IT-T62 Web Technology UNIT IV

UNIT-IV

Streaming – Networking Principles method invocation – Sockets for Clients - Sockets for Servers –
Protocols handlers – Content handlers – Multicast sockets – Remote.

4. 1. Streams:

 Input is data going into a program; output is data flowing out of a program. I/O is frequently done
using I/O streams.

 A stream is a sequence of data flowing from a source to a destination. I/O streams can be connected
to a wide variety of data sources and destinations.

 The core Java language does not have any I/O methods. For a program to do I/O, it must import an
I/O package called java.io.

 Data for a program may come from several sources .Data created by a program may be sent to
several destinations.

 The correspondence between a program and a data source or destination is called a stream. An
input stream handles data flowing into a program. An output stream handles data flowing out of a
program

1.234 Java Program

23.90 Output Stream Input Stream
-10.30
93.22

Data Source
Data Destination

 A processing stream operates on the data supplied by another stream.Often a processing stream
acts as a buffer for the data coming from another streams.

 A buffer is a block of main memory used as a work area .

 For examples, disk file data usually is delivered by the operating system in block of 512 bytes at a
time. Usually this data is buffered and delivered to a program in more suitable sizes. In the
following , the keyboard sends data to the Input stream system.in,which is connected to a
BufferedReader stream. system.in is a stream object that the Java system automatically creates
when the program starts running

BufferedReaderstdin=newBufferedReader(newInputstreamReader(system.in));

BufferedReader inputstreamReader inputstream

Java Program

Stdin system.in

The data is transformed along the way. The raw bytes from the keyboard are grouped together into a string
object that the program reads using stdin.readsLine() .

Types of streams:

A stream object may be

 An input stream or an output stream,

 A processing stream or an ordinary stream,
 A character-oriented stream or a byte-oriented stream,
 Connected to variety of sources or destination

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Types of Streams

Streams are byte-oriented or character-oriented. Each type has input streams and output streams.

 Byte -oriented streams:

 Used for general-purpose input and output.

 Data may be primitive data type or raw bytes.

 Character-oriented streams:
 Specialized for character data.

 Transforms data from/to 16-bit Java char used inside programs to UTF format
used externally.

Character streams and Byte streams :

 Character streams are intended exclusively for character data.

 Byte streams are intended for general purpose input and output.
 Fundamentally, all data consist of patterns of bits grouped into 8-bit bytes.
 So, logically all streams could be called byte streams.
 However, streams that are intended for bytes that represent characters are called character streams and
all the other are called byte streams.
 Character streams are optimized for character data and perform some other useful character-oriented
tasks. The source or destination of a character stream is often a text file, a file that contains bytes that
represent characters.
InputStreams :

 Inputstream is an abstract class from which all byte-oriented input streams are derived.
Its descendant classes are used for general-purpose input (non-character input).

 These streams are aimed at delivering data to a program in groups of 8-bit bytes .

 The bytes can be grouped into the size necessary for the type of data.

 For examples, if a disk file contains 32-bit int data, data can be delivered to the program
in 4-byte group in the format as Java primitive type int. For different input streams is given as
below.

Input Stream

Piped Input File Input

Stream Stream
Byte Array
Input Stream
File Input
Stream Object Input
Stream

Buffered Data input

Input Stream
Stream

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InputStreams defines the following methods for reading bytes and arrays of bytes:

1. Public abstract int read() throws IOException

2. Public int read (byte cbuf [ ] ) throws IOException
3. Public int read (byte cbuf [ ] , int offset ,int length ) throws IOException
4. Public long skip (long n) throws IOException
5. Public int available ( ) throws IOException
6. Public void close ( ) throws IOException

 Concrete subclasses of Inputstreams use these methods.

 For example, a FileInputStream reads data from a file .

 A ByteArrayInput Stream reads data from an array of bytes. For instances the following code
shows how to use the FileInput Stream.

Import java.io.*

Public Class Demo

Public Static Void main( String [ ] args) throws IOExecption {

File inputFile= new File (“ text1.txt”);

File InputStream in=new FileInputStream (inputFile);

Int c;

While ( (c=in.read ( ) ) !=-1)

System.out.println( c);

In.close()

OutputStreams:

Outputstream is an abstract class from which all byte-oriented output streams are derived. Its
descendant classes are used for general purpose (non-character output). These streams are aimed at writing
groups of 8-bit byte to output destinations. Byte are in the same format as Java primitive types. For example,
4-Byte groups corresponding to type int can be written to a disk file. For different output streams is shown as
below.

outputStrea
m

ByteArrayoutpu
fileoutputstream
tstream
pipeoutputstrea
mm

filteroutputstrea
m objectoutputstream

bufferedoutputstrea
dataoutputstream printstrea
mam
m
Outputstreams

OutputStreams defines the same methods but for byte as mentioned below :

1. Public abstract Void write (int c) throws IOException

2. Public Void write (byte cbuf [ ] ) throws IOException
3. Public Void write (byte cbuf [ ] ,int offset,int length ) throws IOExecption
4. Public Void flush( ) throws IOExecption

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5. Public Void close ( ) throws IOExecption

The following code demonstrate the use of FileOutput Streams.

Import java .io.*;

Public class copy {

Public static void main (string [ ] args ) throws IOExecption {

File inputFile =new File (“text1.txt”);

File outputStreams =new File (“text2.txt”);

FileInputStreams in =new FileInputStreams (inputFile );

FileOutputStreams out =new FileOutputStreams (outputFile );

int c;

while ( (c =in .read ( ) ) !=-1 )

out.write(C);

in.close ( );

out.close ( );

Filter Streams:

 The java .io packages provides a set of classes that defines and partially implement filter streams .

 A filter streams data as it is being read from or written to the stream

 The filter streams are FilterInputStream or FilterOutput Streams.

 A filter stream is constructed on another stream (the underlying stream ).

 The read method in a readable filter stream reads input from the underlying stream,filter it, and
passes on the filtered data to the caller .

 The write method in a writable filter stream filters the data and then writes it to theUnderlying
stream. The filtering done by the filter streams depends on the stream .

 Some streams buffer the data,some count data as it goes by, and others convert data to another form
.

 The filters come in two forms the filter streams and the readers and writes .

Most filter streams provided by the java.io packages are subclasses of FilterInputStream and
FilterOutputStream and are listed here :

 DataInputStream and DataOutputStream

 BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream
 LineNumberInputStream
 PushbackInputStream
 PrintStream (this is an output stream ).

To use a filter input or output stream,attach the filter stream to anoyher input or output stream when it is
created. For example, a filter stream can be attached to the standard input stream, as in the following code.

BufferedReader d =new BufferedReader (new DataInputStream (system .in );

String input ;

While ( (input=d. readLine ( ) ) != null )

....//do somthing

The chain in the above code can be rewritten as

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream (system.in );

BufferedReader d =new BufferedReader (in );

The reading and writing can be done with respect to the last stream in the chain.

Buffered streams

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BufferedInputStream bis =news

BufferedInputStream (myInputStream ,1024 );

.....

bis . read ( ); // buffers reads for efficiency

BufferedOutputStreams will cache output and not perform an actual write ( ) until the buffer is full. The buffer
can be clearedby calling flush ( ).

Readers and Writers :

 Readers and Writer deal with character streams .These are abstract classes . A program must
use classes derived from them . For example, a BufferedReader is a Reader.

Character streams are optimized for handling character data. They also translate between the internal
format used by Java program and external format used for text files. Inside a Java program character data is
represented with the 16-bit char data type. The character of a string use the same 16- bit code. On a disk
file,character are represented in a format called UTF. This format uses one, two or three bytes per character
and is intended to be a universal format one format for all text files in any language anywhere in the world .

Writer:

Writer is an abstract class from which all character-oriented output streams are derived. All these
streams are aimed at receving 16- bit char data from a program, and sending it to another destination, which
may use a different character format (such a UTF format on a disk file ).

All these classes are character-oriented output stream. The different writer classes are given as below

Writer(abstrac
t)

charArraywriter
pipewriter
stringwriter
Filterwriter
(abstract)
bufferedwriter
Outputstrem

writer printwriter

writer
Filewriter

Reader:

Reader is an abstract class from which all character-oriented input streams are derived. These streams
are aimed at delivering 16-bit char data to a program although the source of the data may be in a different
formay(such as UTF format on a disk file).

reader

charArrayreade pipereader
r stringreader

Filterreader(abr
act

bufferedreader inputstreamReade
r

All these classes are character-orinted input streams.

filereader
Reader contain these methods for reading character and arrays of characters .

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int read ( )

int read (char cbuf [ ] )

int read (char cbuf [ ], int offset, int length )

writer defines these methods for writing characters and array of characters:

Int write(int c)

Int write(char cbuf [ ])

Int write(char cbuf [ ],int offset,int length)

Data streams:

The data input stream and data output stream classes provide methods for reading and writn java’s
primitive data types and strings in a binary format. The binary formats are used to exchange data between
two programs or networks or pipes. The data output stream class offers the following methods:

1.public final void writeBoolean (Boolean b) throws IOException

2. public final void writeByte (int b) throws IOException

3.public final void writeShort (int s) throws IOException

4.public final void writechar (int c) throws IOException

5.public final void writeInt (int c) throws IOException

6.public final void writeLong (long l) throws IOException

7.public final void writeFloat (float b) throws IOException

8.public final void writeDouble (double b) throws IOException

9.public final void writeChars (String s) throws IOException

10.public final void writeBytes (String s) throws IOException

All data is written in big-endian format and in two’s complement form. Datainputstream offers 9 classes along
with normal read(),available() and close() method.

1.public final Boolean readBoolean() throws IOException

2. public final byte readByte() throws IOException

3.public final char readChar() throws IOException

4.public final short readshort() throws IOException

5.public final int readInt() throws IOException

6.public final long readLong() throws IOException

7.public final float readFloat() throws IOException

8.public final double readDouble() throws IOException

9.public final string readLine() throws IOException

Object streams:

 ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream are wrapper classes that can be wrapped around
arbitrary inputstreams and output streams.

 This makes it possible to do object input and output on any byte-stream. The methods for object I/O
are readobject(), in objectinputstream and writeobject(object obj),in objectoutputstream.

 Both of these methods can throw IOExceptions. Note that readobject() returns a value of type object,
which generally has to be typedcaasst to a more useful type.

 Objectinputstream and objectoutputstream only work with objects that implement an interface named
serializable. Furthermore, all of the instances variables in the object must be serializable.

 However, there is little work involved in making an object serializable interface does not declare any
methods.

 It exists only as a marker for the complier to tell it that the object is meant to be writable and
readable. Many of java’’s standard classes are already declared to be serializable,including all the
component classes in swing and in the AWT(abstract window toolkit). This means,in particular,that
GUI(graphical user interface) components can be written to objectoutputstreams and read fraom
object inputstreams.

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4.2. NETWORK CONCEPTS

Network

A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can send data to and receive data from each
other, more or less in real time. A network is normally connected by wires, and the bits of data are turned into
electromagnetic waves thatmove through the wires.

Node

Each machine on a network is called a node. Every network node has an address: a series of bytes that
uniquely identify it

Host

Host refers to a networked general purpose machine rather than a single purpose device.

Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules defining how computers communicate how address work, how data is split into
packets etc.

The Layers of a Network

The Host-to-Network Layer

The host-to-network layer defines how a particular network interface, such as an Ethernet card or a PPP
connection, sends IP datagrams over its physical connection to the local network and the world.

The Internet Layer

A network layer protocol defines how bits and bytes of data are organized into larger groups called
packets, and the addressing scheme by which different machines find each other.

Data is sent across the internet layer in packets called datagrams. Each IP datagram contains a header
from 20 to 60 bytes long and a payload that contains up to 65,515 bytes of data. (In practice most IP datagrams
are much smaller, ranging from a few dozen bytes to a little more than eight kilobytes.)

The header of each IP datagram contains these 13 items in this order:

4-bit version number

Always 0100 (decimal 4) for current IP; will be changed to 0110 (decimal 6)

for IPv6, but the entire header format will also change in IPv6.

4-bit header length

An unsigned integer between and 15 specifying the number of 4-byte words in the header; since the
maximum value of the header length field is 1111 (decimal 15), an IP header can be at most 60 bytes long.

1-byte type of service

A 3-bit precedence field that is no longer used, 4 type-of-service bits (minimize delay, maximize
throughput, maximize reliability, minimize monetary cost), and a bit. Not all service types are compatible. Many
computers and routers simply ignore these bits.

2-byte datagram length

An unsigned integer specifying the length of the entire datagram, including both header and payload.

2-byte identification number

A unique identifier for each datagram sent by a host; allows duplicate datagrams to be detected and
thrown away.

3-bit flags

The first bit is 0; second bit is if this datagram may be fragmented, 1 if it may not be; third bit is if this is
the last fragment of the datagram, 1 if there are more fragments.

13-bit fragment offset

In the event that the original IP datagram is fragmented into multiple pieces, itidentifies the position of this
fragment in the original datagram.

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1-byte time-to-live (TTL)

Number of nodes through which the datagram can pass before being discarded; used to avoid infinite
loops.

1-byte protocol

Six for TCP, 17 for UDP, or a different number between and 255 for each of more than one hundred
different protocols (some quite obscure);

2-byte header checksum

A checksum of the header only (not the entire datagram) calculated using a 16-bit one's complement sum.

4-byte source address

The IP address of the sending node.

4-byte destination address

 The IP address of the destination node.

 In addition, an IP datagram header may contain from to 40 bytes of optional

information used for security options, routing records, timestamps, and other features.

 Java does not support. Consequently, we will not discuss these here. The interested
reader is referred to TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, by W. Richard Stevens for more details on these
fields.

The structure of an IPv4 datagram

The Transport Layer

 The transport layer is responsible for ensuring that packets are received in the order they were sent and
making sure that no data is lost or corrupted.

 If a packet is lost, then the transport layer can ask the sender to retransmit the packet. There are two
primary protocols at this level.

 The first, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), is a high-overhead protocol that allows for
retransmission of lost or corrupted data and delivery of bytes in the order they were sent. The second
protocol, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

The Application Layer

 The layer that delivers data to the user is called the application layer.

 The three lower layers all work together to define how data is transferred from one computer to another.
The application layer decides what to do with that data after it's transferred.

IP Addresses and Domain Names

 Every computer on an IP network is identified by a 4-byte number. This is normally written in a format like
199.1.32.90, where each of the four numbers is one unsigned byte ranging in value from to 255.

Ports

 Each computer with an IP address has several thousand logical ports (65,535 per transport layer protocol,
to be precise).

 Each port is identified by a number from 1 to 65,535

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The Internet

 The Internet is the world's largest IP-based network

Internet Address Classes

 Internet addresses are assigned to different organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA),[1] generally acting through intermediaries called ISPs

Firewalls

 The hardware and software that sits between the Internet and the local network, checking all the data that
comes in or out to make sure it's kosher, is called a firewall.

 The most basic firewall is a packet filter that inspects each packet coming into or out of a network and
uses a set of rules to determine whether that traffic is allowed.Filtering is usually based on network
addresses and ports.

Proxy Servers

 Proxy servers are related to firewalls. If a firewall prevents hosts on a network from making direct
connections to the outside world, a proxy server can act as a go-between.

4.2.2Client/Server Networking

 A server process is allowed to listen to a port until a client connects to it. A server accepts many
clients at the same port, although each session is unique.

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4.3. SOCKETS:

 TCP provides a reliable, point to point communication channel that client-server application on the internet
use to communicate with each other.

 To communicate over TCP, a client program and a server program establish connection with each another.
Each program binds a socket to the end of the connection.

 To communicate, the client and the server each reads from and writes to the socket bound to the
connection.

 A socket is one end-point of a two way communication link between two programs running on the network.
Socket classes are used to represent the connection between a client program and a server program.

 The java.net package provides two classes-sockets and server socket-that implements the client side as
well as the sever side of the connection, respectively.

There are two basic types of network sockets on IP networks-those that use the transmission control
protocol(TCP) and those that use the user datagram protocol(UDP).TCP is a reliable protocol in which data
packets are guaranteed to be delivered in the order. If a packet expected at the receiving end of a TCP socket
does not arrive in the set period of time, then it is assumed lost, and the packet requested from the sender
again. The receiver does not move on the next packet until the first is received.UDP,on the other hand,makes
no guarantees about delivery of packets, or the order in which packets are delivered. The sender transmits a
UDP packet,and it either reaches the receiver or it does not.

The socket class is used for creating TCP connections over an IP network. A socket is typically created
using an Inetaddress to specify the remote host, and a port number to which the host can connect. A process
on the remote host must be listening on that port number for incoming connection requests.

The InetAddress provides to access host names and IP addresses. The following methods are provided to
create InetAddress objects.

 Static InetAddress getLocalhost() throws unknownhostexception this method returns an InetAddress object for
the local machine.
 Static InetAddress getbyname (string host) throws unknownhostexception

This method returns an Inet address object for the specified host name. the host name can be either
pneumonic identifier such as www.javaregime.com IP address such as 121.1.28.60.This is the only method that
can be used by a client to get remote host’s details.

The following methods are provided to extract information from an InetAddress object.

 Byte[ ] getAddress( )
o This method returns an array of byte corresponding to the IPAddress held in the InetAddress object.
The array is in network byte order,i.e. high byte (back to front ) and must be converted to astring
before being displayed to the screen.
 String getHostName( )
o This method returns the host name held in the InetAddress object. If the host name is not already
known, an attempt is made to look it up, if this fails, the address is returned as a string.

The following code demonstrates on how to use the InetAddress class

try {

InetAddress myself = InetAddress .getLocalHost ( );

Output .appendText (“ Local hostname :” + myself .getHostName ( ) + “\n”);

Output .appendText (“Local IP Address : “ + toText (myself . getAddress ( ) ) + “\n”);

Catch (UnknownHost Exception ex)

{ }

Creating Client Sockets:

A socket is a Java representation of a TCP network connection in the client side. The function of the client
socket are to

 Connect to a remote host

 Send data
 Receive data
 Close the connection
The following constructors allow the Socket connection to be established.
 Socket (String host , int port ) throws IOException
This creates a socket and connects to the specified host and port. Host can be a host name or IP address and
port must be in a range of 1-65535.

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 Socket ( InetAddress address , int port ) throws IOException

o This creates a socket and connects to the specified port of the host address.

o The port must be in a range of 0-65535.

o The following methods allow the remote host address and local or remote port numbers to be
identified. There methods also allow for the creation of input and output streams.

 InetAddress getInetAddress ( )- This method returns the IP address of a remote host.

 Int getport ( )-This method returns the port number of the remote host to which the socket is connected .
 Int getLocal port ( ) –The local port number which is used tocreate the socket ,is returned by this method .
 InputStrem getInputStream( ) throws IOException –This method returns an InputStream that aloe the socket to
receive data across yhe TCP connection. An InputStream can be buffered or standard.
 OutputStream getOutputStream( ) throws IOException – This method returns an Outputstreams that allow the
socket to send data across the TCP connection. An OutputStream should be buffered to avoid lost
bytes,especially when the socket is closed.
 Void close ( ) throws IOException –This method closes the socket,releasing network or system resources being
used.

The code below creates a socket to the remote host on the specified port (6005, in this case ):

// Creates the socket

InetAddress addr = InetAddress .getByName(“ Our . remote .host “);

Socket s =new socket (addr, 6005 );

InputStream in = s.getInputStream( );

OutputStream out = s.getoutputstream( );

ServerSocket :

 Serversocket ( int port,int count ) throws IOException- This construct a serversocket that listens on the
specified port,argument 1,of the local machine. Argument 1 is mandatory and must be supplied. But
arguments 2, the outstanding connection requests parameter , may be omitted or the default of 50 is used. If
the count option is used, it specifies the number of outstanding requests that should be queued by the
operatin system before discarding. This option is useful if the server is slow in accepting requests .

The following are the methods that allow accepting the connection when the serversocket is listening and
information about the server socket is to be obtained.

 Socket accept ( ) throws IOException – This method blocks until a client makes a connection to the port on
which the serverSocket is listening .A socket is returned corresponding to the TCP connection from the client.
 Void close ( ) throws IOException – This method closes the serversocket. It does not close any of the currently
accepted connections,it only stops additional connections being made by clients.
 Int getLocalPort( ) –Returns the integer value of the port on which serversocket is listening.This is useful if the
server specifies port number 0,which means that the operating system assigns the next unused port.

The following code shows the use of serversocket:

Serversocket server = new serversocket (port);

System.out.println (“Waiting”);

Socket clientsocket = server . accept ( );

//Extract the address of the connected user

System .out.println (“Accepted from “ +

ClientSocket .getInetAddress ( ) );

Server .close ( );

Datagram socket :

o The UDP socket connectins are created and used through the Datagramsocket and Datagrampacket
classes.

o A Datagramsocket sends and receives data using UDP packets , represented as datagrampacket
objects

o Before two computer can talk to each other over a UDP connection,they both have to have a
Datagramsocket connected to a port on their local machines. This is done by simply creating a
datagramsocket object , For example ,

DatagramSocket udp socket = new DatagramSocket ( 6050 );

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In this example , a UDP socket is connected to a specific port (6050) on the localhost. We can construct
the Datagramsocket without specifying the port also. An unused port on the local host is usually used. The port
number can be found by using the getLocalport method.

Datagramsocket udpsocket = new Datagramsocket( );

Int portNo = udpsocket . getLocalport ( );

Data is sent over a Datagramsocket using Datagrampacket objects . Each Dtagrampacket contains a
data buffer , the address of the remote host to send the data to, and the port number that the remote
computer is listening to. Therefore , to send a buffer of data to a process listening to port 6050 on host
my .host . com, the code given below is added.

Byte[ ] dataBuf = {‘h’, ‘i’, ‘ ‘, ‘t’ , ‘h’, ‘ e’, ‘r’ , ‘e’ };

InetAddress addr = InetAddress . getByName (“my . host. Com”);

Datagrampacket P =new Datagrampacket (dataBuf , dataBuf .length, addr,6050);

Udpsocket .send (p);

The remote process can receive the data in the form of a Datagrampacket by calling the receive( )
method on its Datagramsocket . The received Datagrampacket will have the host address and port number of
the sender filled in as a side-effect of the call.

A simple example:

Here is an example program that repeatedly waits until it is contacted on its server socket.when it is
finally contacted,it starts up a new thread that outputs the first 100 fibonacci numbers.

Import java.net.*;

Import java.io.*;

Import java.lang.*;

Public class fib1

Public static void main(String agrv[])

Try

Serversocket sSoc= new ServerSocket(2001);

While(true)

Socket inSoc=sSoc.accept();

FibThread FibT= new FibThread(insoc);

FibT.start();

Catch(Exception e)

System.out.println(e.toString());

}}}

Class FibThread extends Thread

Socket threadsoc1;

Int F1=1;

Int F2=1;

fibThread (socket inSoc)

treadSoc1=inSoc;

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Public void run()

Try

PrintStream FibOut=new PrintStream(threadsoc1.getoutputstream());

For(int i=0;i<100;i++)

Int temp;

Temp=F1;

FibOut.println(F1);

F1=F2;

F2=temp+F2;

Catch(Exception e)

System.out.println(e.toString());

Try

threadSoc1.close();

Catch(Exception e)

System.out.println(e.tostring());

}}}

The client side code is

Import java.net.*;

Import java.io.*;

Public class FibReader client

Socket appSoc;

BufferReader in;

String msg;

Public static void main(String argv[]) {

Try{

appSoc= new Socket(“where.com”,2001);

in= new BufferReader(new InputStreamreader(appSoc.getInputStream()));

for(int I =0;i<100;i++0

Msg=in.readLine();

System.out.println(msg);

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}}

Catch(Exception e)

System.out.println(e.tostring());

}}

Multicast Sockets:

o Multicasting is the Internet version of broadcasting .

o A site that multicasts information is similar in many ways to a television or radio station
that broadcasts its signal.

o The signal originates from one sources , but it can reach everyone in the station’s signal
area .Broadcasting is generally suited to any application that requires a number of
machines in a distributed group to receive the same data; for example,
conferencing,group mail and news distribution , and network management .

o Most of the high- level network protocols only provide a unicast transmission service. That
is , nodes of the network only have the ability to send to one node at a time .

o All transmission with a unicast service is inherently point-to-point. If a node wants to send
the same information to many desyination using unicast transport services , it must
perform a replicated unicast, and send N copies of the data to each destination.

o A better way to transmit data from one source to many destination is to provide a multicast
transport service .

o With a multicast transport service , a single node can send data to many destinations by
making just a single call on the transport service.In a nutshell, multicasting is a datagram
based service to send messages to multiple clients .

Multicast Groups and Addresses:

 The notion of group is essential to the concept of multicasting.

 By definition a Multicast message is sent from a source is a group of destination hosts. In IP

multicasting, multicast groups have an ID called multicast group ID.

 Whenever a multicast message is sent out, a multicast group ID specifies the destination
group. These group ID’s are essentially sets of IP addresses called class D.

 Therefore, if a host wants to receive a multicast message sent to a particular group, it needs
to listen to all messages sent to that particular group.

 There are three types of IPV4 addresses unicast, broadcast, and multicast. Unicast addresses
are used for transmitting message to single destination nodes.

 Broadcast addresses are used when a message is supposed to be transmitted to all nodes in
a subnetwork.

 For delivering a message to a group of destination nodes which are not necessarily in the
same subnetwork, multicast addresses after used.

Classes A, B and c IP addresses are used for unicast messages, whereas class D IP addresses those in the
range 221.0.0.1 to 239.255.255.255 inclusive are used for multicast messages.

4.4. WORKING WITH MULITCAST SOCKETS

In java multicasting can be done using the java.net.MulticastSocket class. This is a subclass of
java.net.Datagransocket. This kind of socket is used on the client side to listen for packets that the server
broadcasts to multiple clients. The multicast datagram socket clas is useful for sending and receiving IP
multicast packets. Thus, java.net.MulticastSocket and java.net.DatagramPAcket are used together to
implement multicasting in java.

A mulitcastSocket is a UDP DatagramSocket, with additional capabilities for joining groups of other
multicast hosts on the Internet. One would join multicast group by first creating a Multicastsocket, with a
desired port, then invoking the joinGroup method. One can leave a group by using the method leaveGroup.

The following are the two constructors to create the multicast sockets

1. Public mulitcastSocket() throws IOException this allows us to create a multicast socket.

2. Public MulticastSocket (int port) throws IOException this allows us to create a multicast socket and
bind it to a specific port.

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There are methods other than the joingroup (Addr) and leaveGroup(addr). The class also provides
functions, that set and get the time to live for DatagramPackets sent to a MulticastGroup, which specifies in
how many “hops” DatagramPackets sent to a mulitcastGroup, which specifies in how many “hops” are needed
for the packet to be forwarded on the network for itexpires. They are seTTl(ttl) and getTTl(ttl). The parameter
ttl is an unsigned 8 bit value.

A SIMPLE EXAMPLE

The following source code is a simple example that sends date and time to its multiple clients.

SERVER PROGRAM:
Import java.net.*;
Import java.io.*;
Import java.util.*;
Public class MulitcastServer
{
Public static final int PORT=2001;
Public static void main(string args[]) throws Exception
{
MulticastSocket socket;
DatagramPacket packet;
InetAddress address;
Address=InetAddress.getByName();
Socket=new MulticastSocket();
Socket.joinGroup{address};
Byte[] data=null;
for {; ;}
{
Thread.sleep(1000):
String str={ new Date().toString();
Data=str.getBytes();
Packet=new DatagramPAcket();
(data,str.length(), address,Port);
Socket.send(Packet);
}
}
}

CLIENT PROGRAM:

Import java.net.*;
Import java.io.*;
Public class MulitcastClient
{
Public static final int PORT=2001;
Public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
MulticastSocket socket;
DatagramPacket packet;
InetAddress address;
Address = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
Socket=new MulticastSocket(Broadcastserver.PORT);
Socket.joinGroup(address);
Byte[]=data=null;
Packet=new DatagramPacket(data,data.length);
For(;;)
{
Socket.receive(packet);
String str=new String(packet.getData());
System.out.println(“time signal received from”+packet.getAddress()+”time is :”+Str):
}
}
}

4.5 REMOTE METHOD INVOCATION

The java remote method invocation (RMI) system allows an object running in one Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) to invoke methods on an object running in another VM. RMI provides for remote communication
between programs written in the Java programming language. The RMI mechanism is basically an object
oriented RPC mechanism.

JAVA RMI ARCHITECTURE

 The design goal for the RMI architecture was to create a java distributed object model that
integrates naturally into the Java programming language and the local object model. RMI architect
have succeeded by creating a system that extends the safety and robustness of the java
architecture to the distributed computing world.

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 The RMI architecture is based on one important principle that definition of behavior and the
implementation of that behavior and the code that implements the behavior to remain separate and
to run on separate JVMs.

 Specifically, in RMI the definition of a remote service is coded using a Java Interface. The
implementation of the remote service is coded in a class. Therefore the key to understanding RMI is
to remember that interfaces define behavior and classes define implementation. The following
diagram illustrates this separation.

 The RMI implementation is essentially built from three abstraction layers. The first layer is the Stub
and skelton layer, which lies just beneath the view of the developer. This layer intercepts method
calls to a remote RMI service.

 The next layer is the Remote Reference Layer. This layer understands how to interpret and manage
references made from clients to the remote service objects. In JDK 1.1, this layer connects clients to
remote service objects that are running and exported on a server. The connection is a one to one
link. In the java 2 SDK, this layer was enhanced to support the activation of remote service objects
via Remote Object Activation.

 The transport layer is based on TCP/IP connections between machines in a newtwork. It provides
basic connectivity, as well as some firwall penetration strategies.

USING RMI:

There are three processes that participate in supporting remote method invocation

 The client is the process that invokes a method on a remote object.

 The server is the process that owns the remote object. The remote object is an ordinary object in the address
space of the server process.
 The object registry is a name server that relates objects with names. Registered, you can use the object
registry to obtain access to a remote object using the name of the object.

There are two kinds of classes that can be used in java RMI

1. A remote class is one whose instances can be used remotely. An object of such a class can be references in
two different ways:
 Within the address space where the object was constructed the object is an ordinary object
which can be used like any other object.
2. A serializable class is one whose instances can be copied from one address space to another. An instance of a
serializable object is one that can be marhalled.

 A class is serializable if it implements the java.io.serializable interface. Subclasses of a

serializable, so a subclass of one of them Is automatically also serializable.

A remote class has two parts: the interface and the class itself. The remote interface must have the following
properties:

 The interface must be public.

 The interface must extend the interface java.rmi.remote.
 Every mthod in the interface must declare that it throws java.rmi.RemoteException.

The remote class itself has the following properties:

 It must implement a remote interface.

 It should extend the java.rmi.server.unicastRemoteObject class.
 It can have methods that are not in its Remote interface. These can only be invoked locally.

A SIMPLE EXAMPLE:
1. INTERFACE
The first step is to write and compile the java code for the service interface. The calculator interfaces defines
all of the remote features offered by the service.

Public interface calculator

Extends java.rmi.Remote{
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
Public long sub(long a, long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
Public long mul(long a, long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
Public long div(long a, long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
}

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2. IMPLEMENTATION
This is the calculatorImpl class:
Public class CalculatorImp1 extends java.rmi.server.unicast
RemoteObject
Implements Calculator{
Public CalculatorImpl1()
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException{
Super();
}
Public long add(long a,long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException{
Return a+b;
}
Public long sub(long a,long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException{
Return a-b;
}
Public long mul(long a,long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException{
Return a *b;
}
Public long div(long a,long b)
Throws java.rmi.RemoteException{
Return a/b;
}}

All of the Remote interface and classes should be compiled using javac. Once this has been completed,
the stubs and skeletons for the remote interfaces should compiled bu using the rmic stub compiler. The stub
and skeleton of the example Remote interface are compiled with the following command:

Rmic CalculatorImpl

3. Client side
A remote method invocation can return a remote object as its return value, but a remote object must be
defined in order to perform a remote methodinvocation. The name of a remote object includes the following
information.

 The internet name of the machine that is running the object registry with which the remote object is being
registered.
 The port to which the object registry is listening.

Example

Import java.rmi.Naming;

Import java.rmi.RemoteException;

Import java.net.MalformedURLException;

Import java.rmi.NotBoundException;

Public class CalculatorClient

Public static void main(String[]args)

Try

{Calculator c=(Calculator)

Naming.looup(

“rmi://localhost/CalculatorService”);

System.out.println(c.sub(4,3));

System.out.println(c.add(4,5));

System.out.println(c.sub(3,6));

System.out.println(c.sub(9,3));

Catch(MalformedURLException murle)

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System.out.println();

System.out.println(“MalformedURLException”);

System.out.println(murle);

Catch(RemoteException re)

{System.out.println();

System.out.println(“RemoteException”);

System.out.println(re);

Catch(NotBoundException nbe)

{System.out.println();

System.out.println(“NotBoundException”);

System.out.println(nbe);

Catch(java.lang.ArithmeticException ae)

{System.out.println();

System.out.println(“java.lang.ArithmeticException”);

System.out.println(ae);

}}}

4.server side

The server program should register at least one remote object with the object registry. The statement for the
is Naming.rebind{ objectName,object);

Import java.rmi.Naming;

Public calss CalculatorServer{

Public CalculatorServer()

Try

Calculator c= new CalculatorImpl();

Naming.rebind(“rmi://localhost:6060/calculatorService”,c);

Catch(Exception e)

System.out.println(“trouble:”+e);

Public static void main(String arg[])

New CalculatorServer();

5.Running the program:

Before starting the server, start the object registry, using the command

Rmiregistry &

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The server should then be started using the command

Java helloserver &

The server will take a few seconds to start running and to construct and register remote object. The
client is run like any other object.th example client is executed using

Java calculator client

Protocol handler

 Most popular web browser support protocol other than HTTP .these other protocols include
FTP ,gopher ,email and application specification protocols .support for these protocols are built
into browser to became larger and slower to load

 Java support additional protocol through the use of protocol handle referred to us the stream
handler .these protocol handler are used to retrieve web objects using application specific
protocol. The protocol are specified in the URL referring the objects

 Protocol handlers are implemented as subclasses of thr URLS team handler class. The
URLStreamhandler classs defines four accessmethod that can be overridden by its subclasses,but
only the openconnection() method is required to be overridden

The openconnection() method tokes a URL with its assigned protocol as a parameter and return an object of
class URLconnection .the URLconnection object can be used to create input and output streams and to access
the resource addressed by the URL

 The parseURL() and set URL() method are used to implement custom URL syntax parsing.the to
ExternalForm() method is used to convert the URL of the protocol type to a string object

 The purpose of a protocol handler is used to implement a customer protocol needed to access
web object identified URLs that requires the custom protocol. Protocol handlers, are not directly
installatatiated are accessed . the method of the URLconnections object that’s is returned by a
protocol handler are invoked to access the resource referenced by the protocol

 A protocol is indentified beginning with the first character of the URL and continuing to the first
colon (:) contain the URL .for example the protocol of the URL http://www.myportal.com/ is http
and the protocol of the URLmyprotocol//myweb.com is my protocol

4.6.Developing A Protocol Handler

 The first step to implement a protocol handler is to defined the protocol handler as sub class of
the URLstreamhandler class .the openconnection method of the protocol handler creates an URL
connection object that can be used to acess an URL designating the specified protocol

 A protocol handler is associated with a specific protocol type through the use of a
URLStreamHandlerFactory object.the create URLstreamHandlerFactory interface is used to
return a protocol handler for a specific protocol type

 The set URLStreamHandlerFactory() method of the URL class is used to set an URLStreamFactory
as the default URLStreamhandlerfactory as the defaultURLStreamhandlerfactory to be used all
protocol types

4.6.1. A SIMPLE PROTOCOL HANDLER

 Following is an example of implementing a simple protocol handler. In the example there is a CGI
program ,named myprotocol, that’s returns a cookie type message when the URL of the program
is access this section defines the myprotocol to access the myprotocol program on the web server
the protocol is a not a real internet protocol;

 It is an example to illustrate the use of protocol handlers .the URL for the example is protocol
consisting of myprotcol:// followed by hostname.for example, myprotocol://myportal.com access
the illustrate protocol on the web server

The definition of the URL illustrate handler class is shown;

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

public class URLillustraehandler extends URLstreamhandler

Public URLConnectio openconnection(URL url) throws

IOException

String host=url.gethost();

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URL newURL = new URL (http://”+host+”/cgi-bin/myprotocol”);

Return newURL.openconntection();

}}

The URLillustraehandler class extends the URLstream handler class and provide a single method that is
the openconnection() method which takes a URL object as a parameter and returns an object of the URL
connection the class.it also throw the IOException

The openconnectio() method uses gethost() method of the URL class to extact the host name conatinig the
URL . it then ,uss the http URL by contain http ://with the host name and then the location of th my protocol
CGI program, /CGI-bin/myprotocl .the openconnection() method of the URL class is used too return the
URLconnection object associated with new URL

The URLillustredhandler class wraps the myprotocol CGI program using the myprotocol protocol .thirds
protocol is implemented through an HTTP connection to CGI program

The getapplication program illustrate the use of protocolhandler . it access the myprotocol program on the web
server using the example protocol

Import java.net.*;

Import java.io.*;

Public class getapplication

Public static void main (string arg[])

Try{

illustratefactory illustratefactory =new illustratefactory ();

URL.setURLStreamhandlerfactory(illustratefactory);

If (arg.length!=1) error (“usage;getillustrateapplication illustrateURL”);

System.out.println(“fetching URL:”+args[0]);

URL url=new URL(args[0]);

System.out.println((string) url.getcontent());

}catch(malformedURLexception ex)

Error(“bad URL”);

}catch(IOException ex)

Error(“IOException occurred.”);

Public static void error( string s){

System.out.println(s );

System.exit(1);

Class illustreatfactory implements URLstreamhandlerfactory{

Public illustratefactory()

Public URLstreamhandler creatURLstreamhandler(string protocol){

If(protocol.equals(“myporotocol))

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System.out.println(“requeted protocol:”+protocol);

Return new URLillustredhandler();

Return null;

}}

4.7.CONTENT HANDLERS

 A web browser encounters the number of external programs are plug in that are used to
supplement the capabilities provide by the browser. These external programs are used to display
and process file that sure not normally supported by the browser

 Java support additional internal of external program to the cntent handler mechanism .conthen
handler are used to retrieve object via a URL connection object

 Content handler are implemented as subclass of the contenthandler class .a content handler is
only required a to implement the single method the getcontent() method that override the
method provided by the contend handler class this method takes an URLconnection object as a
parameter an d returns an object of an specific MIME ( multipurpose internet mail extension) type

 The purpose of ta contenthandler is to extract an object of a given MIME type from the input
stream of a URLconnection object.content handlerare not directly instated or accessed. The
getcontent() method of th URL and URLconnection classes cause handler to be created to
invoked to perform their processing

4.7.1.Developing a content handler

 The first step to implementing the content handler idsto define the class of the object to
extracted the content handler. The contend handler is the define as subclass of the contenhandler
class .the getconten() method of the content handler perform the extraction of the object of a
specific MIME type from the input stream associated with the URL connection object

 A content handler is associate dwith the MIME type the through use of the contenthandlerfactory
object .the create contenthandler() method of the contenthandlerfactory interface is used to
return a content handler for a specific MIME type

 Finally ,the setcontenthandlerfactory() method of the URLconnectino calss used to

setcontenhandler() as the default content handlerfactory to be with all MIME types

4.7.2.A Simple Content handler

An example of implementing a simple content handler is explained below an example MIME type
a.text/cg,is created to implement object of the character grid type .it uses the O character to draw the grid .
the grid is specified by the Boolean array theta identifies whether the drawing character is to displayed. This
particular character grid is represented using the following text string :

55010010101001000101010001

The first character(5) represent the grid height .the second character also (5) represent the grid with.
The third character is the grid drawing character. The renaming character specific whetted the draw character
to be displayed at a particular grid position .one signified that the draw character should be displayed and 0
sgininfec that it should not be displayed. The array is arranged in row order beginning with to pm of the grid

Public class chargrid

Public int height;

Public int width;

Public char ch;

Public Boolean value[][];

Public chargrid(int h int w char c,Boolean value[][])

{ height=h;

Width=w;

Ch=c;

Value=val;

}}

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3.8.3 The Gridcontenthandler Class

The gridcontenthandler class is used to extract chargrid object from an URLconnection

Import java.net.*;

Import java.io.*;

Public class gridcontenthandler extends contenthandler{

Public object getcontent(URLconnection url) thrown

IOException{

Datainputstream in =new

Datainputstream(url.getinputstream());

Int height=(int) in.readbyte()-48;

Int width=(int) in.readbyte()-48;

Char ch=(char) in.readbyte();

Boolean values[][]=new boolean[height][width];

For(int i=0;i<height;++i)

For(int j=0;j>width;++j)

byte b= in.readbyte()

if(b==48) value[i][j]=true;

}}

In.close();

Return new chargrid(height,width,ch);

}}

The gridcontenthandeler class extends the contenthandler class and provide the single method.the
getcontent() method takes an URLconnecton object as an parameter and returns an object of an object class it
also throws the IOException exception

The getcontent() method creates an object of class datainpustream and assign it to the variable it uses
getinputstream() method of the URLconnection class to access the inputstream associated with a
URLconnection

3.8.4 The Getgridapplication Program

The getgridapplication illustrate the use of content handlers.it retives an object of the chargrid type from he
web server

Import java.net.*;

Import java.io.*;

Public class getgridapplication{

Public static void main(string args[]){

Try{

Gridfactory Gridfactory=new Gridfactory();

URLconnection.setcontenthandlerfactory(Gridfactory);

If(args.lenght!=1) error(“usage:java getgridAPP URL”);

System.out.prinln(“fetchinf URL:”+args[o]);

URL url=new URL(args[0]);

Char grid cg=(chargrid URL.getconten());

System.out.prinln(“height:”cg.height);

System.out.prinln(“width:”cg.width);

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system.out.prinln(“char:”cg.ch);

for (int i=0;i<cg.height;++i)

For(intj=0;j<cg.width;++j){

If(cg.value[i][j]) System.out.prinl(cg.ch);

else System.out.print(“ ”);

} System.out.print();

}}catch(malform URLException ex)

Error(“bad URL”);

}catch(IOException ex)

Error(“IOException occurred.”);

Public static void error( string s){

System.out.println(s );

System.exit(1);

}class gridfactory implement contenhandlerfactory{

Public gridfactory (){

Public contenthacndle creatcontenthandlder(string mime type)

If(mime type.equal(“text /cg))

System.out.println(“requeste mime type:”+mime type );

Return new gridcontenthandler();

}return null;

The getgridapp program defines the gridfactory as a contenthandlerfactory.it implements the create
contenthandler() method and checks to see if the MIME typr passed to it is text cg. if it is not, the null value is
return to the single that the java supply content handler should be used. If the MIME type ids text /cg,the
requested the MIME types displayed d and the gridcontenthandler object is returned.

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