Page 1 of 22

1. Fig. 1.1 shows a stainless-steel saucepan being heated on an electric cooker. The
saucepan contains water.

Fig. 1.1
a) State what happens to the water particles as the water temperature
increases. ........................................................................................................ [1]
b) The saucepan contains 250cm3 of water. The specific heat capacity of water is
4200J/(kg°C). The density of water is 1000kg/m3.
i) Show that the mass of the water in the saucepan is 0.25kg.

[2]
ii) Calculate the energy required to increase the water temperature from 20°C
to 65°C.

energy = ......................................................... [3]

iii) The heater supplies enough power to heat the water in 39s. A student
measures the time taken to heat the water as 115s. Suggest why the actual
 Page 2 of 22

time taken to heat the water is longer. Assume that the student takes
accurate
measurements. ..............................................................................................
................ .................................................................................................. [1]
c) The stainless-steel saucepan is replaced with an aluminium saucepan of the
same mass. It contains the same volume of water.
The specific heat capacity of stainless steel is 500J/(kg°C).
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 890J/(kg°C).
Explain how using an aluminium saucepan will affect the time taken to heat the
water. ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... .........
............................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 9]

2. A large test-tube contains a liquid at room temperature. An electric heater is

immersed in the liquid and is switched on. Thermal energy is supplied to the liquid
by the heater. The temperature of the liquid increases until it reaches its boiling
point. The liquid then starts to change into gas.
a) Describe, in terms of molecules and their motion, how a liquid differs from a
gas. .....................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................. ...........
........................................................................................................ ....................
............................................................................................... .............................
......................................................................................
[3]
b) Describe what happens to molecules of the liquid as its temperature begins to
increase. ..............................................................................................................
..... ................................................................................................................... ...
................................................................................................................
[2]
c) i) Explain, in terms of molecules, why a supply of thermal energy is needed to
change the liquid into a
gas. .....................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
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[1]
ii) The density of the liquid in the test-tube is 0.86g/cm3. The volume of liquid
in the test-tube is 50cm3.
The liquid reaches its boiling point. It now absorbs 18000J of thermal
energy and all of the liquid changes into a gas.
Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of this liquid.

specific latent heat = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

3. a) Fig. 3.1 shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles
(Brownian motion).

Fig. 3.1
The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.
The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the
microscope.
i) Draw the path of one of the bright specks of light.
 Page 4 of 22

[2]
ii) Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the
motion of the smoke
particles. ...........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
[4]
b) The temperature of the air in a sealed glass container is increased.
i) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the internal energy of the air
increases. ....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
[1]
ii) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air also
increases. ....................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................... .
...........................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows the speed-time graph for a vehicle accelerating from rest.

Fig. 4.1
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a) Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time = 30s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
b) Without further calculation, state how the acceleration at time = 100s compares
to the acceleration at time = 10s. Suggest, in terms of force, a reason why any
change has taken
place. ....................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
[3]
c) Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time = 120s and time
= 160s.

distance = ...........................................................[3]
d) State four types of motion.
1. .........................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................
3. .........................................................................................................
4. .........................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 11]

5. a) State two ways that evaporation differs from boiling.

1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
[2]
b) Describe the movement of the molecules in
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i) a
solid, ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
ii) a
gas. ................................................................................................................ .
...............................................................................................................
[2]
c) A closed box contains gas molecules. Explain, in terms of momentum, how the
molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the
box. .......................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.......
[4]
[Total: 9]

6. Fig. 6.1 shows a cold plastic spoon that has just been placed in hot liquid in a
cup.

Fig. 6.1
a) Describe, in terms of molecules, why the temperature of the whole of the
spoon
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increases. ........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
................. .......................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
....... [3]
b) The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon. Describe an additional
process by which the temperature of the whole of this spoon
increases. ........................................................................................................
................. .......................................................................................................
.................. ......................................................................................................
......... [2]
c) The cup contains 150g of liquid of specific heat capacity 4.2J/(g°C). When
the cold spoon is placed into the hot liquid, the temperature of the liquid
decreases from 80°C to 56°C.
Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.

energy loss = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

7. a) Define
acceleration. .........................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
........ [1]
b) Fig. 7.1 shows the speed-time axes for the graph of the motion of a car.
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Fig. 7.1
i) The car starts from rest.
From time = 0 to time = 15s, the car has a constant acceleration to a
speed of 28m/ s.
From time = 15s to time = 32s, the car has a constant speed of 28m/ s.
From time = 32s, the car has a constant deceleration of 2.0m/ s2 until it
comes to rest.
On Fig. 7.1, draw the graph, using the space below for any calculations.

[5]
ii) From time = 15s to time = 32s, the path of the car is part of a circle.
For this motion, state
1. the direction of the resultant force on the
car, ...............................................................................................................
.......
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2. what happens to the velocity of the

car. ...............................................................................................................
.......
[2]
[Total: 8]

8. a) Explain why momentum is a vector

quantity. ................................................................................................................
.....[1]
b) The crumple zone at the front of a car is designed to collapse during a
collision.

Fig. 8.1
In a laboratory test, a car of mass 1200kg is driven into a concrete wall, as
shown in Fig. 8.1.
A video recording of the test shows that the car is brought to rest in 0.36s
when it collides with the wall. The speed of the car before the collision is
7.5m/s.
Calculate
i) the change of momentum of the car,

change of momentum = ...........................................................[2]

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ii) the average force acting on the car.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

c) A different car has a mass of 1500kg. It collides with the same wall and all of
the energy transferred during the collision is absorbed by the crumple zone.
i) The energy absorbed by the crumple zone is 4.3 × 105 J. Show that the
speed of the car before the collision is 24m/s.

[2]
ii) Suggest what would happen to the car if it is travelling faster than 24m/s
when it hits the
wall. ..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 8]

9. a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to

calculate impulse.
force and mass force and velocity
mass and time time and velocity
weight and velocity force and time
[1]
b) Fig. 9.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth,
horizontal surface.
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Fig. 9.1
Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4kg, is moving at 3.0m/s. Block B, of
mass 1.2kg, is at rest.
After the collision, blocks A and B stick together and move with velocity v.
i) Calculate
1. the momentum of block A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]
2. the velocity v,

velocity = ...........................................................[2]
3. the impulse experienced by block B during the collision.

impulse = ...........................................................[2]
ii) Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks A and B after the collision is
less than the kinetic energy of block A before the
collision. .......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
..... [1]
[Total: 8]
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10. A balloon contains a fixed mass of gas.

a) Explain, in terms of the momentum of molecules, how the gas in the balloon
exerts a
pressure. ..........................................................................................................
................ .........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
................. ........................................................................................................
..................
[2]
b) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the gas increases when
the volume of the balloon decreases. The temperature of the gas is constant.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[2]
c) The initial volume of the gas is 500 cm3 and its pressure is 1.1 x 105 Pa. The
volume is reduced to 200 cm3. The temperature of the gas is constant.
Calculate the new pressure.

pressure = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
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1. A tennis ball falls from the upstairs window of a house.

What can be said about the acceleration of the ball if air resistance is ignored?
A. It depends on the density of the ball.
B. It depends on the mass of the ball.
C. It increases as the ball falls.
D. It stays the same as the ball falls.

2. A car joins a road at a speed of 14 m/s and accelerates at 4.0 m/s2 for 5.0
seconds. What is the final speed of the car?
A. 18 m/s B. 20 m/s C. 32 m/s D. 34 m/s

3. A resultant force of 500 N acts for 10 s on a car of mass 1000 kg. This causes the
velocity of the car to double. What is the final velocity of the car?
A. 5 m/s B. 10 m/s C. 20 m/s D. 50 m/s

4. A pollen grain in a beaker of still water is viewed through a microscope.

Which diagram shows the most likely movement of the pollen grain?
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5. Diagram 1 shows apparatus being used to observe smoke particles.

Diagram 2 shows how a smoke particle moves randomly.

Why do the smoke particles move randomly?

A. They are hit by air molecules.
B. They are less dense than air.
C. They are moved by convection currents.
D. They gain energy from the light.

6. When molecules of a gas rebound from a wall of a container, the wall

experiences a pressure.
What is the cause of this pressure?
A. the change in energy of the molecules
B. the change in momentum of the molecules
C. the change in power of the molecules
D. the change in speed of the molecules

7. A scalar quantity has

A. magnitude and direction. B. no magnitude and no
direction.
B. magnitude but no direction. D. direction but no magnitude.

8. Why are small gaps left between the metal rails of a railway track?
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A. to allow for expansion of the rails on a hot day

B. to allow for contraction of the rails on a hot day
C. to allow for expansion of the rails on a cold day
D. to allow for contraction of the rails on a cold day

9. Object X moves to the right along a frictionless surface towards a

stationary object Y, as shown.

They make a noise as they collide and then both objects move to the
right. Which equation is correct?
A. change in momentum of X = change in momentum of Y
B. impulse of force acting on X = impulse of force acting on Y
C. kinetic energy of X before collision = (kinetic energy of X + kinetic
energy of Y) after collision
D.momentum of X before collision = (momentum of X + momentum
of Y) after collision.

10. Which row correctly describes a liquid that is boiling?

11. A ball has a mass of 2.0 kg. The ball approaches a wall at a speed of
3.0 m/s and rebounds at a speed of 1.0 m/s.

What is the impulse on the wall?

A. 4.0 N B. 4.0 Ns C. 8.0 N D. 8.0 Ns
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12. A satellite orbits the Earth in an anticlockwise direction at constant speed, as

shown. When the satellite is in the position shown, in which direction does the
resultant force act upon it?

13. A ball is thrown vertically upwards through the air. Air resistance acts
on the ball. Which graph shows how its speed varies with time?

14. Some gas is trapped in a container of fixed volume. The temperature

of the gas increases. Which graph shows how the pressure of the gas
changes with temperature?
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15. Two metal blocks X and Y are at room temperature. Each block is
heated so that its temperature rises by 10°C.
The blocks are now allowed to cool back to room temperature.
Block Y has a greater thermal capacity than block X.
Which block needs more thermal (heat) energy to heat it up by 10°C
and which block loses more thermal (heat) energy as it cools back to
room temperature?

16. A circular metal disc is heated. Which quantity decreases?

A. its density B. its diameter

C. its thickness D. its volume

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17. The same quantity of thermal (heat) energy is given to two objects X
and Y. The temperature rise of object X is less than the temperature
rise of object Y. What accounts for this difference?
A. X has a larger thermal capacity than Y.
B. X is a better thermal conductor than Y.
C. Y has a larger thermal capacity than X.
D. Y is a better thermal conductor than X.

18. When steam condenses it becomes liquid water. When liquid water
solidifies it becomes ice. What happens to the temperature of steam
while it is condensing, and what happens to the temperature of water
while it is solidifying?

19. Which line in the table shows the relative expansion of the three
states of matter from the most expansion to the least expansion?

20. The diagram shows four beakers A, B, C and D. The beakers contain
different amounts of the same liquid at the same temperature. The
beakers are left next to each other on a laboratory bench overnight.
The diagrams are all drawn to the same scale.
From which beaker does the largest quantity of liquid evaporate?
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21. A beaker

contains 0.500kg of water at a temperature of 3.0°C. The beaker is

heated, and the internal energy of the water increases by 21.0kJ.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200J /(kg°C).
What is the temperature of the water after it has been heated?
A. 5.5°C B. 10.0°C C. 13.0°C D. 31.5°C

22. A substance loses thermal energy (heat) to the surroundings at a

steady rate. The graph shows how the temperature of the substance
changes with time.

What could the portion PQ of the graph represent?

A. gas condensing B. gas cooling
C. liquid cooling D. liquid solidifying

23. An object of mass 50kg accelerates from a velocity of 2.0m/s to a

velocity of 10 m/s in the same direction. What is the impulse provided
to cause this acceleration?
A. 250Ns B. 400Ns C. 850Ns D. 2500Ns

24. The speed-time graph shown is for a car moving in a straight line.
 Page 20 of 22

What is the acceleration of the car when the time is 40s?

15−3 2 15 2
A . 0 m/s
2
B. m/s C. . m/ s D. ( 15−3 ) m/s2
40 40

25. A diver under water uses breathing apparatus at a depth where the pressure is
1.25 × 105Pa.

A bubble of gas breathed out by the diver has a volume of 20cm3 when it is
released. The bubble moves upwards to the surface of the water.
At the surface of the water, the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 105Pa.
The temperature of the water is the same at all depths.
What is the volume of this bubble when it reaches the surface?
A. 15cm3 B. 16cm3 C. 20cm3 D. 25cm3

26. A ball of mass 0.5 kg moving at 10 m/s collides another ball of equal mass at
rest. If the two balls move off together after the impact, calculate their common
velocity.
A. 0.2 m/s B. 0.5 m/s C. 5.0 m/s D. 10 m/s

27. A body of mass 100 g moving with a velocity of 10.0 m/s collides with a wall. If
after the collision, it moves with a velocity of 2.0 m/s in the opposite direction.
Calculate the change in momentum.
 Page 21 of 22

A. 0.8 Ns B. 1.2 Ns C. 12.0 Ns D. 80.0 Ns

28. A constant force of 5 N acts for 5 seconds on a mass of 5 kg initially at rest.

Calculate the final momentum.
A. 125 kgms-1 B. 25 kgms-1 C. 15 kgms-1 D. 5 kgms-1

29. The tendency of a body to remain at rest when a force is applied to it is called
A. impulse. B. momentum. C. inertia. D. friction.

30. The time rate of change of momentum is

A. impulse. B. force. C. power. D. pressure.

31. Which of the following statements about elastic collision is correct?

A. Momentum is lost due to the sound produced.
B. Loss of momentum is equal to loss in kinetic energy.
C. Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.
D. Kinetic energy is lost while momentum is conserved.

32. An aluminium block has a mass of 200 g. The specific heat capacity of
aluminium is 900 J / (kg °C). How much energy is needed to raise the
temperature of the block from 20 °C to 110 °C?
A. 2.0 J B. 200 J C. 16 200 J D. 16 200 000 J
33. Which statement about convection currents is correct?
A. Convection currents occur because, when cooled, liquids contract and
become more dense.
B. Convection currents occur because, when warmed, liquids expand and
become more dense.
C. Convection currents only occur in liquids.
D. Convection currents only occur in solids and liquids.

34. Brownian motion is observed when using a microscope to look at smoke

particles in air. What causes the smoke particles to move at random?
A. Smoke particles are hit by air molecules.
B. Smoke particles are moved by convection currents in the air.
C. Smoke particles have different weights and fall at different speeds.
D. Smoke particles hit the walls of the container.

35. Equal masses of two different liquids are put into identical beakers. Liquid 1 is
heated for 100 s and liquid 2 is heated for 200 s by heaters of the same power.
Each liquid has the same rise in temperature.
 Page 22 of 22

Which statement is correct?

A. Each beaker of liquid has the same thermal capacity.
B. Each beaker of liquid receives the same energy.
C. Liquid 1 receives more energy than liquid 2.
D. The thermal capacity of liquid 1 is less than the thermal capacity of liquid 2.

36. Water of mass 100 g at a temperature of 100 °C is converted into steam at 100
°C. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2300 J/g.
How much thermal energy is absorbed by the water?
A. 23 J B. 230 J C. 230 000 J D. 23 000 000 J

37. A car accelerates at 2.5 m/s2 from a velocity of 12 m/s for a given time. What is
its velocity after 6 s.
A. 20.5 m/s B. 24.0 m/s C. 27.0 m/s D. 29.5 m/s
38. A body decelerates uniformly at 16 m/s2 from a speed of 208 m/s. Find its
velocity after if the distance covered is 1200 m.
A. 40 m/s B. 50 m/s C. 60 m/s D. 70 m/s

39. The quantity of heat energy needed to freeze one kilogram of milk at
its freezing point is known as
A. heat capacity. B. latent heat of fusion.
C. specific latent heat of fusion. D. specific heat
capacity.
Zg
40. All the heat generated by a current of 2 A passing through a 6 Ω
resistor for 25 s is used to evaporate 5 g of a liquid at its boiling
point. What is the specific latent heat of the liquid?
A. 60 Jg-1 B. 120 Jg-1 C. 300 Jg-1 D. 360 Jg-1