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Buland - Dizayi Teaching 563 27338 1650776864 1

The document explains the concepts of the Energy Line (E.L.) and the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L.) in fluid mechanics, detailing how these lines represent the total energy and pressure heads in a fluid system. It includes examples of calculations for water flow in channels and fluid velocity in nozzles, as well as the energy exchange in systems involving pumps and turbines. The document also provides equations for determining fluid velocity and energy added or extracted in these systems.

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12 views4 pages

Buland - Dizayi Teaching 563 27338 1650776864 1

The document explains the concepts of the Energy Line (E.L.) and the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L.) in fluid mechanics, detailing how these lines represent the total energy and pressure heads in a fluid system. It includes examples of calculations for water flow in channels and fluid velocity in nozzles, as well as the energy exchange in systems involving pumps and turbines. The document also provides equations for determining fluid velocity and energy added or extracted in these systems.

Uploaded by

thefoundation.koyalab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Energy Line & the Hydraulic Grade Line

E.L
2 v2 v2
v
2g 2g
2g H.G.L
p
p 
 p
H 

z
z
z
datum

The sum of the pressure head, the potential head, and the velocity head can
be measured by a Pitot static tube. Connecting the readings of these tubes
produce the energy line (E.L.) which represent the total energy possessed
by the fluid. While the hydraulic grade line (H.G.L) represents the sum of
the static pressure and potential pressure heads.

𝑝 𝑉2
+ +𝑧 =𝐻
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

1
Example
Fourteen cubic meters per second of water flow in a rectangular open
channel 6 m wide and 2.4 m deep. After passing through a transition
structure into a trapezoidal canal of 1.5 m base width with sides sloping at
30o, the velocity is 2m/s. Calculate the depth (h) of water in the canal.
Solution
𝑄 14
𝐴2 = 𝑉 = = 7𝑚2
2 2
𝑏1 +𝑏2
𝐴2 = ℎ( ) … (1)
2

𝑏2 = 1.5 + 2𝑥 … (2) 2.4 m

𝑥 = ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 0 … (3)
substitute Eqs. 2 & 3 in 1
ℎ
𝐴2 = 2 (𝑏1 + 1.5 + 2ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 0)
ℎ
7 = 2 (𝑏1 + 1.5 + 2ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 0) h

1.732ℎ2 + 1.5ℎ + (−7) = 0

−1.5∓√(1.5)2 −4(1.732)(−7)
ℎ= 2(1.732)
−1.5∓7.123
ℎ= = 1.623𝑚
3.464

2
Example
A nozzle with a base diameter of 80 mm and with 30 mm diameter tip discharges 10
L/s. Derive an expression for the fluid velocity along the axis of the nozzle. Measure
the distance (x) along the axis from the plane of the larger diameter.
Solution
𝑧 𝑠
=
𝑦 𝐿
𝑧 𝐿−𝑥
= 80 mm
𝑦 𝐿 30 mm
𝑧 𝑥
=1−
𝑦 𝐿
but
𝑦 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 0.04 − 0.015 = 0.025
𝑧 = 𝑟 − 𝑟2 = 𝑟 − 0.015
𝑟 − 0.015 𝑥
=1− L
0.025 𝐿
𝑥
𝑟 − 0.015 = 0.025 − 0.025 x S
𝐿
𝑥 r2
𝑟 = 0.04 − 0.025
𝐿
𝑥 z
𝑑 = 0.08 − 0.05 r1
Y
𝐿
𝑄 𝑄∗4
𝑉= =
𝐴 𝜋 ∗ 𝑑2
0.01 ∗ 4
𝑉=
𝑥 2
𝜋 (0.08 − 0.05 )
𝐿
4
𝑉=
𝑥 2
𝜋 (0.8 − 0.5 )
𝐿
1.273
𝑉=
𝑥 2
(0.8 − 0.5 𝐿 )

3
Flow with Energy Exchange
Energy may be added to the flow by a pump, or it may be extracted from the
flow by a turbine. Energy added by a pump per unit weight of fluid is
denoted by Ep. Energy extracted per unit weight of fluid by a turbine is
denoted by ET.

For a system that comprise a pump, B.E can be written as

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐸𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

For a system that comprise a Turbine, B.E can be written as

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐸𝑇
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

The power required to drive a pump, or the power extracted from a turbine
can be computed as follows.
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑃
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑇
𝑃𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝜂𝑇
𝜂𝑝 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝜂 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

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