Lesson 2

Orthographic Projection

• Definition: A method to represent 3D objects in 2D by projecting views (front, top, side)

onto perpendicular planes.
• Key Characteristics:
o Perpendicular projections for accurate, scale views.
o Typical views: Top (plan), Front (elevation), Side.
o Features hidden lines for concealed parts.
o Used for technical precision without depth perception.

Pictorial Drawing

• Definition: 3D representations on a 2D surface, showing depth and form for a realistic or

simplified view.
• Key Concepts:
o Includes Isometric, Oblique, and Perspective views.
o Focused on visual representation, not precise dimensions.
o Used in illustrations and presentations for better comprehension.

Types of Pictorial Drawings

Isometric Projection:

• Features:
o Axes appear at 120° to each other.
o Equal scaling along height, width, and depth.
o No vanishing points; lines remain parallel.
o Provides a balanced, foreshortened depiction.

Oblique Projection:

• Features:
o Front face shown to scale; depth at an angle (e.g., 45°).
o Depth is not true to scale.
o Two types:
▪ Cavalier: Full-scale depth.
▪ Cabinet: Half-scale depth, reducing distortion.

Perspective Projection:
 • Features:
o Mimics natural vision with vanishing points:
▪ One-point: Single vanishing point (e.g., hallways).
▪ Two-point: Two vanishing points (e.g., corners).
▪ Three-point: Adds a vertical vanishing point for height.
o Lines converge for realism.

Lesson 3

• Definition:

• Electronic symbols are graphical representations used in schematics to simplify and

standardize the depiction of electronic components and circuits.

• Relevance to Computer Technology:

• Foundational for understanding and troubleshooting PCBs, microcontroller circuits,

and network hardware.
• Essential for designing and analyzing power supply units (PSUs), IoT devices, and
embedded systems.

• Applications:

• Circuit Design: Key for working with resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes on
hardware like motherboards and peripheral devices.
• Microcontrollers: Aids in creating circuits for Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and
sensors/actuators.
• Networking: Helps in understanding routers, switches, and modems' internal circuits.
• Power Systems: Useful for studying voltage regulation in computers and UPS setups.

• Common Symbols:

• Resistor (R): Limits current.

• Capacitor (C): Stores and releases electrical energy.
• Inductor (L): Resists changes in current.
• Diode (D): Allows current flow in one direction.
• Transistor (PNP/NPN): Amplifies or switches signals.
• Ground: Reference point for voltage measurement.
• Battery: Provides circuit energy.
• Switch: Controls current flow.
• LED: Emits light when current passes through.
• Fuse: Protects circuits from overcurrent.

• Importance in Hardware:
 • For troubleshooting, recognizing these symbols in schematics is crucial for diagnosing
and repairing faults in devices.
• Used in simulations (e.g., Multisim, Proteus) to test circuits virtually.

Lesson 4

What is a Schematic Diagram?

• Definition: A visual representation of electrical/electronic circuits using standardized

symbols for components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors.
• Purpose: To illustrate how components are connected and function within a system.

Importance of Schematic Diagrams

1. Simplified Visualization:
o Reduces complexity, making circuits easier to understand.
2. Clarity and Precision:
o Uses standardized symbols for universal interpretation.

Key Roles

1. Circuit Design:
o Blueprint for new designs; helps verify functionality before prototyping.
o Used in simulations to predict circuit behavior.
2. Troubleshooting:
o Identifies faulty components and failure points.
o Enhances efficient repairs and long-term maintenance.
3. Documentation:
o Vital for manufacturing, servicing, and upgrades.
o Ensures regulatory compliance and quality assurance.

Schematic Diagrams vs. Wiring Diagrams

Feature Schematic Diagrams Wiring Diagrams

Purpose Illustrates logical flow and design. Shows physical connections for assembly.
Uses symbols for components and Includes physical positions, wire lengths,
Representation
logic. and colors.
Component functionality and
Focus Physical layout and assembly details.
interrelations.
Construction, installation, and
Use Case Design, analysis, troubleshooting.
maintenance.
Lesson 5

Introduction to CAD (Computer-Aided Design):

• Definition: A technology enabling designers to create, modify, analyze, and optimize

designs using software.
• Importance in Electronics: Enhances precision, reduces errors, and saves time in circuit
and layout design.

Key Applications of CAD in Electronics:

1. Schematic Drawing: Create circuit schematics with symbol libraries.

2. PCB Layout: Design physical board layouts and route connections.
3. Simulation: Test circuit performance virtually before prototyping.

Benefits of CAD over Traditional Design:

• Improved accuracy and error reduction.

• Easy modifications and version control.
• Cost-effective through virtual prototyping and simulations.
• Enhanced collaboration with standardized digital files.

Fundamental AutoCAD Commands:

• Drawing Commands: LINE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE, etc.

• Editing Commands: MOVE, ROTATE, SCALE, TRIM, etc.
• Annotation Commands: TEXT, DIMENSION, LEADER.
• Viewing Commands: ZOOM, PAN.
• Layer Management: LAYER, PROPERTIES.
• Object Snapping: OSNAP, GRID, ORTHO.

Lesson 6

Advanced AutoCAD Techniques Summary

1. Basic AutoCAD Tools

• Drawing Tools: Line, Polyline, Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Rectangle, Polygon.

• Modification Tools: Move, Rotate, Scale, Copy, Mirror, Trim, Extend, Offset, Fillet,
Chamfer.

2. Annotation Tools

• Text, Dimensioning, Hatch, Gradient.

 • OSNAP & Grids: For precise placement and alignment.

3. Advanced Tools and Applications

• Dynamic Blocks: Reusable components with parametric modifications.

• Xrefs (External References): Collaborative design using linked external files.
• Parametric Constraints: Maintain design relationships with geometric and dimensional
constraints.
• Layer Management: Filters, states, freezing, locking, isolating for better organization.
• Tool Palettes: Customization for efficiency.
• Annotation Scaling: Ensures consistent annotation appearance across scales.
• 3D Tools: Extrude, Revolve, Boolean operations for complex shapes.

4. Layer Management & Properties

• Organize with layers for visibility, line type, and color.

• Use layer filters and groups to manage large projects.
• Apply properties by layer for uniformity and override for unique cases.

5. Advanced Object Properties

• Custom Line Types, Line Weights, Transparency.

• Annotative Scaling for text and dimensions.
• Match Properties to streamline tasks.

Lesson 7

1. What is PCB Layout?

• PCB (Printed Circuit Board): A flat board made of non-conductive material that
supports and connects electronic components using conductive pathways.
• Key Materials: Fiberglass or composite epoxy resin, copper sheets.

2. Critical Steps in PCB Design Process

1. Define Requirements: Purpose, application, functionality, size, power, voltage, current,

and signal specifications.
2. Create Schematic Design: Use tools like KiCAD or Altium Designer; verify designs via
Design Rule Checks (DRC).
3. Select PCB Materials: Choose substrates (e.g., FR-4) and type (single, double, or multi-
layer).
4. Determine Size & Shape: Ensure size constraints and adequate spacing.
5. Component Placement: Strategically place for thermal dissipation, functionality, and
efficient signal flow.
 6. PCB Layout Design: Route traces; use power/ground planes; ensure signal integrity.
7. Signal Routing: Techniques for high-speed signals, analog/digital separation, and power
trace widths.
8. Design Verification: Run DRC to meet manufacturing constraints and resolve errors.
9. Silkscreen and Labels: Add identifiers and markings for assembly and troubleshooting.
10. Simulation and Testing: Test for signal integrity, thermal analysis, and power
distribution.
11. Manufacturing Files: Export Gerber and BOM files, ensure compatibility with
manufacturers.
12. Prototype & Test: Validate the design with prototyping and revise if needed.
13. Finalize for Production: Optimize for mass production, prepare documentation.

3. PCB Components

• Substrate: Insulating base material.

• Copper Layer: Conductive pathways (traces).
• Solder Mask: Protective layer against oxidation.
• Silkscreen: Labels for components and pins.
• Pads & Vias: For mounting components and inter-layer connections.
• Ground/Power Planes: Stability and noise reduction.
• Electronic Components: Resistors, capacitors, ICs, connectors, etc.
• Edge Connectors: External device connections.

4. PCB Schematic Design

• Graphical representation of circuits showing components and electrical connections.

• Best Practices:
o Use junction dots to indicate connections.
o Avoid dots for overlapping but unconnected wires.

Lesson 8

Wiring Diagrams

• Definition: Simplified graphical representation of electrical/electronic circuits showing

components as standardized symbols and their connections using lines.
• Importance:
o Clarity: Simplifies complex systems for easy understanding.
o Communication: Ensures accurate sharing of designs among teams.
o Troubleshooting: Aids in fault identification and fixing.
o Design & Prototyping: Ensures proper connections during system development.
o Safety: Promotes safe installation to avoid risks like short circuits or fires.
o Efficiency: Minimizes errors and speeds up maintenance or assembly.
 o Documentation: Acts as a permanent record for repairs, upgrades, or
modifications.

Assemblies

• Definition: A group of parts/components put together to form a complete unit or system

(mechanical, electrical, or structural).
• Key Types:
o Mechanical Assemblies: Gears, shafts, and machines (e.g., engines).
o Electrical Assemblies: Circuit boards, wiring, and components forming devices.
o Sub-assemblies: Smaller assemblies within a larger system.
o CAD Assemblies: Digital 3D models to simulate functionality.

Technical Documentation

• Definition: Detailed information about design, assembly, operation, and maintenance of

electronic systems.
• Key Components:
o Schematic Diagrams: Show circuit connections.
o Bill of Materials (BOM): Lists components with details.
o Datasheets: Provide specifications for components.
o PCB Layouts: Physical layouts of circuit boards.
o Assembly Instructions: Step-by-step device construction.
o Testing Procedures: Ensure functionality and performance.
o User Manuals: Provide operation and safety guidelines.
o Compliance Info: Certifications and regulatory adherence.
o Maintenance Guides: Instructions for repair and upkeep.
• Purpose:
o Facilitates understanding and ensures safe design/manufacturing.
o Supports troubleshooting, maintenance, and collaboration.
o Acts as a legal record for compliance.