SQL QUERY
TRUNCATE Example:
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TRUNCATE TABLE employees;
This command will remove all rows from the employees table but leave the table structure intact.
DROP Example:
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DROP TABLE employees;
This command will completely remove the employees table from the database, including all its data
and structure.
1. Basic SELECT Query
• Query: Retrieve all columns from a table.
• Example:
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SELECT * FROM employees;
• Explanation: This query retrieves all records and columns from the employees table.
2. WHERE Clause
• Query: Retrieve records that meet a specific condition.
• Example:
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SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';
• Explanation: This query retrieves all employees who work in the Sales department.
3. ORDER BY
• Query: Retrieve data in a specific order.
• Example:
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SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
• Explanation: This query retrieves all employees and sorts them by salary in descending
order.
4. GROUP BY with Aggregate Functions
• Query: Count the number of employees in each department.
• Example:
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SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS num_employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
• Explanation: This query groups employees by department and counts how many employees
are in each department.
5. HAVING Clause
• Query: Use HAVING to filter results after grouping.
• Example:
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SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS num_employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
• Explanation: This query returns departments with more than 10 employees.
6. JOIN
• Query: Combine data from two tables based on a related column.
• Example:
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SELECT [Link], d.department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = [Link];
• Explanation: This query retrieves employee names along with their corresponding
department names by joining the employees and departments tables.
7. LEFT JOIN
• Query: Retrieve all employees, even those without a matching department.
• Example:
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SELECT [Link], d.department_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = [Link];
• Explanation: This query retrieves all employees, including those who do not have a
corresponding department (where department_id is NULL).
8. DISTINCT
• Query: Retrieve unique department names.
• Example:
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SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees;
• Explanation: This query retrieves distinct department names from the employees table.
9. UNION
• Query: Combine results from two different queries.
• Example:
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SELECT name FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'
UNION
SELECT name FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';
• Explanation: This query combines the names of employees from the Sales and HR
departments.
10. SUBQUERY
• Query: Find employees who earn more than the average salary.
• Example:
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SELECT name
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
• Explanation: This query retrieves the names of employees who earn more than the average
salary.
11. IN Clause
• Query: Find employees who work in specific departments.
• Example:
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SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department IN ('Sales', 'HR', 'IT');
• Explanation: This query retrieves employees who work in the Sales, HR, or IT departments.
12. EXISTS
• Query: Check if any employee belongs to a specific department.
• Example:
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SELECT name
FROM employees e
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = [Link] AND d.department_name = 'Sales'
);
• Explanation: This query retrieves the names of employees who work in the Sales
department using the EXISTS condition.
13. UPDATE
• Query: Update the salary of employees in a specific department.
• Example:
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UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.1
WHERE department = 'HR';
• Explanation: This query increases the salary of all HR department employees by 10%.
14. DELETE
• Query: Delete employees who have left the company.
• Example:
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DELETE FROM employees
WHERE status = 'Left';
• Explanation: This query deletes records of employees who have left the company.
15. CREATE TABLE
• Query: Create a new table to store employee data.
• Example:
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CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
department VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
• Explanation: This query creates a new table called employees with columns for id, name,
department, and salary.
16. ALTER TABLE
• Query: Add a new column to an existing table.
• Example:
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ALTER TABLE employees
ADD COLUMN hire_date DATE;
• Explanation: This query adds a new hire_date column to the employees table.
17. INDEX
• Query: Create an index on a table to improve query performance.
• Example:
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CREATE INDEX idx_department ON employees(department);
• Explanation: This query creates an index on the department column of the employees table
to speed up searches.
18. BETWEEN
• Query: Find employees with salaries in a specific range.
• Example:
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SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 70000;
• Explanation: This query retrieves employees whose salaries are between $50,000 and
$70,000.
19. CASE Statement
• Query: Categorize employees based on their salary.
• Example:
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SELECT name,
salary,
CASE
WHEN salary > 70000 THEN 'High'
WHEN salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 70000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'Low'
END AS salary_category
FROM employees;
• Explanation: This query categorizes employees' salaries into 'High', 'Medium', or 'Low'
categories.
20. TRUNCATE
• Query: Remove all data from a table without deleting the table itself.
• Example:
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TRUNCATE TABLE employees;
• Explanation: This query deletes all records from the employees table but keeps the table
structure.
These queries are commonly asked in SQL interviews to assess your ability to manipulate and
retrieve data from a database effectively. Make sure to practice them and understand their
applications.
