 8.00
Mean (𝑿ഥ)
Sampling -2.33 -1.00 -0.67 -0.33 0 0.33 1.00 1.67 2.00
error
Example 3:
Samples of 3 cards are drawn at a random
from a population of 8 cards numbered from
1 to 8. How many possible samples can be
drawn? Construct the sampling distribution of
sample means and the histogram of the
sampling distribution of the means.