LALIT MOHAN SAHU, PGT(PHYSICS), KV-1 BBSR

Formulae in Physics for Class XII

Unit I (Electrostatics)

1. Quantization of electric charge: q=ne

1 q1 q2
2. Coulomb’s Law in electrostatics F=
4 πϵ 0 r 2
1 q
3. Electric field due to a point charge E=
4 πϵ 0 r 2
1 2p 1 p
4. Electric field due to a dipole E axial= Eeq =−
4 πϵ 0 r 3 4 πϵ 0 r 3
1 2λ
5. Electric field due a line charge E=
4 πϵ 0 r
σ
6. Electric field due a plane sheet of charge E= 2 ϵ
0

Electric Flux Ф=⃗ E .⃗dS

Cℎarge enclosed
7. Gauss’s Theorem ∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dS=
ϵ0
8. Electric field due to charged spherical shell
(i) Inside the shell E=0
1 Q
(ii) Outside the shell E= 4 πϵ 2
0 r

1 Q
(iii) On the surface of the shell E= 4 πϵ 2 (Where R is the radius of the shell)
0 R

9. Potential Difference (near a point charge Q)

B
V B − V A=
W
q0
=−∮ ⃗
A
E .⃗
dl=
4
1
π ϵ 0
.Q
r (
1 1
B
−
rA )
1 Q
10. Electric Potential due to a point charge V = 4 πϵ r
0

dV
11.Relation between electric field and potential gradient E=− dr
12. In case of a uniform field, V =E d where V is the potential difference between two
points separated by a distance d along the field.
1 p
13.Electric potential due to a dipole (i) V axial =
4 πϵ 0 r 2 (ii) eq
V =0

14.Torque on dipole when placed in electric field τ = pE sinθ

15.Potential Energy of dipole in an electric field U =−⃗p . ⃗E =− pE cos θ
16.Electrical capacitance q=CV
Kϵ 0 A
17.Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor C=
d
1 1 1 1
18.Capacitors in series = + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
19.Capacitance in parallel C=C 1+C 2 +C3
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2
1 1 q
20.Energy Stored in a capacitor U = C V 2= qV =
2 2 2C
1 2
21.Energy per unit volume u= 2 ϵ 0 E
C 1 C 2 (V 1 − V 2)2
22. Loss of energy on sharing of charge by two capacitors U 1 −U 2=
2(C 1+C 2)

Unit II (Current Electricity)

dq
1. Electric Current I=
dt
e⃗
E
2. Drift Velocity ⃗
v d=− τ
m
m
3. Resistivity ρ= 2 conductivity= 1/ ρ
ne τ
l
4. Resistance R= ρ A
2
W 2 V
5. Electric Power P= =i R=
t R
6. Resistances in series R=R 1+ R 2+ R 3
1 1 1 1
7. Resistances in parallel R = R + R + R
1 2 3

8. Cells in series Eeq=E1+E2+………. and req=r1+r2+…………

Current I= Eeq/(req+R)
Eeq E 1 + E 2 1 1 1
+
9. Cells in parallel =
r eq r 1 r 2
and =
r eq r 1 r 2

100 −l
10.Unknown resistance by metre bridge S= l R ( )
11.Terminal voltage across a cell during discharging of the cell V=E-Ir

Unit III (Magnetic Effects of Current & Magnetism)

μ0 I ⃗
dl× ⃗r μ0 Idl sin θ
1. Biot-Savart law ⃗
dB=
4π 3 ( in vector form)dB= 4 π 2 (Magnitude)
r r
2. Ampere Circuital Law ∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl=μ0I (Where I is the current threading into the
circuit)
μ0 I
3. Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor B=
2π r
¿
4. Magnetic field at the centre of current carrying circular coil B=μ0 ∋ 2 R ¿
5. Magnetic field at the axis of current carrying solenoid B=μ0 ∋¿
 LALIT MOHAN SAHU, PGT(PHYSICS), KV-1 BBSR

(Where n is the number of turns per unit length)

6. Lorentz Magnetic force ⃗F =q (⃗v × ⃗B ) or F=qvB sin θ
7. Force on a charged particle in simultaneous Electric field and Magnetic field
⃗
F =q ( ⃗
E +⃗v × ⃗
B)
2 πm Bq
8. Time period of charged particle in magnetic field T = Bq and Frequency ν= 2 πm
E
9. Velocity filter v=
B
10.Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor F=BIlsin θ
In vector form F =I l⃗ × ⃗
⃗ B
F μ0 I 1 I 2
11.Force between parallel current carrying conductors f= = N/m
l 2π d
12.Torque on a current carrying loop in magnetic field τ =NBIA sin θ=MB sinθ
In vector form τ⃗ =¿ ⃗
A ×⃗
B=⃗M ×⃗
B
13.Potential Energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field U =− ⃗ M .⃗
B=− MB cos θ
14.Work done to rotate the dipole W= Ufinal−U initial
α NBA
15.Current sensitivity of galvanometer S I= =
I K
g I
16. Shunt to convert a G-meter into an ammeter S= I − I G
g

GS
17.Resistance of Ammeter RA=
G+ S
V
18.Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter R= − Rg
Ig
19.Resistance of Voltmeter RV =R+G
20.Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop M =NIA
μ0 2 M
21.Magnetic field at an axial point of a bar magnet 4 π r3
B= (r>>l)
μ0 M
22.Magnetic field at an equatorial point of a bar magnet B=
4 π r3
(r>>l)

23.Torque on a magnetic dipole in magnetic field τ =MB Sinθ , τ ¿⃗M×⃗ B

24.PE of dipole placed in magnetic field U =− ⃗

M .⃗
B or U =− MB cos θ
25.Magnetic moment of current carrying loop M =NIA Am2
evr e
26.Magnetic moment of revolving electron M=
2
=−
2m
L

eℎ −24 2
27.Bohr’s Magneton μm =
4 πm
=9.27 × 10 A m

28.Gauss’s Law in magnetism ∮ ⃗B . ⃗

dS=0
B0
29.Magnetic field intensity H=
μ0
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M
30.Intensity of magnetization I=
V
31.Relation between relative permeability and Susceptibility, μr =1+ χ ❑
C
32.Curie’s Law in paramagnetism χ ❑=
T

Unit IV (Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating currents)

Electromagnetic Induction
dϕ
1. Faraday’s Law of EMI, Induced instantaneous emf, V =− dt
ϕ2 − ϕ1
average emf =−
t
2. Motional emf in a rod moving in a perpendicular magnetic field V =− Blv
dI
3. Back emf in a coil due to self induction V =− L
dt
1 2
4. Energy stored in an inductor U= LI
2
5. Energy density in magnetic field um=B2/2 μ0
6. Self inductance of a long solenoid 2
L=μ r μ 0 n lA
dI
7. Induced emf in a coil due mutual V =− M
dt
8. Mutual inductance of two long solenoids M =μ0 n1 n2 Al

9. Emf induced in ac generator V ¿(NBA ω)sin ωt

Alternating current
2I0
1. Mean value of a.c. in half cycle I m= =0.636 I 0
π
2. Mean value of ac in one cycle = 0
I0
3. Root Mean Square value of current I rms = =0.707 I 0
√2
V0 π
4. Current through the inductor I= sin (ωt − ¿ )¿
ωL 2
5. Inductive reactance XL = ωL
V0 π
6. Current through the capacitor I= sin(ωt+ ¿)¿
1/ωC 2
7. Capacitive reactance Xc= 1/ ωC
8. Impedance of LR circuit Z=√ R 2+ ω2 L2
9. Impedance of CR circuit Z=√ R 2+ 1/ ω2 C2
 LALIT MOHAN SAHU, PGT(PHYSICS), KV-1 BBSR

10.Impedance of LCR circuit

1
2

√
Z=√ R +(X C − X L ) = R +(ωL −
2 1 2
2
ωC
)

11.Resonant Angular Frequency ω 0=

√ LC
12.Average power in ac circuit Pav =V rms I rms cos φ
13. Power factor, cos φ=R /Z
Ns
14.Transformer output voltage V s= V
Np p
Np
Output current I s= I
Ns p

AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTOR, CAPACITOR, INDUCTOR

Resistor Capacitor Inductor LCR circuit
Instantaneous V0Sinωt V0Sinωt V0Sinωt V0Sinωt
Voltage
Instantaneous I0Sinωt I0Sin(ωt+π/2) I0Sin(ωt-π/2) I0Sin(ωt+ø)
Current
Opposition to Resistance Capacitive Inductive Impedance
current (R=V0/I0 ) reactance reactance ( Z=V0/I0 )
( Xc= V0/I0) ( XL =V0/I0 )
Dependence R is independent Xc=1/ωC XL=ωL
on frequency of frequency Inversely Directly Z=√[R2+(XC-XL)2]
proportional to Proportional to
frequency frequency
Average Power 2 2
I R=I0 /2R Zero Zero 1
VICosø = 2
dissipated
V0I0Cosø
Phase
difference
between 0 900 900 tanø= (XC-XL)/R
Voltage and
current

Power factor 1 0 0 R/Z

(Cosø)