Communications Network

ECE 539
Lecture # 2
' Public Switched Telecommunications
Network (PSTN) Connectivity

Lecturer: Dr. Hesham Abd EL Hakim

Email : [email protected]
 Announcements

* E BOOK : Text:
¢ Michael G. Solomon, David Kim“Fundamentals of Communications and
Networking”, 3rd Edition,2021.
« R. Srikant, Lei Ying,“Communication Networks , An Optimization, Control,
and Stochastic Networks Perspective ”, , 1%t Edition, 2013.
 Remember
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means,
particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves.
Seven Layer ISO/0SI Communications model

Transmit
Data

Physical Link (Channel)

 PSTN Connectivity

Battery é
i
Subsc:ber loog
I Subscriber
feed bridge | ’ P subset
\
,e D >

A subscriber set is connected to a telephone exchange by a

subscriber loop D-Distance (loop length).

The action of current flow alerts the serving exchange that

subscriber requests service. The telephone end instrument
connected through a subscriber loop to a local serving exchange.
It also shows that all-important battery (battery feed bridge),
which provides a source of current for the subscriber loop.
 PSTN Connectivity
P,
S
@
Local
Serving ——ary
- ary
Switch
mw— A
—
——ans
Subscriber Loops Trunks Subscriber Loops

Subscriber loops connect telephone subscribers to their local

serving exchange; trunks interconnect exchanges (switches).
Now that a subscriber wishes to call another telephone
subscriber outside the local serving area of her/his switch. So
at the calling subscriber serving switch the call will be
connected to an outgoing trunk.
 PSTN Connectivity
Trunk:-

trunks are transmission pathways that interconnect switches. Subscriber

loops connect end-users (subscriber) to a local serving switch; trunks
interconnect exchanges or switches.
The IEEE defines a trunk as
“a transmission path between exchanges or central offices”.
Telephone Numbering and Routing
Every subscriber in the world is identified by a number, which
is geographically tied to a physical location.
Example 234-5678
The last four digits identify the subscriber line; the first three digits
(i.e., 234) identify the serving switch (or exchange).
Numbering capacity
the last four digits, has a theoretical numbering capacity of 10,000
 PSTN Connectivity

234 447
Exchange Exchange
m/ Called subscriber

Calling subscriber 8765

It examines the dialed digits of the called subscriber, 447-8765.

 Tandem Switches in a Local Area
Connectivity
Tandem

Exchange Exchange
Direct route

b " . S

Direct route and tandem connectivities

Routing through a tandem switch is an important economic beneficial for a
telephone company or administration. A tandem switches a traffic concentrator.
To employ a direct trunk circuit, there must be sufficient traffic to justify such a
circuit. For connectivity with traffic intensity under 20 erlangs (The erlang is a unit
of traffic intensity. One erlang represents one hour of line (circuit) occupancy.) For
the busy hour (BH), the traffic should be routed through a tandem (exchange). For
traffic intensities over that value, establish a direct route.
 Busy Hour and Grade of Service
The PSTN is very inefficient due to the number of circuits and the
revenue received per circuit (insufficient switch capacity and not
enough trunks to assign during the BH)
The PSTN would approach 100% efficiency if all the circuits were
used all the ¢
Traffic

Time
Residential subscribers
————— Business subscribers

Networks are sized /dimensioned for a traffic load expected

during the busy hour. The sizing is based on probability,
usually expressed as a decimal or percentage. That probability
percentage or decimal is called the grade of service. 0
 Grade of Service(Blocking Probability) IEEE definition
It is “the proportion of total calls, usually during the busy
hour(BH), that cannot be completed immediately.
Blocking probability objectives are usually stated as B = 0.01%
or 1%. This means that during the busy hour, 1 in 100 calls can
be expected to meet blockage.
All PSTN-type circuits discussed in this text are considered
using full-duplex operation unless otherwise specified.

10
 One-Way and Two-Way Circuits
—Z| Sxenanoe | one-way operation

Ca)

-
= el |
- -] Esxchange two-way operation
-~ | +| B
[ -]
fee- |

oy

A hybrid scheme,

oy v
Excharae | a combination of one-way
and two-way operation
e
one-way trunk operation(Figure a).
The upper trunk group is assigned for the direction from A to B; the lower trunk
group is assigned for the opposite direction, from exchange B to exchange A.
Figure c illustrates a typical hybrid arrangement. The upper trunk group carries
traffic from exchange A to exchange B exclusively. The lowest trunk group carries
traffic in the opposite direction. The small, middle trunk group contains two-way
circuits(double seizure). 1"
 Network Topologies
The IEEE defines topology as “the interconnection pattern of
nodes on a network.” A telecommunications network consists of a
group of interconnected nodes or switching centers.

SNS
Ring
e
Fully Connected

—— Line
-l
Different Network topologies

12
 Network 1opologies
Mesh topology
If every switch in a network is connected to all other switches (or
nodes) in the network, then it is called as “pattern” of a full-mesh
network. The figure has 6 nodes. A full-mesh network is very
survivable because of a plethora of possible alternative routes.
Line Topology
This rare topology works by connecting every host to the host
located to the right of it. It is very expensive (due to its cabling
requirements) and due to the fact that it is much more practical to
connect the hosts on either end to form a ring topology, which is
much cheaper and more efficient.
Ring Topology
in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for
signals through each node.
Rings can be unidirectional, with all traffic travelling either clockwise or anticlockwise around the
ring, or bidirectional. unidirectional ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link.
A node failure or cable break might isolate every node attached to the ring. In response, some ring
networks add a "counter-rotating ring" (C-Ring) to form a redundant topology: in the event of a
break, data are wrapped back onto the complementary ring before reaching the end of the cable,
maintaining a path to every node along the resulting C-Ring. 13
 Network Topologies
Star network
It is probably the least survivable. However, it is one of the most economic nodal
patterns both to install and to administer. every host is connected to a central hub. In its
simplest form, one central hub acts as a conduit to transmit messages.

Tree Topology
The root node then communicates with a number of smaller nodes, and those in turn
communicate with an even greater number of smaller nodes. A host that is a branch
off from the main tree is called a leaf. If a leaf fails, its connection is isolated and the
rest of the LAN can continue forwards.

bus network is a network topology in which nodes are directly connected

to a common half-duplex link called a bus. A host on a bus network is
called a station, every station will receive all network traffic, and the traffic
generated by each station has equal transmission priority.

14
 Network Topologies

Shar topolhogy im umss irn & reae

b e rk S

Multiple star network

 Service Quality Items
~Coverage: it is required to be as large as
possible with good quality
» Grade of Service: the blocking probability for
initiating calls at the busiest hour.
~Call Drop Rate: the ratio between the
dropped and total # calls. the call is dropped
(not completed) due to handoff or coverage
problems.
Ex.. one call is dropped and (Q-1) are
completed
Call drop rate = 1/Q
 Grade of Service
“Probabilty of call failure, due to
transmission congestion.
0GOS <1
-1f GOS =1
all calls fail, which causes zero revenue.
- fGOS =0
all calls pass, but this is a case of over
provisioning leading also to poor revenue
17
 Common Definations
~Trunked System: a system which
accommodates a large number of users in
a limited radio spectrum
~Set-up Time: Required time to allocate a
channel to a requesting user
~Blocking (Lost) Call: call is not completed
at the time of request.
~Holding Time (H): Average duration of
typical call.
~Traffic Intensity (A): Average channel
occupancy measured in Erlang (one used
circuit for 1 hour) i

18
 Common Definitions
~Load: Traffic intensity across the entire
system.
~ Request Rate (4): Average number of call
requests per unit time
~ Traffic intensity for each user
A, = AH
~ Total offered traffic intensity for U users
A=UA,
~For C channels, traffic intensity per channel
UA,
A, =
C

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 Grade of Services
Types of Trunked System
Blocked Calls Cleared Blocked Calls Delayed
- No queuing of call request » Queue is provided to hold
- When no channel is available, the call
the requesting user is blocked . \When no channel is
and is free to try again available, the requesting
~Erlang B is used for yser is blocked but it is
calculating the GoS waiting for a specific time
- GoS = Pr{blocking} in a queue

AC ~ Erlang C is used for

_ < calculating the GoS

20
Trunked Channels )

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Example:
How many users can be supported for 0.5%0
blocking probability if each user generates
O.1 Erlangs and in a blocked calls cleared
system, the number of channels are equal to
a) 1 (b)10

3 L1} (k3 20 34 40

A526 A A0S 254} A2%h LhiGT

AR S04 T62 100} L4489 2000
Houq 1.271 1603 1930 2.633 3480
1.525 2.5 2.5 2943 L L) 3021
2219 2881 3454 <4.010 5.189 6556

2 560 3758 4445 5.10% 6504 191

iT38 +.fivtn 5401 6250 T.B54 B )
4.543 5597 &A% T2 9.213 11.42
5370 6.546 7551 H.522 158 1305
(=413 A Kal6 X 11.95 14,68

(@) C = 1. GoS = 0.5%= 0.005

A = 0.005
A=UA, > U=0.005/0.1=0.05
Actually one user could be supported with
one channel, U = 1
23
 GoS in %
1.0 2 L] |

A 204 A 16 A 1765 254 Alsh

526 2235 JR13 S8EL 7962 1OKHR 1449
A555 02T 1.271 1603 |93k 2833
Bnod 1092 2.5 2500 2945 3891
1.361 1657 2.881 3454 4001 5.189

1,509 1276 1758 4.445 ER 6504

2,501 1933 46 5461 250 1856
1,128 1627 5597 . AGE 1.248 9213
3,783 4345 5.170 6,546 T.551 BRS22 10.58
2.260 2805 1092 2461 2084 6216 7501 ahlh LT H] 11.95%

(b) C =10, GoS =0.5% =0.005

A = 3.961
A=UA, - U=3.961/0.1 =39.61
So U =39 user
24
Example:
An urban area has population of 2 million
residents. Three competing trunked mobile
networks (A,B,C) provide cellular service
System A: 394 cells with 19 channel each
System B: 98 cells with 57 channels each
System C: 49 cells with 100 channels each
Find # subscribers that can be supported at
2% GoS if each user has in average 2 calls/
hour at an average call duration 3 min.
~A=2,H=3/60
~ Traffic intensity per user
A, = AH =2*3/60 = 0.1 Erlangs
~System A: C= 19
From Erlang-B table, A= 12.33
U=A/A, =123 users
Total # subscribers = U, = #cells * U = 48462

26
~3System B: C = 57 channels
From Erlang-B table, A= 46.82
U=A/A, =468 users
Total # subscribers = Uy = 98* 468 =45864
~System C: C = 100 channels
From Erlang-B table, A= 87.97
U=A/A,, =879 users
Total # subscribers = U- = 49* 879 =43071

27
~Assume that all three trunked systems are
operated at maximum capacity, Compute
% market penetration of each provider.
System A: Ja_x100
——
2000000

System B: —=£__
2000000
*100
System C: —Z£ _ *100
2000000

~The maximum traffic intensity that is

carried by the system subject to a given
GoS.
~Measure the utilization of the available
channels (the carrier load / channel)
A
nr = (1-GOS)zx 100 28
Example: For cellular system with a fixec
number total assigned channels, different N wil
result in different channels per cell therefore
different trunking efficiency per cell.
~ The traffic for C = 10 with 0.01 GOS is 446 E
The efficiency = n; = 44.15%
~ The traffic for C = 20 with 0.01 GOS is 12.03E
The efficiency = n; = 59.55%
~If 20 channels is divided into 2 groups with 1C
channel each, the traffic is 2 « 4.46 =6.92E.
» The loss of traffic equals i 95, 85%
29
Any Question

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