LAB # 02 CLO2

SQL Commands Introduction

SQL Server Components

Server
Description
components

SQL Server SQL Server Database Engine includes the Database Engine, the core service
Database for storing, processing, and securing data, Replication, full-text search, and
Engine tools for managing relational and XML data.

Analysis Analysis Services includes the tools for creating and managing online
Services analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining applications.

Reporting Reporting Services includes server and client components for creating,
Services managing, and deploying tabular, matrix, graphical, and free-form reports.
Reporting Services is also an extensible platform that you can use to develop
report applications.

Integration Integration Services is a set of graphical tools and programmable objects for
Services moving, copying, and transforming data.

Management
Description
tools

SQL Server SQL Server Management Studio is an integrated environment to access,

Management configure, manage, administer, and develop components of SQL Server.
Studio Management Studio lets developers and administrators of all skill levels use
SQL Server. Internet Explorer 6 SP1 or a later version is required for
Management Studio installation.
SQL Server SQL Server Configuration Manager provides basic configuration
Configuration management for SQL Server services, server protocols, client protocols, and
Manager client aliases.

SQL Server SQL Server Installation Centre is used for the installation of new Instances,
Installation
Up gradating and Updating the SQL Server.
Centre

run it and see the output:

SELECT getdate(); -- Selects the current (server) date and time.

On the left side you will see databases named master etc. On clicking any of the database, you’ll see default
tables in that database. You can also right click on any of the table and select ‘return all rows’ to see the
entire values in the table.

But you have to create your own database with your own name.

Run the following query by pressing F5 key:

CREATE DATABASE WXYZ; -- Creates a database named WXYZ;

Remember…!! SQL is not case sensitive.

Are you able to see the database created…???

If no, then refresh the services again…!!

Now create the table in the above created database using the CREATE TABLE command:

Syntax:

CREATE
TABLE table_name (
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
); --// CREATE TABLE is the keyword.

Suppose if you want to create the following table:

Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

You’ll have to run the following query:

CREATE TABLE Student

(
Name varchar(255),
Reg_No varchar(255),
Courses varchar(255),
Course_Code int,
Offered_by varchar(255)
);

Run the query and see the results.

Was the table created named STUDENT….???

Inorder to verify the results run the following query:

SELECT *
FROM Student;

Was the table displayed…???

 SQL Server Data Types
String types:

Number types:

Data type Description Storage

tinyint Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 1 byte

smallint Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 2 bytes

int Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 4 bytes

bigint Allows whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 8 bytes
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

decimal(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. 5-17 bytes

Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1.

The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that

can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p
must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.The s parameter indicates
the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point.
s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value is 0

numeric(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. 5-17 bytes

Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1.

The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that

can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p
must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.

The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the

right of the decimal point. s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value
is 0

smallmoney Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 4 bytes

money Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 8 bytes

922,337,203,685,477.5807

float(n) Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. 4 or 8 bytes

The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 or 8 bytes.

float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-byte field.
Default value of n is 53.

real Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 4 bytes

 Date types:

Other data types:

Data type Description

sql_variant Stores up to 8,000 bytes of data of various data types, except text, ntext, and
timestamp

uniqueidentifier Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID)

xml Stores XML formatted data. Maximum 2GB

cursor Stores a reference to a cursor used for database operations

table Stores a result-set for later processing

timestamp Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets
created or modified. The timestamp value is based upon an internal
clock and does not correspond to real time. Each table may have only
one timestamp variable
 SQL DML Commands

SELECT,SELECT DISTINCT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,ORDER BY,AND/OR

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data
Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. It also defines
indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between tables.

The most important DDL statements in SQL are:

• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new record or row in a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
 The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their
values:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES

(value1, value2, value3,...)

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

SQL INSERT INTO Example

We have the following "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

INSERT INTO Persons

VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')
 The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

It is also possible to only add data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add a new row, but only add data in the "P_Id",
"LastName" and the "FirstName" columns:
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob

SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table
 The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records
will be updated!

SQL UPDATE Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob

Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:

UPDATE Persons
 SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL UPDATE Warning

Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the example
above, like this:

UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'

The "Persons" table would have looked like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Nissestien 67 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Nissestien 67 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Nissestien 67 Sandnes

 4 Nilsen Johan Nissestien 67 Sandnes

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column=some_value

Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records
will be deleted!

SQL DELETE Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

 Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

DELETE FROM Persons

WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_name or

DELETE * FROM table_name

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!
 SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.The result is stored in a result
table, called the result-set.
The syntax used for SELECT query is:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

and
SELECT * FROM table_name

Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.

Example
The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

 1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from
the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName

Hansen Christ

Svendson Tove

Pettersen Michael

SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns!

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

 The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a problem,
however, sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.
Its Syntax is:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table
above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

City
Sandnes
Stavanger

The WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion. The
syntax of the command is:
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE City='Sandnes'

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

Quotes Around Text Fields

SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double
quotes).
Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.

For text values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

For numeric values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'
 Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause
With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:

Operator Description

= Equal

<> Not equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

BETWEEN Between an inclusive range

LIKE Search for a pattern

IN If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns

Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=

Practice all SQL commands described above for any table…!!!

TASK 1:
Create the following table using SQL and using the INSERT INTO command, insert the
following values in the table created.
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP

Hassan 10

TASK 2:
Using the UPDATE statement, update the above table for the following values:
 Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Hassan 10 DSP 1005 Mr. Z

TASK 3:
Using the DELETE statement, delete the record for the student having name Akram and
Ahsan in the above table. Also delete the record for the course having course code=1001.

TASK 4:
Select distinct values from the above table for the last three columns.
TASK 5:
For the table in task 2, generate a query for updating the table with fully qualified names and
update the following values:

Ali 01 SE 1001 Mr. Z

Basit 02 CG 1002 Mr. X