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Periodic Table of Elements

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table of Elements, detailing its organization by atomic numbers and chemical properties, with a historical perspective on its development from early classification attempts to the modern periodic law established by Henry Mosley. It explains the characteristics of different groups and periods, highlighting the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, as well as the concept of reactivity and electron configuration. Additionally, it outlines the significance of valence electrons in determining the chemical behavior of elements.

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Marienelle Tamayo Bernardino
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17 views62 pages

Periodic Table of Elements

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table of Elements, detailing its organization by atomic numbers and chemical properties, with a historical perspective on its development from early classification attempts to the modern periodic law established by Henry Mosley. It explains the characteristics of different groups and periods, highlighting the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, as well as the concept of reactivity and electron configuration. Additionally, it outlines the significance of valence electrons in determining the chemical behavior of elements.

Uploaded by

Marienelle Tamayo Bernardino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GR_ _P

GROUP
M_ _AL
METAL
_ AM_ _Y
FAMILY
_ AB_ E
TABLE
E_ _M_ _TS
ELEMENTS
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Here is where your presentation
Angelica B. Fiesta begins
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
❖ Periodic table is a listing of
all known elements.
❖ The elements are organized
by:
1. Atomic numbers
2. Chemical properties
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
❖ There are already 118 elements
discovered as of 2019.
❖ These elements are arranged from left to
right and from top to bottom in an
increasing order of atomic numbers.
❖ The elements on the modern periodic
table which are organized based on
similarities of properties of elements.
HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS
JOHANN DöBEREINER (1817)
❖ First to try and classify the elements.
❖ Organized the elements into group of
three triads.
JOHANN DöBEREINER (1817)
❖ DöBEREINER’S LAW OF TRIADS
JOHN NEWLANDS (1863)
❖ Noted that there was
repetition of properties every
eighth element when atoms
were arranged according to
their atomic masses- Old
Periodic Law
-referred to this repetition as
the Law of Octaves.
Like octaves of musical notes
JOHN NEWLAND (1863)
DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)

❖ Considered the
father of the
modern
periodic table
DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)
❖ Mendeleev’s organization scheme vertically
grouped elements with similar properties.
-arranged atoms according to atomic mass also
-elements of smaller mass→ physical
properties repeated after seventh element.
-elements of larger mass→ physical properties
repeated after seventeenth element.
❖ This phenomenon in which
physical and chemical elements
are periodic function of their
atomic mass is called PERIODIC
LAW.
❖ So the Periodic Table is a visual
representation of this law.
DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)
❖ Mendeleev realized that
there were undiscovered
elements
❖ Mendeleev left blank spots in
the periodic table for these
undiscovered elements.
DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)
❖ Mendeleev’s table was fairly accurate but
there were a few more needed
modifications
❖ His table lacked Noble gases
❖ William Ramsay established the last group on
the periodic table-the inert gases
❖ He noticed that there was a difference in the
density of N, recovered from air and the N,
recovered from various compounds
HENRY MOSLEY
❖ Soon after Rutherford discovers the
proton, Mosley subjected known elements
to X-rays.
❖ He derives a relationship between the x-
ray frequency and the number of protons.
-this means he was able to measure the
number of protons in each atom with
accuracy and precession.
HENRY MOSLEY

❖ When Mosley arranged the elements


according to increasing atomic numbers
and not atomic masses, some of the
inconsistencies associated with
Mendeleev’s table were eliminated.
HENRY MOSLEY
❖ The modern periodic table is based on
Mosley’s Periodic Law (Modern Periodic
Law).
❖ Shown below is a periodic table from 1930
Modern Periodic Law

❖ states that the properties of


elements vary periodically
with atomic number.
GROUPS- vertical columns
Groups

❖ Columns of elements are called groups or


families
❖ Elements in each family have similar but
not identical properties.
❖ all elements in a family have the same
number of valence electrons.
PERIOD- horizontal rows
PERIOD
❖ Each horizontal row of elements is called
a period
❖ The elements in a period are not alike in
properties
❖ In fact, the properties change greatly
across even given row
❖ The first element in a period is always an
extremely active solid. The last elements
in a period is always an inactive gas.
❖ The group number corresponds to
the number of electrons in their
outermost shell. These outermost
shells are called VALENCE ELECTRONS.
The elements in group of the
periodic table have similar
chemical properties.
Features of GROUPS or
FAMILIES of ELEMENTS
Groups 1, 2 and 13 through 18
are called REPRESENTATIVE
ELEMENTS or MAIN GROUPS of
the periodic table.
Group 1- ALKALI METALS

• Very reactive, soft,


malleable, and ductile
• Good conductors of
heat and electricity
• With only one valence
electron
Group 2- ALKALINE EARTH
METALS
• Second most reactive
elements
• Malleable, ductile, and good
conductors of heat and
electricity but not as soft a
Group 1 elements
• With two valence electrons
Group 13- BORON GROUP

• Are post-transition metals,


except for Boron which is a
metalloid and Nihonium
which is a synthetic
chemical element that is
extremely radioactive
• With three valence electrons
Group 14- CARBON GROUP

•Also known as the Carbon


family,
•Elements in this family are
the key importance for
semiconductor technology
• With four valence electrons
Group 15-NITROGEN GROUP

• Known as Nitrogen
group
• With five valence
electrons
Group 16- CHALCOGENS

•Chalcogen is the new trivial


name recognized by the
International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry
• Widely known as Oxygen group
• Generally nonmetals
• With six valence electrons
Group 17- HALOGENS

•Salt former
•Exist in all three states of
matter.
•With seven valence
electrons
Group 18- NOBLE GASES

•Stable gases
•Non-reactive or inert
elements
•With eight valence
electrons except Helium
Group 3-12: TRANSITION METALS
•Hard (with Mercury as an exception)
•Malleable, ductile and good conductors of
electricity with one/or two valence
electrons
METALS

•Lustrous (shiny), malleable, hard, ductile


•Good conductors of heat and electricity.
NONMETALS

•Dull in appearance, brittle


•Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
METALLOIDS
•Have some properties of metal but behave
•Some
chemically like nonmetal in certain instances
are semi conductors, which means they will
insulate and conduct electricity.
REACTIVE AND
NONREACTIVE
METALS
The physical properties of metals
include luster, malleability, ductility,
and conductivity. Metals vary in
reactivity. The most reactive metals
will react even with cold water while the
least will not react even with acid. The
ease and speed with which a metal
reacts with another substance is called
its reactivity.
The reactivity of metals can cause
deterioration of materials. The
gradual wearing away of a metal due
to interaction with other substances
is called corrosion.
• A reaction does not always happen between a
metal and a compound.
• In this case, the reaction of metals with acid, like
HCl, produces bubbles of hydrogen and a colorless
solution of the metal chloride.
• There is an existing definite order of reactivity
existing among metals and hydrogen according to
their ability to displace one another.
• This arrangement is called the metal reactivity
series or activity series of metals.
• The activity series is an arrangement of metals
according to decreasing order of reactivity, as
shown below.
The Activity Series of Metals
• Metallic property relates to how easy
it is for an atom to lose an electron.
On the other hand, nonmetallic
property relates to how easy it is for
an atom to gain an electron. Why do
metals tend to lose electrons while
nonmetals tend to gain electrons?
• The behavior of electrons is complicated to
describe.
• However, we use a model of electronic structure
which presents a picture where electrons occupy
regions around the nucleus called electron shells.
• These are also called energy levels because each
electron shell corresponds to a particular energy.
• Each electron shell can hold only a certain number
of electrons.
• The way the electrons of an atom are distributed
in the various energy levels or electron shells is
called electronic configuration.
s can holds up 2
p can holds up 6
d can holds up 10
f can holds up 14
• The lowest energy level is the one nearest
to the nucleus.
• This is the energy level that electrons
occupy first.
• It can accommodate a maximum of 2
electrons.
• If there are more than 2 electrons, they
occupy the succeeding higher energy
levels.
• The highest energy level that an electron
occupies is referred to as the outermost
shell or valence shell.
• The electrons in the valence shells are
called valence electrons.
• These electrons are the ones involved in
chemical reactions.
• The chemical properties of an element
depend on the number of valence electrons.

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