Scribd
Upload
2 views

Unit 1.4 Basic Organisation of Computer System

This document covers the fundamentals of computer systems, including definitions, classifications, and the basic organization of a computer. It discusses the major components such as the CPU, input/output units, and memory types, as well as the five basic operations performed by computers. Additionally, it outlines the roles of the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit within the CPU.

Uploaded by

ayushikapoor.sps
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Unit 1.4 Basic Organisation of Computer System

This document covers the fundamentals of computer systems, including definitions, classifications, and the basic organization of a computer. It discusses the major components such as the CPU, input/output units, and memory types, as well as the five basic operations performed by computers. Additionally, it outlines the roles of the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit within the CPU.

Uploaded by

ayushikapoor.sps
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

1

Fundamentals of Computers and IT


Paper Code 105
UNIT – 1

Basic Organization of a Computer System


(Chapter 2: P. K. Sinha)
2

Fundamentals of Computers and IT


UNIT – 1
Fundamentals of Computers:

Definition and Characteristics of Computer System, Computer Generation from First Generation to Fifth
Generation. Classifications of Computers: Micro, Mini, Mainframe and super computers.

Computer Hardware: Major Components of a digital computer, Block Diagram of a computer, Input-
output devices, Description of Computer Input Units, Output Units, CPU.

Computer Memory: Memory Hierarchy, Primary Memory - RAM and its types, ROM and its types,
Secondary Memory, Cache Memory, Secondary Storage Devices- Hard disk, Compact Disk, DVD, Flash
memory.
3

TEXT BOOKS

[TB1] P. K. Sinha & Priti Sinha , “Computer Fundamentals”, BPB Publications, 1992.
[TB2] Anita Goel “Computer Fundamentals”, Pearson.

REFERENCE BOOKS

[RB1] B. Ram Computer fundamentals Architecture and Organization, New Age Intl.
[RB2] Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, “Introduction to Computers”, Vikas Publishing .
[RB3] Norton Peter, “Introduction to computers”, 4th Ed., TMH, 2001.
[RB4] Vikas Gupta, “Comdex Computer Kit”, Wiley Dreamtech, Delhi, 2004.

•
Learning Objectives
4

In this unit you will learn about:


 Basic organization of a computer system
 Basic operations performed by all types of computer systems
 Input unit and its functions
 Output unit and its functions
 Storage unit and its functions
 Types of storage used in a computer system
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control Unit (CU)
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Computer as a system
5
Basic Organization of a Computer System

• Computer Organization
is concerned with the
structure and behaviour
of a computer system as
seen by the user.

• Computer Organisation
tells us how exactly all
the units/components in
the system are arranged
and connected to each
other.

Figure: Basic Organization of Computer System


6
The Five Basic Operations of a Computer
System

 Inputting: The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system
 Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or
additional processing whenever required
 Processing: Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc.)
or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.) on
data to convert them into useful information
 Outputting: The process of producing useful information or results for the user such
as a printed report or visual display
 Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed
7 Input Unit

An input unit of a computer system performs the following functions:

 1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world


 2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form
 3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system
for further processing
8 Output Unit

An output unit of a computer system performs the following functions:

 It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form
and hence, cannot be easily understood by us.
 Hence, this unit converts these coded results to human acceptable
(readable) form and supplies the converted results to outside world
9 Storage Unit

The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores) the following :

 Data and instructions required for processing (received from input devices)
 Intermediate results of processing
 Final results of processing, before they are released to an output device
10 Two Types of Storage
Primary storage/Main Memory Secondary storage/Secondary
Memory
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
 Used to hold running program
 Used to hold stored program
 Used to hold data, intermediate results,
instructions
and results of ongoing processing of
job(s)  Used to hold data and information
of stored jobs
 Fast in operation
 Slower than primary storage
 Small Capacity
 Large Capacity
 Expensive
 Lot cheaper than primary storage
 Volatile (looses data on power
dissipation)  Retains data even without power
11 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 It is the brain of a computer system


 It is responsible for controlling the operations of all other units of a computer
system
12 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the actual
executions of instructions takes place during processing operation
 It is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations
13 Control Unit

 Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the


operations of all other components of the computer system
14 The Computer System as a whole

 A system has following three characteristics:


1. A system has more than one element
2. All elements of a system are logically related
3. All elements of a system are controlled in a manner to achieve the system goal

A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components (input unit, output


unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to perform the steps called for in the
executing program
15

THANKS

You might also like