In this session, you will learn :

▪ IoT tools and developing applications through IoT tools

▪ Sensors
▪ Embedded Systems
▪ Developing sensor based application through embedded system platform
IoT Tools
 IoT Tools
▪ IoT Tools stands for the Internet of Things Tools.
▪ It is a network or connection of devices, vehicles, equipment applying
embedded electronics, home appliances, buildings and many more.
▪ This helps in collecting and exchanging different kinds of data.
▪ It also helps the user to control the devices remotely over a network.
▪ IoT has opened many new horizons for companies and developers working on
IoT.
▪ Many exceptional products have been developed due to IoT app
development.
▪ These tools help the developers to explore and create innovative IoT
applications and devices.
▪ These tools can help you to pursue your career in IoT and contribute to the
IoT development society.
▪ In further slides we will see some top IoT tools and discuss about them
 IOT Tools (Contd.)
▪ Intel® Edison Development
▪ Intel® Edison Development Platform is the first in a series of low-cost, product-
ready, general purpose compute platforms that help lower the barriers to entry
for entrepreneurs of all sizes—from pro-makers to consumer electronics and
companies working on the Internet of Things (IoT).
▪ Intel Edison board is a single-board computer platform that helps you build
amazing stuff just like the Arduino.
 IOT Tools (Contd.)
▪ You can use platforms like Arduino and Eclipse with Edison.
▪ This board uses an Intel Atom processor with a dual-core CPU at 500 Mhz and
a microcontroller at 100 Mhz.
▪ The Edison board sports 1GB of memory, 4GB of storage, and even has Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth 4.0 capabilities.
▪ It also has 40 GPIOs for plugging in all the crazy sensors and motors you can
think of.
 IOT Tools (Contd.)
▪ Tessel 2
▪ It is used to build basic IoT prototypes and applications.
▪ It helps through its numerous modules and sensors.
▪ Using Tessel 2 board, a developer can avail Ethernet connectivity, Wi-Fi
connectivity, two USB ports, a micro USB port, 32MB of Flash, 64MB of RAM.
Additional modules can also be integrated like cameras, accelerometers, RFID, GPS,
etc.
▪ Tessel 2 can support Node.JS and can use the libraries of Node.JS. It contains two
processors, its hardware uses 48MHz Atmel SAMD21 and 580 MHz MediaTek
MT7620n coprocessor.
▪ One processor can help to run firmware applications at high speed and the other
one helps in the efficient management of power
 IoT Tools (Contd.)
▪ Eclipse IoT
▪ This tool or instrument allows the user to develop, adopt and promote open source
IoT technologies.
▪ It is best suited to build IoT devices, Cloud platforms, and gateways. Eclipse supports
various projects related to IoT.
▪ These projects include open-source implementations of IoT protocols, application
frameworks and services, and tools for using Lua programming language which is
promoted as the best-suited programming language for IoT.
▪ Example is ESP8266
 IoT Tools (Contd.)
▪ Arduino
▪ Arduino is an Italy based IT company that builds interactive objects and
microcontroller boards.
▪ It is an open-source prototyping platform that offers both IoT hardware and software.
▪ Hardware specifications can be applied to interactive electronics and software
includes Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
▪ It is the most preferable IDEs in all IoT development tools.
▪ This platform is easy and simple to use.
 IoT Tools (Contd.)
▪ Raspbian
▪ This IDE is created for Raspberry Pi board.
▪ It has more than 35000 packages and with the help of precompiled
software, it allows rapid installation.
▪ It was not created by the parent organization but by the IoT tech
enthusiasts.
▪ For working with Raspberry Pi, this is the most suitable IDE available.
 sensor based applications
Sensors
▪ Sensors are synonymous to human sense organs.
▪ These are the eyes of modern electronic devices utilized to implement
automation in different practical fields.
▪ Sensors form the basic components of many systems, in which a process is
controlled based on the signals sensed by the sensors.
▪ Sensors are modern electronic devices used frequently to detect various
signals generated as a response to various natural or artificial ambient factors.
▪ A sensor converts a physical parameter into a signal, generally in terms of
voltage or current.
▪ The physical parameter that a sensor responds to may be temperature,
pressure, humidity, velocity, radiation, vibration, etc.
▪ Sensors are the main parts of many measurement devices like thermometer,
barometer, accelerometer, etc.
 Sensor Types
IoT Sensor Types
• Sensors are designed to respond to specific types of conditions in the physical
world, and then generate a signal (usually electrical) that can represent the
magnitude of the condition being monitored.
• Those conditions may be light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, or some other
more specific situation, such as the presence or absence of a gas or liquid.
• The common IoT sensors that will be employed include:
Temperature sensors Pressure sensors
Motion sensors Level sensors
Image sensors Proximity sensors
Water quality sensors Chemical sensors
Gas sensors Smoke sensors
Infrared (IR) sensors Acceleration sensors
Gyroscopic sensors Humidity sensors
Optical sensors
 Sensor Types
• Temperature sensors detect the
temperature of the air or a physical
object and convert that temperature
level into an electrical signal that can
be calibrated accurately reflect the
measured temperature.
• These sensors could monitor the
temperature of the soil to help with
agricultural output or the temperature
of a bearing operating in a critical
piece of equipment to sense when it
might be overheating or nearing the
point of failure.
 Sensor Types
Pressure sensors
Pressure sensors measure the pressure or force per unit area applied to the sensor and can detect
things such as atmospheric pressure, the pressure of a stored gas or liquid in a sealed system such
as tank or pressure vessel, or the weight of an object.

Motion sensors
Motion sensors or detectors can sense the movement of a physical object by using any one of
several technologies, including passive infrared (PIR), microwave detection, or ultrasonic, which
uses sound to detect objects. These sensors can be used in security and intrusion detection
systems, but can also be used to automate the control of doors, sinks, air conditioning and
heating, or other systems.

Level sensors
Level sensors translate the level of a liquid relative to a benchmark normal value into a signal. Fuel
gauges display the level of fuel in a vehicle’s tank, as an example, which provides a continuous
level reading. There are also point level sensors, which are a go-no/go or digital representation of
the level of the liquid. Some automobiles have a light that illuminates when the fuel level tank is
very close to empty, acting as an alarm that warns the driver that fuel is about to run out
completely.
 Sensor Types
Image sensors
Image sensors function to capture images to be digitally stored for processing. License plate
readers are an example, as well as facial recognition systems. Automated production lines can
use image sensors to detect issues with quality such as how well a surface is painted after leaving
the spray booth.

Proximity sensors
Proximity sensors can detect the presence or absence of objects that approach the sensor
through a variety of different technology designs. These approaches include:
•Inductive technologies which are useful for the detection of metal objects
•Capacitive technologies, which function on the basis of objects having a different dielectric
constant than that of air
•Photoelectric technologies, which rely on a beam of light to illuminate and reflect back from an
object, or
•Ultrasonic technologies, which use a sound signal to detect an object nearing the sensor
 Sensor Types
Water quality sensors
The importance of water to human beings on earth not only for drinking but as a key
ingredient needed in many production processes dictates the need to be able to sense and
measure parameters around water quality. Some examples of what is sensed and monitored
include:
•chemical presence (such as chlorine levels or fluoride levels)
•oxygen levels (which may impact the growth of algae and bacteria)
•electrical conductivity (which can indicate the level of ions present in water)
•pH level (a reflection of the relative acidity or alkalinity of the water)
•turbidity levels (a measurement of the amount of suspended solids in water)

Chemical sensors
Chemical sensors are designed to detect the presence of specific chemical substances which
may have inadvertently leaked from their containers into spaces that are occupied by
personnel and are useful in controlling industrial process conditions.
 Sensor Types
Gas sensors
Related to chemical sensors, gas sensors are tuned to detect the presence of combustible, toxic, or flammable gas in the
vicinity of the sensor. Examples of specific gases that can be detected include:
•Bromine (Br2)
•Carbon Monoxide (CO)
•Chlorine (Cl2)
•Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
•Ethylene (C2H4)
•Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O)
•Formaldehyde (HCHO)
•Hydrazine(s):
•(H2NNH2, CH3NHNH2, [CH3]2NNH2)
•Hydrogen (H2)
•Hydrogen Bromide (HBr)
•Hydrogen Chloride HCl)
•Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
•Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
•Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
•Nitric Oxide (NO)
•Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
•Ozone (O3)
•Peracetic Acid (C2H4O3)
•Propylene Oxide (C3H6O)
•Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
 Sensor Types
Smoke sensors
Smoke sensors or detectors pick up the presence of smoke conditions which could be an indication of a fire
typically using optical sensors (photoelectric detection) or ionization detection.

Infrared (IR) sensors

Infrared sensor technologies detect infrared radiation that is emitted by objects. Non-contact
thermometers make use of these types of sensors as a way of measuring the temperature of an object
without having to directly place a probe or sensor on that object. They find use in analyzing the heat
signature of electronics and detecting blood flow or blood pressure in patients.

Acceleration sensors
While motion sensors detect movement of an object, acceleration sensors, or accelerometers as they are
also known, detect the rate of change of velocity of an object. This change may be due to a free-fall
condition, a sudden vibration that is causing movement with speed changes, or rotational motion (a
directional change). One of several technologies that are employed in acceleration sensors include:
•Hall-effect sensors (which rely on measuring changes in magnetic fields)
•Capacitive sensors (which depend on measuring changes in voltage from two surfaces)
•Piezoelectric sensors (which generate a voltage that changes based on pressure from distortion of the
sensor)
 Sensor Types
Gyroscopic sensors
Gyroscopes or gyroscopic sensors are used to measure the rotation of an object and determine the rate of
its movement called the angular velocity, using a 3-axis system. These sensors enable the determination of
the object’s orientation without having to visibly observe it.

Humidity sensors
Humidity sensors can detect the relative humidity of the air or other gas, which is a measure of the amount
of water vapor contained in that gas. Controlling environmental conditions is critical in the production
processes of materials and humidity sensors enable readings to be taken and changes made to mitigate
increasing or decreasing levels. A common application is in HVAC systems to maintain desired comfort levels.

Optical sensors
Optical sensors respond to light that is reflected off of an object and generate a corresponding electrical
signal for use in detecting or measuring a condition. These sensors work by either sensing the interruption of
a beam of light or its reflection caused by the presence of the object. The types of optical sensors include:
•Through-beam sensors (which detect objects by the interruption of a light beam as the object crosses the
path between a transmitter and remote receiver)
•Retro-reflective sensors (which combine transmitter and receiver into a single unit and use a separate
reflective surface to bounce the light back to the device)
•Diffuse reflection sensors (which operate similarly to retro-reflective sensors except that the object being
detected serves as the reflective surface)
Sensor examples
Sensor examples
 Criteria for selecting Sensor
1. Accuracy required:
It is the difference between measured value and true value. Accuracy of the
sensor should be as high as possible.

2. Precision:
It is the ability to reproduce repeatedly with a given accuracy. It should be Very
high. Error between sensed and actual values should approach zero.

3. Sensitivity:
It is the ratio of change in output to a unit change of the input. It should be
chosen to allow sufficient output.

4. Operating range:
It is the difference between maximum and minimum value of the sensed
parameter. Sensors should have wide operating range and good accuracy over the
range.

5. Resolution:
It is the smallest change in the sensor which can differentiate. Sensors should
have high resolution.
 Criteria for selecting Sensor

6. Speed response:
Time taken by the sensor to respond should be minimum. Response time should
be very less.

7. Reliability:
Reliability of the sensor should be high. Mean time to failure (MTTF) should be
high. It results the increased life.

8. Maintenance should also be easy and frequency of maintenance required should

be less over the period.

9. Calibration:
Sensors need frequent calibration for many reasons. Hence, it should be easy to
calibrate. Drift should be as minimum as possible.

10. Cost:
Cost of the sensor should be low.
 Criteria for selecting Sensor

11. The nature of output required from the sensor whether the digital or analog
has to be considered while selecting a sensor.

12. Linearity:
Sensor’s curve should linear. The percentage of deviation from the best-fit linear
calibration curve should be less.

13. Environmental conditions:

Sensors should operate over wide environmental conditions such as temperature,
corrosion, pressure, shocks etc.

14. Interfacing:
Sensors should be compatible with different instruments for interfacing.

15. Size and weight:

Sensors should have small size and less weight.
 Classification of Sensors

Sensors can be ranked into various classification systems, but

for the sake of simplification, we have divided them into 5 core
classifications.
1.Active and Passive Sensors
2.Contact and Non-Contact Sensors
3.Absolute and Relative Sensors
4.Analog and Digital Sensors
5.Miscellaneous Sensors
 Classification of Sensors

1.Active and Passive Sensors

1. Active Sensors (also known as parametric sensors) are sensors that require an external
power source to operate. Examples of active sensors include GPS sensors and radar
sensors.
2. Passive Sensors (also called self-generated sensors) generate their own electric signal
and do not require any external power source. Examples of passive sensors include
thermal sensors, electric field sensing, and metal detecting.

2.Contact and Non-Contact Sensors

1. Contact Sensors are those that require physical contact with their stimulus. Familiar
examples of contact sensors are temperature and strain gauge sensors.
2. Non-Contact Sensors, on the other hand, require no physical contact. These types of
sensors include optical and magnetic sensors, as well as infrared thermometers.
 Classification of Sensors

3.Absolute and Relative Sensors

1. Absolute Sensors mimic its name by providing an absolute reading of its stimulus. For
example, a thermistor always measures the exact, or absolute, temperature reading.
2. Relative Sensors provide measurement to a fixed or variable measurement. An
example of a relative sensor would be a thermocouple, where the temperature
difference is measured, not the actual temperature.

4.Analog and Digital Sensors

1. Analog Sensors produce continuous analog output signals, proportional to its
measurement. A few examples of analog sensors are: accelerometers, pressure
sensors, light, and sound sensors.
2. Digital Sensors (also known as electronic or electrochemical sensors) convert the data
transmission, digitally. Examples include digital accelerometers, pressure, and
temperature sensors.
 Classification of Sensors

5. Miscellaneous Sensors
Of course, there are plenty of other types of sensors in the field and they would fall under
the ‘other’ or miscellaneous category. These include electric, biological, chemical,
radioactive and more.
Digital sensors : Principle and its advantage over analog sensors

• Unlike analog sensor, Digital Sensor

produce discrete values (0 and 1’s).
Discrete values often called digital or
binary signals in digital communication.
• Electronic sensors or electrochemical
sensors in which data conversion and data
transmission take place digitally are digital
sensors.
• These digital sensors are replacing analog
sensors as they are capable of overcoming
the drawbacks of analog sensors.
Digital sensors : Principle and its advantage over analog sensors

• The analog sensor consists of majorly three components such as senor,

cable, and transmitter. But, In digital sensors, the signal measured
directly converted into digital signal output inside the digital sensor
itself. So, this digital signal transmitted through cable digitally. There
are different types of digital sensors that overcome the disadvantages
of analog sensors.
• Switching from analog to digital sensors allow broadcasters to provide
increased image definition, due to the reason a digital signal might be
condensed far more than that of the analog signal.
 EMBEDDED SYSTEM
▪ The word embedded implies that some entity is homogeneously integrated
within a system.
▪ In the present day context, an embedded system is a hardware electronics
arrangement within which a software is loaded in the memory element to drive
the system to achieve its goal.
▪ The system may or may not be programmable depending on its application.
▪ An embedded system is a realization of a definition of some kind of automatic
process guided by a set of rules.
▪ The hardware and their response to the real time working environment are
bonded together by the embedded software.
▪ An embedded system can be visualized as a computational unit with essential
software, though it is not a computer in the conventional way
 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

▪ It can be specify as:

▪ A stand alone system designed to perform a particular task without any
human intervention.
▪ A hardware and software system intended to perform a specific job in
an efficient and cheaper way. An intelligent system capable of taking
input from the environment and produce appropriate response.
▪ A system capable of taking inputs from the environment along with
processing of the parameter to give a suitable output, all within a small
time period.
▪ The system which works conveniently in time critical situations where
responses in a specific time frame are required, because of its
capability of taking input processing-output actions very fast.
 Developing sensor based application
through embedded system platform
▪ Sensors and Embedded Systems work together to provide one of the most
important aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT).
▪ Detecting changes in an object (device or asset) and/or the environment,
allowing for capture of relevant data for real-time and/or post-processing.
▪ IoT demands a different set of microprocessors, drivers, peripherals, batteries
and operating systems than conventional Embedded System used in general
purpose computing systems.
▪ Conventional Embedded Systems are not competent to deliver what the IoT is
expecting from an embedded device networked in IoT and it brings great
challenges to develop or transform contemporary embedded system into an IoT
enabled smart embedded system.
▪ PRACTICAL DEMO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzrgHEDyE10
 Summary

▪ IoT tools and developing applications through IoT tools

▪ Sensors
▪ Embedded Systems
▪ Developing sensor based application through embedded system
platform
 THANK YOU!

Patkar Varde College,

Piramal Nagar, Goregaon West,
Mumbai, Maharashtra 400062.

[email protected] www.sdbi.in