Advanced Solid Mechanics

Prof. Carmelo Majorana

From
Dante Bonvicini and Bruno Dall’Aglio
Teoria dell’Elasticità
Ed. Oderisi, Gubbio (Tuscany, Italy), 1961
Theory of Elasticity
Prof. Carmelo Majorana

From
Dante Bonvicini and Bruno Dall’Aglio
Teoria dell’Elasticità
Ed. Oderisi, Gubbio (Tuscany, Italy), 1961
 Solid Mechanics
Theory of deformation or strain
Theory of stress
Theorem of Virtual Work
Elastic constitutive relationship (Hook’s Law)
Energetic theorems
Elastic problem
Solution of the elastic problem
 Solid Mechanics
De St. Venant beam theory
Normal force
Axial bending moment
Deviated bending moment
Normal force + bending moment
Torsion
Shear, bending and torsion
 Solid Mechanics
Theory of stability
Strength criteria
Applications
a) Technical beam theory
Isostatic, hyperstatic structures
b) Exact beam theory
applications of D.S.Venant theory
 Advanced Solid Mechanics
Plane states
Plane strain
Plane stress
Axy-simmetrical cases (cylinders)
Plate bending
Linear elastic, isotropic, homogeneous plates
Appl.: rectangular, circular plates
Eigenstresses
 Plane states
Plane strain and Plane stress
 Plane strain
Take a body referred to a cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z)

s = displacement
vector
r line
r’ line
 Equations
and define a deformation
!𝜀! , !𝜀" , !𝜀# , #
𝛾!" , #
𝛾"# , #
𝛾#!
If (A)
!𝜀# = #
𝛾#! = #
𝛾#" = 0
and
$%! $%" $&!"
$#
= $#
= $#
= 0
We have a plane strain
 Equations
Alternatively (B)
w=0
and
$' $(
= =0
$# $#

If (A) holds, also (B) is true, and

If (B) holds, also (A) is true.
 Equations
We demonstrate that if (B) holds, hence (A) is true.
Hp.:
$' $(
w = 0 and = =0
$# $#
Th.:
$) $) $'
𝜀# = = 0 …. 𝛾#! = + = 0…
$# $! $#
and
$%! $ $' $ $'
= = = 0
$# $# $! $! $#
 Particular case: a cylinder

In all points of the two bases, we have

w = 0 and 𝜏#! = 𝜏#" = 0
(no friction)
 Forces
Body forces (per unit volume) are such that:
$* $+
𝑍 = 0, = =0
$# $#
And at the lateral surfaces
$,! $,"
𝑓# = 0, = =0
$# $#
This case is resolved by a plane strain case
 Proof
If the case is symmetric, any point in the symmetrical plane (half
cylinder) has:
w=0
And similarly we have:
𝜏#" = 0 (as well as 𝜏#! = 0)
 Proof
Now, taking half the cylinder from symmetry plane to the r.h.s.
plane, we have for the half cylinder the same conditions as before,
hence taking again a symmetry plane, we can apply symmetry
conditions again.
Now repeat the reasoning for all sections obtained dividing the
original cylinder following the series:
- - - -
, , , …,
. / 0 1
The other sections not covereed by the series, are those
corresponding to the irrational numbers, that we incorporate by
continuity
 Proof
Hence, it holds at any points of the domain:
w=0
and:
𝜏!" = 𝜏!# = 0
Consequently
$% $& $&
𝛾!" = + = 0 =0
$" $! $!
$% $' $'
𝛾!# = + = 0 =0
$# $! $!

and we have plane strain conditions.

 Solution of the problem
indefinite equilibrium equations:

!"! !$"! !$#! !"! !$"!

!#
+ !%
+ !&
+𝑋 = 0 but 𝜏&# = 0 !#
+ !% + 𝑋 =0 (1)
!$!" !"" !$#" !$!" !""
!#
+ !% + !& +𝑌 = 0 𝜏&% = 0 !#
+ !%
+𝑌 = 0 (2)
hence
𝜎# : 𝜎# = 𝜎# 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝜎% : 𝜎% = 𝜎% 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝜏#% : 𝜏#% = 𝜏#% 𝑥, 𝑦 with 𝜏%# = 𝜏#%
and
𝑋 = 𝑋 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑌 = 𝑌(𝑥, 𝑦)
!$!# !$"# !"#
!#
+ !%
+ !&
+ 𝑍 = 0 identically satisfied
 Solution of the problem
Compatibility equations (De St. Venant form instead of Beltrami one):
of the 6 De St. Venant equations it remains:
!$%'! !$%'" !$%(!"
!% %
+ !# %
= !#!%
where ε) , ε* , γ)* are all functions of (x,y).
The other 5 D.S.V. equations are identically satisfied, e.g.
!$%+& !$%'# !$%("#
+ % =
!& %!% !%!&
Now we transform them in Beltrami form, hence take the sum of the first three
equations
!, !- !.
𝑚 − 1 ∆𝜓 + 𝑚 + 1 (!# + !% + !& ) = 0
with 𝜓 = 𝜎# + 𝜎% + σ/ i.e. the first stress invariant
 Solution of the problem
In our case 𝜀# = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
- -
0= σ3 − 𝜎! + 𝜎"
2 4
and we have
-
σ3 = 𝜎! + 𝜎" (4)
4
Consequently the normal stress components are mutually
dependent
- 45-
𝜓 = 𝜎! + 𝜎" + 𝜎! + 𝜎" = 𝜎! + 𝜎"
4 4
45- $* $+ $6
𝑚−1 ∆ 𝜎! + 𝜎" + 𝑚 + 1 ( + + ) =0
4 $! $" $#
 Solution of the problem
$* $+
𝑚−1 ∆ 𝜎! + 𝜎" + 𝑚( + ) =0 (3)
$! $"

𝜎# ≠ 0 to prevent detachments and interpenetrations at boundary

levels. 𝜎# is the only reaction of the rigid plane acting as
constraint.
 Solution of the problem
In summary we have obtained
$7! $8"!
+ +𝑋 =0 (1)
$! $"
$8!" $7"
+ +𝑌 =0 (2)
$! $"
$* $+
𝑚 − 1 ∆ 𝜎! + 𝜎" + 𝑚( + ) =0 (3)
$! $"
-
with σ3 = 𝜎! + 𝜎" (4)
4
 Solution of the problem
Boundary conditions:
the infinitesimal tetrahedral element
looking out the contour is subjected to
𝜎! 𝛼! + 𝜏"! 𝛼" = 𝑓! 𝑥, 𝑦
9
𝜏!" 𝛼! + 𝜎" 𝛼" = 𝑓" 𝑥, 𝑦
and 𝑓# = 0

The state is not physically plane, but it is geometrically plane,

being reproducible in any section parallel to (x,y).
 Solution of the problem
We study the particular case in which: 𝑋 = 0 and 𝑌 = 0
(all body force components per unit volume are equal to zero)

$7! $8"!
+ =0 (1)
$! $"
$8!" $7"
+ =0 (2)
$! $"
∆ 𝜎! + 𝜎" = 0 (3)
 Solution of the problem
Let’s take a generic function F(x,y):
we pose
$#$ 9 $#$ 9 $#$ 9
𝜎! = $ , 𝜎" = $ , 𝜏!" = − (5)
$" $! $!$"
Function F is generic but subjected to the appropriate restrictions
(continuous and derivable up to the desired degree).
Then, If we substitute eqs. (5) in eq. (1) we obtain
$#% 9 $#% 9
− =0
$!$"$ $!$"$
and similarly if we substitute eqs. (5) in eq. (2).
 Solution of the problem
We use the third equation to determine F(x,y) function.
Hence
$#$ 9 $#$ 9
∆ + $ = 0 or
$"$ $!

∆∆𝐹 = 0
F is a biharmonic function, or
$#& 9 $#& 9 $#& 9
+2 $ $ + & =0
$! & $! $" $!
By means of this equation is possible to find the function F that
substituted in eqs. (5) gives the stress components
𝜎! , 𝜎" , 𝜏!"
 Solution of the problem
Then, boundary conditions must be satisfied.
F(x,y) is called Airy function .
• Elastic constants don’t appear no dependance on used material.
• This happens because body forces have been removed.
• m appears to qualify 𝜎#