Theorem If y = f(u) isa differentiable function of u and u = g(x) is a differentiable function of x such that the composite function Y = flg(x)] is a differentiable . dy_dy_ du function of x, then rn eo : [Mar 96, 98, 04, 14, 16; July 18; Oct 98, 99, 03, 15] Proof: Let 5x be a small increment in the value of x, Since u is a function of x, there should be a Corresponding increment Su in the value of u. Also y is a function of u. There should be a corresp: in the value of y. Consider, by x &y bu onding increment oy 6x. bu Sy Taking jim on both sides, we get tim = jim & 5 tiem SY BO Gx e905 be-90 Gy As 6x 0, 8u->0 «Luisa continuous functio 5 & bu im = lim = i Jim 2 = jms «ine +i) y isa differentiable functio, differentiable function of x, n of x] n of u and u is a tim =% exists and is finite. . di @ scanned with OKEN Scanner- du du : . : im — = — ts and is finite. Also, jim a de exists and is From (i), we get . im = & , du wii see du oe Gi) Here, R.H.S. of (ii) exists and is finite. Hence, L.H.S. of (ii) should also exists and be finite. tim 2 = exists and is finite. ox = dx Equation (ii) becomes yy du dx du dx This is called composite rule or chain rule. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTheorem Suppose y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x on an interval I and y is one-one, onto and 4 OonI. Abe if f(y) ia aiteretOle on 7 @, then r= ot O=s a a Where 4 YY a 0. fi 7) )° = [Mar 99, 03, 05, 06, 09, 13, 17 (old course); Oct 96, 02, 04, 05, 06, 13; July 16, 17, 19] Proof : Alternate Proof: We know that f' [f(x)]=x __...[Identity function] Taking derivative on both the sides, we get < fe@l= £ @) Ye] £ fe@y=1 GY F@£@=1 PY EO= Fy ax) So, if y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x andx=f! () exists and is oe then “ly “ly (yy = FY F@I= EY OW = $ and r@- = at (i) ie Sed vy yy 5 wi oe cd a? Q de @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTheorem If x =f (t) and y = g(t) are two differentiable functions of parameter t such that y is a differentiable function of x, then prove that . gy)" - dy _| at | ax rr dx ag #0: dt [Mar 00, 05, 19; Oct 97, 00, 14] Proof : . x and y are differentiable functions oft. Let there be a small increment &t in the value of t. Correspondingly, there should be a small increments dx, Sy in the values of x and y respectively. As 5t > 0, 8x > 0, fy 3 0 by oy _ Bt. . Consider, Se ox ét Taking lim on both sides, we get sy im lim OY _ 5t0 6t 8140 Gx . Ox lim — 840 §t Since x and y are differentiable.’ functions of t, 8 vt jm = 2 exists and is finite. nd} lim bt : _ @ scanned with OKEN Scannera dx. : : tim =— exists and is finite. 8&0 §t dt dy by _ | dt ise | ae dt dy dy _| at ne ‘ik (as 5t > 0, dx > 0) “(dt Limits on right hand-side exists and are finite. Limits on the left hand side should also exists and be finite. lim y -2 exists and is finite. &30 bx dy . dy | at | -dx rs ox ane? dt @ scanned with OKEN Scanner- parallel to OA, meeting OB ta M A Theorem 2: _ Let aand 6 be non-collinear vectors. A vector r is coplanar with aand 6 if and only if there exist unique scalars t; t2, such that r =t,at+t,b. Proof: . Only If-part: Suppose fF is coplanar with aand b. To show that their exist unique scalars t, and t, such that T=trattb. Let a be along OA and b be along OB. Given a vector r, with initial point O, Let ta OP =r, draw lines parallel to OB, meeting OA in M and 0 inN. Then ON = t)b and OM = tia for some ti, t, e R. By triangle law or parallelogram law, we have T=tattb If Part: Suppose T =t;a+ tyb, and we have to show that r, a | and b are co-planar. As a, bare coplanar, t14, t2b are also coplanar. Therefore t, 4+ t)b, a,b are coplanar. Therefore 2,6, rare coplanar. in @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTheorem 3 : Three vectors a, b and care coplanar, if and only if there exists a non-zero linear combination xatyb+zc = 0 with (x, y, z) # (0, 0, 0). Proof: Only If - part: Assume that a, 6 and care coplanar. Case - 1: . * Suppose that any.two of a, b and care collinear vectors, say a and b. There exist scalars x, y at least one of which is non-zero such that xa +yb = 0 ie. xat yb + 0c = 0 and @, Ys 0) is the required solution forxatyb +zc = 0. Case - 2: No two vectors a,b and ¢ are collinear. Ase iscoplanar with a and b, we have scalars x, y such that ce =xat yb (using Theorem 2). xa +yb —c = 0 and @ y—M) i is the required solution forxa +yb —ze = 0. If - part: Conversely, suppose xa + yb —zc = 0 where one of x, y, z is non-zero, say z# 0. is coplanat with a and b. and care coplanar vectors. oe @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDirection Angles and Direction Cosines: The direction angles of a non-zero vector a are angles a, B and y (€[0, x]) that a makes with the positive X, Y and zZ axes respectively. These angles completely determine the direction of the vector a. The cosines of these direction angles, that is cos 0, cos, cosy are called the direction cosines (d.c.s) of vector a. If @ is the angle between i (unit vector) along X-axis and a = ai+a,j+a,k, then ad _ (ai+a,i+ak) i -U2 Sr =a i [ale lal’ Similarly cos B = “2 and cosy= =, kl fal where [al = fatata. By squaring and adding, we get cos’a. + cos”B + cos”y cos a= lel -p As |a| =al+at+al 2. cos’a. + cos’B + cos’y=1 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner