ENABLING OBJECT DETECTION THROUGH

SPEECH FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

DHINAHARI R (810020104023)
DHIVYA A S (810020104024)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHLOER OF ENGINEERING
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BHARATHIDASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS
ANNA UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620024.

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2024

i
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHARATHIDASANINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS
ANNA UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620024.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report titled “ENABLING OBJECT DETECTION

THROUGH SPEECH FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED” is the bonafide work
of DHINAHARI R (810020104023) and DHIVYA A S (810020104024) who
carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. G. ANNAPOORANI Mrs. N. SHANMUGAPRIYA

Assistant Professor & Head of the Teaching fellow, Department of

department of IT/CSE, Computer Science and Engineering,

University College of Engineering, University College of Engineering,

BIT Campus, BIT Campus,

Tiruchirappalli – 620 024 Tiruchirappalli – 620 024

Certified that DHINAHARI R and DHIVYA A S were examined in a

Viva-Voce examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work entitled "ENABLING OBJECT

DETECTION THROUGH SPEECH FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED" is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree in
B.E(Computer Science and Engineering), University College of Engineering,
BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli. It is a record of our work carried
out by me during the academic year 2023- 2024 under the supervision of Mrs
N.Shanmugapriya, Teaching fellow, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University,
Tiruchirappalli. The extent and source of information are derived from the
existing literature and have been indicated through the dissertation at the
appropriate places. The matter embodied in this work is original and has not been
submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma, either in this or any other
university.

(Signature of the Candidate) (Signature of the Candidate)

DHINAHARI R DHIVYA A S
(810020104023) (810020104024)

I certify that the declaration made by the above candidate is true.

(Signature of the Guide)

Mrs. N.Shanmugapriya,
Teaching fellow,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
University College of Engineering (BIT Campus),
Anna University, Tiruchirappalli.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A truthful heartfelt and deserved acknowledgement comes from one's heart

to convey the real influence others have on one's work.

We express our gratitude to our honorable Dean,

Dr.T.SENTHILKUMAR, M.E., PhD., for giving us chance to complete our
education in one of the reputed government institutions running under his
leadership.

We express our sincere gratitude to our head of the department

Dr. G. ANNAPOORANI, M.Tech., Ph.D., for giving us the provision to do the
project.

We are much obliged to our project coordinators Dr.K.AMBIKA, and

Mr. JAISON VIMALRAJ , and our class coordinator Dr.K.AMBIKA for
giving us the opportunity to do the project, hearty thanks for them. We stand even
more thankful to our project supervisor Mrs.N.SHANMUGAPRIYA, for
guiding us throughout and giving us the opportunity to present the main project.

We also express our sincere thanks to all other staff members, friends, and
our parents for their help and encouragement.

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 ABSTRACT

Object detection based on deep learning is an essential application in deep

learning technology. Generally, the normal people can identify where the objects
are located easily but it’s not that much easy for visually impaired people to
identify the objects and its location. Also, it is very challenging to create a
computer model to identify the objects. Actually, the object detected will be
appear on the screen but it’s not useful for visually impaired that’s why we are
using Audio Assist which helps us to convert text to speech. And we are enabling
the audio assist technology to gives the audio output after identifying the object.
And it describes where the object is it located. This model is done with KNN
Algorithm using deep learning. This model is not only trained to detect objects
also detects persons. This technology has enormous promise for increasing the
freedom and safety of visually impaired people by allowing them to explore and
interact with their surroundings more confidently and efficiently. It is a big step
towards inclusion and accessibility in our quickly expanding technology
ecosystem. The objects detected are translated into meaningful audio cues,
providing immediate to user.

KEYWORDS:

Object Detection, Deep Learning, Audio Assist, KNN,

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background Understanding 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Related Work 4
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 7
3.1 Introduction 7
3.2 Goal 7
3.3 Objectives 7
3.4 Algorithm 10
3.4.1 Machine Learning 10
3.4.2 K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN) 11
3.5 Conclusion 13
4. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 14
4.1 Introduction 14
4.2 Hardware Requirements 14
4.3 Software Requirements 14
4.4 Frameworks 15
4.5 Libraries 15

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 4.5.1 Tensorflow.js 15
4.5.2 Deeplearn.js 16
4.5.2.1 Transition to tensorflow.js 17
4.5.3 tfjs-converter 17
4.6 Conclusion 17
5. SYSTEM DESIGN 18
5.1 Architectural Diagram 18
5.2 UML Diagram 20
5.2.1 Dataflow Diagram 20
6. DATASET AGGREAGTION AND 23
ACQUISTION
6.1 Introduction 23
6.2 Initial Dataset Collection 23
6.3 User interaction for sample images 24
6.4 Real-time image acquisition 24
6.5 Dataset Pre-processing 24
6.5.1 Cropping the image 24
6.5.2 Image Augmentation 25
6.6 Dynamic learning approach 26
6.7 Annotation and labelling 26
6.8 Data Storage and Management 26
6.9 Conclusion 26
7. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 27
7.1 Modules 27
7.2 Module Description 27
7.2.1 Image Acquisition Module 27
7.2.2 Preprocessing Module 28
7.2.3 Feature Extraction Module 28

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 7.2.4 Classification Module 29
7.2.5 Post-Processing Module 30
7.2.6 Evaluation and Validation 30
7.2.7 Webapp Implementation 31
7.2.8 Implementation 31
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE 41
ENHANCEMENTS
8.1 Conclusion 41
8.2 Future Enhancements 42
8.3 Object Detection Process 42
REFERENCE 44

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.4.2.1 KNN Algorithm 13

5.1.1 System Architecture 18
5.2.2.1 0th DFD Diagram 20
5.2.2.2 1st DFD Diagram 21
5.2.2.3 2nd DFD Diagram 22
6.5.2.1 Image Augmentation 25
8.3.1 Process-1 43
8.3.2 Process-2 43

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS

UML Unified Modelling Language

GUI Graphical User Interface
UI User Interface
DFD Data Flow Diagram
ML Machine Learning
CNN Convolution Neural Network
KNN k-Nearest Neighbors

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In today’s digital age, real-time Object Detection Systems play a crucial

role in numerous applications. One such development of a Dynamic Real-time
Object Detection and Audio Feedback System using TensorFlow.js. This system
represents a significant advancement in the computer vision and audio
processing, offering a seamless integration of deep learning techniques with
interactive user feedback mechanisms.

Traditionally, object detection systems heavily rely on pre-trained models,

which are trained on vast datasets and subsequently deployed for inference tasks.
While these models demonstrate impressive performance under controlled
conditions, they often lack the adaptability required for real-time applications in
dynamic environments. Furthermore, the absence of auditory feedback
mechanisms limits the accessibility and user-friendliness of such systems,
particularly in scenarios where visual feedback alone may be insufficient or
impractical.

To address these challenges, our project introduces a novel approach that

leverages TensorFlow.js, a JavaScript library to empower the real-time object
detection without the need for pre-trained models. By dynamically collecting
sample images from the environment and continuously refining its understanding
through an iterative learning process, our system adapts to the ever-changing
context in real-time.

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 Moreover, by integrating audio feedback alongside visual recognition, our
system enhances accessibility and user experience across a wide range of
applications. Whether assisting visually impaired individuals in navigating their
surroundings or facilitating interactive experiences in augmented reality
environments.

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of our Dynamic Real-

time Object Detection and Audio Feedback System, detailing its architecture,
functionality, and implementation using TensorFlow.js. In this paper, we provide
a comprehensive overview of our Dynamic Real-time Object Detection and
Audio Feedback System, detailing its architecture, functionality, and
implementation using TensorFlow.js.

1.2 BACKGROUND UNDERSTANDING

Background Understanding for Dynamic Real-time Object Detection and

Audio Feedback System with TensorFlow.js

Object Detection: Provide an overview of object detection techniques, including

traditional methods and deep learning-based approaches. Highlight the
importance of real-time object detection for various applications such as robotics,
surveillance, and augmented reality.

Feature Extraction: Learn about different audio features that can be extracted
to represent audio signals effectively. These features may include spectrogram
representations, Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), pitch, energy,
zero-crossing rate, and more.

TensorFlow.js: Introduce TensorFlow.js as a JavaScript library for training and

2
deploying machine learning models in web browsers and Node.js environments.
Explain its significance in enabling on-device inference and real-time processing
without the need for server-side computations.

Dynamic Learning Approaches: Discuss the concept of dynamic learning in the

context of object detection systems. Explore techniques for adaptive learning and
continual improvement, including approaches for collecting and incorporating
real-world examples into the model.

Audio Feedback Systems: Provide an overview of audio feedback systems and

their importance in enhancing user experience and accessibility. Discuss the role
of audio cues in providing real-time feedback and guidance in various
applications.

Integration of Object Detection and Audio Feedback: Highlight the potential

benefits of integrating object detection with audio feedback systems. Discuss how
real-time object detection results can be translated into meaningful audio cues to
assist users in interpreting their surroundings.

Evaluation Metrics and Performance: Describe key metrics and methodologies

for evaluating the performance of object detection systems, including accuracy,
precision, recall, and inference speed. Discuss how these metrics apply to real-
time systems and dynamic learning approaches

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The fusion of deep learning techniques with real-time computer

vision systems has led to significant advancements in various applications,
including object detection, image classification, and augmented reality. One
compelling aspect of these systems is their ability to adapt and learn from
dynamic environments, continuously improving their performance over time.
Concurrently, there has been a growing interest in integrating multimodal sensory
feedback, such as audio cues, to enhance user interaction and accessibility in
these systems. This literature survey explores the intersection of real-time object
detection, dynamic learning methodologies, and audio feedback systems, with a
specific focus on the novel approach of utilizing TensorFlow.js for on-the-fly
execution.

2.2 RELATED WORK

1.“Real-time Object Detection with TensorFlow" by Jonathan Hui: This

paper provides an overview of real-time object detection techniques using
TensorFlow, discussing various approaches, architectures, and optimization
methods for efficient inference. It serves as a foundational resource for
understanding real-time object detection techniques, which is crucial for
designing our dynamic system.

2."Dynamic Learning Approaches for Object Detection" by Mei Han et al.:

This study explores dynamic learning methodologies for object detection,
focusing on techniques that adaptively update model parameters using new data.

4
By discussing strategies such as incremental learning and online learning, the
paper offers insights into the design of our system's dynamic learning component.

3."Audio Feedback Systems in Human-Computer Interaction" by Mark

Grimshaw: This research paper examines the role of audio feedback in enhancing
user interaction with computer systems. It explores the design principles,
implementation strategies, and user experience considerations for integrating
audio feedback into interactive systems, providing valuable guidance for our
system's audio feedback component.

4."TensorFlow.js: Machine Learning for the Web and Beyond" by Josh

Gordon and Yannick Assogba: This book chapter introduces TensorFlow.js, a
JavaScript library for training and deploying machine learning models in web
browsers. It covers the library's features, architecture, and use cases, serving as a
comprehensive guide for leveraging TensorFlow.js in our system's
implementation.

5."Deep Learning for Audio-based Object Detection" by Richard Lyon et al.:

This research paper investigates deep learning techniques for audio-based object
detection, discussing architectures, datasets, and evaluation metrics relevant to
our system's audio feedback component. It offers insights into incorporating deep
learning models for audio analysis in real-time systems.

6."Dynamic Real-time Systems for Assistive Technologies" by Sandra Hirzel

and Markus Hutter: This paper explores the design and implementation of
dynamic real-time systems for assistive technologies, discussing methodologies,
challenges, and best practices. It provides valuable insights into designing
adaptable systems capable of providing real-time assistance, which aligns with
the goals of our dynamic object detection and audio feedback system.

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7."Web-Based Object Detection Using TensorFlow.js" by Jason Mayes: This
blog post provides a practical tutorial on building web-based object detection
systems using TensorFlow.js. It covers topics such as model conversion,
inference optimization, and integration with web applications, offering practical
guidance for implementing our real-time object detection system within a
browser environment.

8."Online Learning for Dynamic Object Detection" by Yuxing Tang et al.:

This research paper investigates online learning techniques for dynamic object
detection, focusing on methods that adaptively update the model based on new
data streams. By exploring concepts such as incremental learning and model
adaptation, the paper offers insights into designing our system's ability to
continuously improve its object detection capabilities in real-time.

9."Audio Feedback in Interactive Systems: Design Principles and User

Experience" by Emily F. Johnson et al.: This study delves into the design
principles and user experience considerations for integrating audio feedback into
interactive systems. It examines factors such as sound design, feedback timing,
and user preferences, providing valuable guidance for enhancing the
effectiveness and usability of our system's audio feedback component.

10."Efficient Real-time Object Detection Techniques" by Wenzhao Zheng et

al.: This research paper explores efficient techniques for real-time object
detection, focusing on methods that optimize model architecture, feature
extraction, and inference speed. By discussing strategies such as lightweight
architectures and hardware acceleration, the paper offers insights into designing
our system for low-latency, real-time performance.

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 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed model is to develop a web-based ML system to train and

detect real time images. It aims to improve the accuracy of the dynamic Real-time
Object Detection and Audio Feedback System with TensorFlow.js.

3.2 GOAL

The primary objective of the Dynamic Real-time Object Detection and

Audio Feedback System with TensorFlow.js is to develop a flexible and
adaptable solution for real-time object detection and audio feedback, utilizing
dynamic learning techniques without the need for pre-trained models. This
system aims to empower users with a seamless and intuitive interface that can
continuously learn and improve its object recognition capabilities based on real-
world examples. By leveraging TensorFlow.js for in-browser execution, the goal
is to create a lightweight and accessible platform capable of running complex
deep learning models directly within web environments.

3.3 OBJECTIVES

Objectives of Dynamic Real-time Object Detection and Audio Feedback

System with TensorFlow.js:

3.3.1.Real-time Object Detection: The primary objective is to develop a system

capable of detecting objects in real-time, without relying on pre-trained models.

7
This involves designing and implementing a custom convolutional neural
network (CNN) architecture optimized for rapid inference using TensorFlow.js.
The system should be able to identify objects accurately and efficiently as new
examples are provided.
3.3.2Dynamic Learning from Examples: Another key objective is to enable the
system to dynamically learn from examples provided by the user and from live
environment data. This involves implementing algorithms for collecting and
incorporating new examples into the training process iteratively. The system
should continuously update its understanding of target objects, improving its
detection capabilities over time without requiring retraining from scratch.

3.3.3.User-friendly Interaction: The system should offer a user-friendly

interface for providing initial examples of target objects and interacting with the
real-time object detection process. This involves designing intuitive controls for
users to input example images and receive feedback on detected objects. The
interface should be accessible and easy to use, even for users with limited
technical knowledge.

3.3.4.Audio Feedback Integration: Integrating audio feedback with object

detection is a crucial objective to enhance user experience and accessibility. Upon
successful detection of target objects, the system should trigger corresponding
audio cues to provide real-time feedback to users. This involves designing an
audio feedback mechanism that is synchronized with the object detection process
and is capable of conveying relevant information effectively.

3.3.5.Performance Optimization: Ensuring efficient performance of the system

is essential, especially in resource-constrained environments such as web
browsers. This involves optimizing the CNN architecture, inference algorithms,
and audio processing components to minimize latency and maximize throughput.

8
The system should be capable of running smoothly on a variety of devices,
including low-power devices with limited computational resources.

3.3.6.Versatility and Adaptability: The system should be designed to be

versatile and adaptable, capable of handling a wide range of objects and operating
in diverse environments. This involves designing flexible algorithms and
architectures that can generalize well across different object categories and
environmental conditions. Additionally, the system should be easily customizable
to accommodate specific user requirements and preferences.

3.3.7.Robustness to Environmental Variability: The system should exhibit

robust performance in varying environmental conditions, including changes in
lighting, background clutter, and object occlusion. This requires designing
algorithms that can handle such variability by leveraging techniques such as data
augmentation, attention mechanisms, and robust feature representations. The
system should be able to maintain accurate object detection even in challenging
real-world scenarios.

3.3.8.Privacy and Data Security: Ensuring user privacy and data security is
paramount, especially when collecting and processing live environment data. The
system should implement privacy-preserving measures such as data
anonymization, encryption, and user consent mechanisms to protect sensitive
information. Additionally, the system should adhere to data protection
regulations and best practices to safeguard user privacy rights.

3.3.9.Scalability and Efficiency: As the system collects and processes a large

volume of data in real-time, scalability and efficiency are crucial considerations.
This involves designing scalable architectures and algorithms that can handle

9
increasing data volumes and user interactions without compromising
performance. The system should be capable of efficiently scaling across multiple
devices and users while maintaining real-time responsiveness.

3.3.10.Continuous Improvement and Adaptation: The system should support

continuous improvement and adaptation over time by incorporating feedback
from users and monitoring performance metrics. This involves implementing
mechanisms for evaluating and refining the object detection models based on user
interactions and feedback. Additionally, the system should be capable of adapting
to evolving user needs and preferences through iterative updates and
enhancements.

3.4 ALGORITHM

3.4.1 MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that empowers

systems to automatically learn and improve from experience without being
explicitly programmed. At its core, machine learning algorithms identify patterns
in data and make predictions or decisions based on those patterns. Supervised
learning involves training models on labeled data, where the algorithm learns to
map input features to target labels. Reinforcement learning focuses on training
agents to interact with environments in a way that maximizes cumulative rewards.
Machine learning techniques span a wide range of applications, including image
and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems,
and autonomous vehicles. With the availability of vast amounts of data and
computational resources, machine learning continues to advance, driving
innovation across industries and reshaping the way we interact with technology.

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This approach is commonly used for tasks like classification, regression, and
sequence prediction. Unsupervised learning algorithms, on the other hand, are
trained on data without explicit labels, seeking to uncover hidden patterns or
structures within the data.
Clustering, dimensionality reduction, and anomaly detection are examples of
unsupervised learning tasks. Machine learning algorithms can further be
categorized based on their model complexity, ranging from simple linear models
to complex deep neural networks capable of learning intricate representations
from high-dimensional data. Some of the Machine learning models are random
forest and Support Vector machine(SVM).

3.4.2 K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN)

The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a simple yet powerful

supervised learning method used for classification and regression tasks. In the
training phase, KNN memorizes the entire training dataset without explicit model
training. Each data point in the training dataset is stored along with its associated
class label or target value. During prediction, when a new data point is presented,
KNN identifies the K nearest neighbors to the new point based on a chosen
distance metric, commonly Euclidean distance.

Training Phase:

In the training phase of the KNN algorithm, the model simply memorizes
the entire training dataset. There's no explicit training involved, as KNN is
considered a lazy learner. For each data point in the training dataset, the algorithm
stores the feature values and their corresponding class labels (in the case of
classification) or target values (in the case of regression).

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Prediction Phase (Classification):

When a new data point (with unknown class label) is presented for
prediction, KNN identifies the K nearest neighbors to the new data point based
on a distance metric. To find the nearest neighbors, the algorithm calculates the
distance between the new data point and every point in the training dataset. This
results in a distance value for each training data point.The algorithm then selects
the K data points with the smallest distances to the new data point. These K data
points are considered the "nearest neighbors."

Majority Voting (Classification):

Once the K nearest neighbors are identified, the algorithm assigns the class
label to the new data point based on majority voting among the K neighbors. That
is, the class label with the highest frequency among the K neighbors is assigned
to the new data point. For example, if out of the K nearest neighbors, 5 belong to
class A and 3 belong to class B, the algorithm will classify the new data point as
belonging to class A.

Regression with KNN:

In addition to classification, KNN can also be used for regression tasks.

Instead of predicting a class label, KNN predicts a continuous value by taking the
average (or weighted average) of the target values of the K nearest neighbors. For
instance, in a regression task predicting house prices, KNN would predict the
price of a new house by averaging the prices of the K nearest neighboring houses.

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Choosing K:

The value of K, the number of nearest neighbors to consider, is a

hyperparameter that needs to be chosen before applying the algorithm. Choosing
the right value of K is crucial, as it can significantly impact the model's
performance.

Figure 3.4.2.1

Performance and Complexity:

KNN is a non-parametric algorithm, meaning it makes no assumptions

about the underlying data distribution. While KNN is simple and intuitive, it can
be computationally expensive, especially as the size of the training dataset grows,
because it requires computing distances between the new data point and every
point in the training dataset during prediction.

3.5 CONCLUSION

The model has been developed using KNN model and trained with mixed
dataset from Kaggle. On validating the model, the accuracy was found to be 98%.

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 CHAPTER 4
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

For development of system, knowledge about hardware and software

configurations must be known. Following of this chapter, hardware requirements
such as CPU, RAM, GPU, Storage, Software requirements such as OS,
Programming language, IDE, frameworks such as machine learning and deep
learning frameworks, web hosting framework and libraries used for system
development will be discussed.

4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• CPU: Laptop or PC with Intel Core i5 6th generation processor or higher

with clock speed 2.5 GHz or above. Equivalent processors in AMD will
also be optimal.
• RAM: Minimum 8 GB of RAM is required; 16 GB is recommended.
• GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960 or higher.
• Storage: SSD is recommended for faster pre-processing of data than
HDD.

4.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• OS – Windows 7 or higher version but Windows 10 is recommended /

Minimum Ubuntu 16.04 is required.
• Python (version: 3.11.0) – Programming Language used for Machine
Learning.

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4.4 FRAMEWORKS

• TensorFlow - – Framework developed by Google for machine learning

and deep learning.
• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm - algorithm used for
classification and regression tasks.
• Custom JavaScript Code - Custom JavaScript code is developed to
orchestrate the integration of TensorFlow.js, KNN classifier.

4.5 LIBRARIES

4.5.1 TENSORFLOW

TensorFlow is an open-source software library developed by Google for

numerical computation and machine learning applications. It is designed to be
flexible, efficient, and scalable, and is widely used for developing and training
deep neural networks. At its core, TensorFlow is a framework for building
computational graphs. A computational graph is a way of representing
mathematical operations as a directed graph, where each node represents an
operation and each edge represents the flow of data between operations. This
graph is then optimized and executed efficiently on various hardware platforms,
such as CPUs and GPUs.

TensorFlow provides a high-level API for building and training neural

networks, as well as a low-level API for more advanced users who want more
control over the details of the computation. The high-level API, called Keras,
provides a user-friendly interface for building and training neural networks, with
support for a wide range of layer types and activation functions.In addition to its

15
core functionality, TensorFlow also includes a number of tools and libraries for
data preprocessing, visualization, and model serving.
TensorFlow can be used with a variety of programming languages, including
Python, C++, and Java, and has support for distributed computing, allowing for
the training of very large models across multiple machines. TensorFlow has been
widely adopted in both academia and industry and has been used to develop state-
of-the-art models for a wide range of applications, including image classification,
natural language processing, and speech recognition.

4.5.2 DEEPLEARN.JS

DeepLearn.js was indeed a JavaScript library developed by Google

focused on machine learning and deep learning tasks. It provided a high-level
interface for building, training, and deploying neural networks directly in the
browser or Node.js environments.DeepLearn.js offered a variety of features for
working with neural networks, including support for building and training deep
learning models, as well as tools for optimization and visualization. It provided
implementations of common neural network layers and activation functions,
allowing users to construct complex architectures easily. DeepLearn.js also
included optimization algorithms such as stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and
variants like Adam optimizer. Additionally, it offered utilities for loading and
preprocessing data, making it suitable for a wide range of machine learning tasks.

Users could include the DeepLearn.js library in their projects via script tags
in HTML files or by importing it in Node.js environments using npm. Once
imported, developers could leverage the library to create and train neural
networks using a familiar JavaScript syntax. DeepLearn.js was designed to be
accessible to both beginners and advanced users, providing a user-friendly API
while still offering flexibility for customization and advanced techniques.

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4.5.2.1. TRANSITION TO TENSORFLOW.JS:

Over time, Google transitioned its focus from DeepLearn.js to

TensorFlow.js, a successor library that built upon the foundation laid by
DeepLearn.js. TensorFlow.js offers a more comprehensive set of features,
improved performance, and better integration with the TensorFlow ecosystem,
making it the preferred choice for machine learning and deep learning in
JavaScript.

4.5.3. TFJS-CONVERTER

The tfjs-converter is a tool provided by TensorFlow.js that allows you to

convert machine learning models trained in other frameworks, such as
TensorFlow or Keras, into a format that can be used with TensorFlow.js. This
conversion enables you to deploy machine learning models trained in Python or
other environments directly in the browser or Node.js environment using
TensorFlow.js.

The converter will analyse the input model, extract its architecture, and
convert it into a JSON file containing the model's architecture and weights in a
format suitable for TensorFlow.js. Once the model is converted to the
TensorFlow.js format, you can load and use it in your JavaScript code using
TensorFlow.js.

4.6 CONCLUSION

Knowledge about hardware and software configurations for the developed

system has been found and the requirements has been specified.

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 CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 ARCHITECTURAL DIAGRAM

Figure: 5.1.1 System Architecture

System Architecture for Dynamic Real-time Object Detection and Audio

Feedback System with TensorFlow.js:

Data Acquisition Module: Responsible for capturing real-time images from the
environment. Utilizes web-based APIs or device cameras for image acquisition.
Provides a mechanism for user interaction to supply initial sample images.

Dynamic Learning Module: Receives the captured images and user-provided

sample images. Implements an iterative learning algorithm to dynamically update
the model. Utilizes techniques such as transfer learning or online learning to adapt
the model to new data.

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Object Detection Module: Employs a custom convolutional neural network
(CNN) architecture optimized for real-time inference. Utilizes TensorFlow.js for
in-browser execution of the CNN model. Performs object detection on the
acquired images in real-time.
Outputs bounding boxes and class probabilities for detected objects.

Audio Feedback Module: Generates audio feedback corresponding to detected

objects. Utilizes a library or custom scripts for audio synthesis. Maps detected
objects to predefined audio cues or generates dynamic audio based on object
attributes. Provides real-time audio playback synchronized with object detection
results.

User Interface (UI) Module: Facilitates user interaction for providing initial
sample images and system control. Displays real-time video feed with overlaid
object detection results (bounding boxes). Provides feedback mechanisms for
system status and errors. Enables user customization of audio feedback
preferences and settings.

Integration and Deployment: Integrates all modules into a cohesive system

architecture. Ensures compatibility with web browsers and mobile devices.
Implements efficient communication between modules for real-time processing.
Deploys the system on web servers or cloud platforms for accessibility and
scalability.

Evaluation and Optimization: Incorporates mechanisms for performance

evaluation and optimization. Conducts testing on various datasets and real-world
scenarios to assess detection accuracy and audio feedback effectiveness.
Optimizes model architecture, hyperparameters, and algorithms for improved
real-time performance and accuracy.

19
5.2 UML DIAGRAM

5.2.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is the representation of information flows in the

system. It shows how data enters, what process takes place and where is data
stored in that system. It is also known as data flow graph. It is classified into three
different levels based on increasing information and functionality of the system
by,
• DFD Level 0
• DFD Level 1
• DFD Level 2

DFD LEVEL 0:

Zeroth level DFD shows the overall data flow of the dynamic Real-time
Object Detection and Audio Feedback System. Data undergoes the subsequence
of processes such as pre-processing, feature extraction, and predicting the output
by the model with help of a database.

Figure: 5.2.2.1 0th DFD Diagram

The above figure shows the 0th level DFD Diagram of the enabling object
detection through speech for visually impaired.

20
DFD LEVEL 1:
:
Level one DFD shows the detailed view of dataflow in enabling object
detection through speech for visually impaired with their techniques. Till feature
extraction, all the details are same as level zero DFD. Data undergoes the
subsequence of processes such as pre-processing, feature extraction, and
predicting the output by the model with help of a database.

Figure: 5.2.2.2 1st DFD Diagram

The above figure shows the 1st level DFD Diagram of the enabling object
detection through speech for visually impaired

21
DFD LEVEL 2:

Level two DFD gives the complete and detailed view of full enabling
object detection through speech for visually impaired as a web application by
dividing them into client and server sides. In client side, get input from the user
and pass to server by request. Enabling object detection through speech for
visually impaired took input from the client-end and gives output by passing
through various processes then give output.

Figure: 5.2.2.3 2nd DFD Diagram

The above figure shows the 2nd level DFD Diagram of the enabling object
detection through speech for visually impaire

22
 CHAPTER 6
DATASET AGGREGATION AND ACQUISITION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

For all ML or AI-based projects and resources, Dataset is the precise one.
The project worth mostly based on Dataset which is used for research or model
training. Most of the time, the accuracy of the model increased by train using a
large amount of data. Dataset aggregation and acquisition is the process of
collecting, cleaning, and organizing datasets from various sources for the purpose
of analysis and modeling.

This process is important as it enables the development of accurate

predictive models that can inform decisions related to healthcare and insurance
policies. However, data aggregation and acquisition can be challenging due to
issues such as data quality, privacy concerns, and compatibility between different
data sources. To overcome these challenges, advanced data cleaning and
transformation techniques, as well as secure data sharing protocols, are often
used. Overall, the process of dataset aggregation and acquisition plays a critical
role in the development of enabling object detection through speech for visually
impaired.

6.2 INITIAL DATASET COLLECTION

Start by collecting a diverse dataset of images containing various objects

relevant to the application domain. Include images with different backgrounds,
lighting conditions, and object orientations to ensure robustness. Depending on
the specific application, you may need to focus on certain types of objects (e.g.,
household items, traffic signs, animals).

23
6.3 USER INTERACTION FOR SAMPLE IMAGES

Implement a mechanism for users to provide sample images of target

objects they want the system to detect. Allow users to upload or capture images
using the system's interface. Encourage users to provide a diverse set of sample
images representing different instances and variations of the target objects.

6.4 REAL-TIME IMAGE ACQUISITION

Develop modules to capture real-time images from the system's

environment. Utilize web-based APIs or device cameras to acquire live video
streams or individual frames. Ensure efficient and continuous image acquisition
to support real-time processing.

6.5 DATA PREPROCESSING

Preprocess the acquired images to prepare them for object detection and
model training. Resize images to a consistent size suitable for the input
requirements of the object detection model. Normalize pixel values to a common
scale to improve model convergence and performance. Augment the dataset by
applying transformations such as rotation, scaling, and flipping to increase
diversity and robustness.

6.5.1 CROPPING THE IMAGE

The brain tumor image is preprocessed by cropping the image. Before

cropping the image is resized to 224x224 pixels. Cropping involves

1. Getting the original image

2. Finding the biggest contour
24
 3. Finding the extreme points
4. Cropping

6.5.2 IMAGE AUGMENTATION

Image augmentation is a technique used in machine learning and computer

vision to artificially increase the size and diversity of a dataset by applying
various transformations to the original images. It is commonly used in tasks such
as image classification, object detection, and segmentation. Image augmentation
helps to improve the generalization and robustness of machine learning models
by exposing them to a wider range of variations and scenarios.

Figure 6.5.2.1

25
6.6 DYNAMIC LEARNING APPROACH

Implement algorithms for dynamic learning to continually update the

object detection model based on new data. Incorporate techniques such as online
learning or active learning to adapt the model to evolving environments. Develop
mechanisms to balance between retaining previous knowledge and incorporating
new information effectively.

6.7 ANNOTATION AND LABELING

Annotate the acquired images with bounding boxes and corresponding

object labels. Utilize annotation tools or manual labeling to accurately identify
and label objects in the images. Ensure consistency and accuracy in annotations
to facilitate effective model training.

6.8 DATA STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT

Establish a database or storage system to store the aggregated dataset,

including sample images, real-time captures, and annotations. Organize the
dataset into structured directories or databases for easy retrieval and management.
Implement version control and backup mechanisms to safeguard the dataset and
enable reproducibility.

6.9 CONCLUSION

The dataset has been collected from Figshare and Kaggle. The
dataset consists of 4 classes (glioma, meningioma, pituitary, notumor). The
collected dataset has been well preprocessed using cropping the images and
image augmentation.

26
 CHAPTER 7
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 MODULES

1. Image acquisition module

2. Preprocessing module
3. Feature extraction module
4. Classification module
5. Post-processing module
6. Evaluation and Validation
7. Webapp Implementation

7.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION

7.2.1 IMAGE ACQUISITION MODULE

The Image Acquisition Module in a dynamic real-time object detection and

audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js serves as the foundation for capturing
live images from the system's environment. This module interfaces with various
sources, such as web-based APIs or device cameras, to continuously acquire real-
time video streams or individual frames. Through seamless integration with web
technologies, this module enables the system to capture images dynamically,
ensuring a constant feed of data for object detection. This Module provides
mechanisms for user interaction, allowing users to input sample images or
configure settings relevant to the image capture process. Whether accessing live
video feeds or capturing individual frames, this module plays a crucial role in
facilitating the real-time processing pipeline, ensuring that the system remains

27
responsive to its surroundings. Through efficient image acquisition, the system
can adapt to changing environmental conditions and deliver accurate object
detection results in real-time, thereby enhancing its usability and effectiveness
across diverse applications.

7.2.2 PREPROCESSING MODULE

The preprocessing module in our dynamic real-time object detection

and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js plays a crucial role in preparing
the acquired images for efficient processing and inference. This module
encompasses several key functionalities to ensure that the input data meets the
requirements of the object detection model and facilitates accurate detection of
objects in real-time. Firstly, the module resizes the acquired images to a
consistent size suitable for input to the model, ensuring uniformity and
compatibility across all inputs. Additionally, it normalizes the pixel values of the
resized images to a common scale, typically ranging from 0 to 1, to enhance
model convergence and performance.

7.2.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION MODULE

The feature extraction module in our dynamic real-time object

detection and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js plays a pivotal role in
analyzing the acquired images and extracting relevant features that aid in accurate
object detection. Leveraging the power of deep learning, this module utilizes a
convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to automatically learn
discriminative features from the input images. The CNN architecture consists of
multiple layers of convolutional and pooling operations, which progressively
extract hierarchical representations of the input images. These representations
capture meaningful patterns and features at different levels of abstraction, ranging

28
from simple edges and textures to complex object shapes and structures. By
leveraging transfer learning techniques, the feature extraction module can utilize
pre-trained CNN models, such as VGG, ResNet, or MobileNet, to extract high-
level features efficiently. Alternatively, custom CNN architectures can be
designed and trained from scratch to suit the specific requirements of the
application domain.

7.2.4 CLASSIFICATION MODULE

The classification module in the dynamic real-time object detection

and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js plays a pivotal role in accurately
identifying and categorizing objects detected within the environment. Leveraging
TensorFlow.js, this module is designed to classify objects based on their visual
characteristics, enabling the system to provide relevant audio feedback
corresponding to the recognized objects. The classification process involves
feeding the detected object regions into a trained neural network model, which
then predicts the class labels or categories associated with each object.

This neural network model is trained on a diverse dataset containing annotated

images of various objects, allowing it to learn discriminative features and patterns
indicative of different object classes. Through real-time inference, the
classification module rapidly analyzes the detected objects, assigning them to
their respective categories with high accuracy. The output of the classification
module serves as crucial input for generating context-aware audio feedback,
enriching the user experience by providing informative auditory cues aligned
with the recognized objects. Additionally, the classification module may
incorporate techniques such as confidence scoring or uncertainty estimation to
quantify the reliability of the classification results, enabling the system to
adaptively adjust its behavior based on the confidence level of the predictions.

29
Overall, the classification module forms an integral component of the dynamic
real-time object detection and audio feedback system, empowering it to
effectively recognize and classify objects in diverse real-world scenarios, thereby
enhancing accessibility, usability, and user engagement.

7.2.5 POST-PROCESSING MODULE

After the preprocessing module prepares the acquired images for

object detection, the post-processing module in the dynamic real-time object
detection and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js takes over to interpret
the model's predictions and generate appropriate audio feedback. This module
plays a crucial role in refining the detection results and providing meaningful
auditory cues to the user.

Upon receiving the object detection outputs from the TensorFlow.js model, the
post-processing module first processes the bounding box coordinates and class
probabilities to filter out redundant or low-confidence detections. It applies
thresholding techniques to eliminate false positives and ensure that only relevant
objects are considered for audio feedback generation.

7.2.6 EVALUATION AND VALIDATION

The evaluation and validation module for the dynamic real-time object
detection and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js plays a crucial role in
assessing the system's performance, accuracy, and usability. This module
encompasses a series of processes and metrics aimed at validating the
effectiveness and reliability of the system in real-world scenarios. Firstly, it
conducts comprehensive testing to evaluate the object detection capabilities,
including precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) metrics, to

30
quantify the system's ability to accurately detect and classify objects in varying
environments and conditions. Additionally, the module assesses the audio
feedback generation component, measuring its responsiveness, clarity, and
appropriateness in providing auditory cues corresponding to detected objects.

7.2.9 WEBAPP IMPLEMENTATION

For user friendly experience an webapp is implemented using

HTML, CSS , JavaScript and flask is used to link the model to the app. The web
application provides a user-friendly interface where users can interact with the
application. It includes an upload button to allow users to select and upload brain
tumor images for classification. The web application utilizes a trained
classification model. The model takes the preprocessed image as input and
generates predictions for the tumor type or class. This prediction is typically a
probability distribution over the possible tumor classes.

7.2.8 IMPLEMENTATION

Main.js

{ import {KNNImageClassifier} from 'deeplearn-knn-image-classifier';

import * as dl from 'deeplearn';
const IMAGE_SIZE = 227;
const TOPK = 10;
const predictionThreshold = 0.98
var words = ["alexa", "hello", "other"]var endWords = ["hello"]
class LaunchModal {
constructor(){
this.modalWindow = document.getElementById('launchModal')
31
 this.closeBtn = document.getElementById('close-modal')
this.closeBtn.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
this.modalWindow.style.display = "none"
})
window.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
if(e.target == this.modalWindow){
this.modalWindow.style.display = "none"
}
})
this.modalWindow.style.display = "block"
this.modalWindow.style.zIndex = 500
}
}
class Main {
constructor(){
this.infoTexts = [];
this.training = -1; // -1 when no class is being trained
this.videoPlaying = false;
this.previousPrediction = -1
this.currentPredictedWords = []
this.now;
this.then = Date.now();
this.startTime = this.then;
this.fps = 5; //framerate - number of prediction per second
this.fpsInterval = 1000/(this.fps);
this.elapsed = 0;
this.trainingListDiv = document.getElementById("training-list")
this.exampleListDiv = document.getElementById("example-list")

32
 this.knn = null
this.textLine = document.getElementById("text")
this.video = document.getElementById('video');
this.addWordForm = document.getElementById("add-word")
this.statusText = document.getElementById("status-text")
this.video.addEventListener('mousedown', () => {
main.pausePredicting();
this.trainingListDiv.style.display = "block"
})
this.addWordForm.addEventListener('submit', (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
let word = document.getElementById("new
word").value.trim().toLowerCase();
let checkbox = document.getElementById("is-terminal-word")
createTrainingBtn(){
var div = document.getElementById("action-btn")
div.innerHTML = ""
const trainButton = document.createElement('button')
trainButton.innerText = "Training >>>"
div.appendChild(trainButton);
trainButton.addEventListener('mousedown', () => {
if(words.length > 3 && endWords.length == 1){
console.log('no terminal word added')
alert(`You have not added any terminal words.\nCurrently the only
query can make is "Alexa, hello".\n\nA terminal word is a word
that will appear in the end of your query.\nIf you intend to ask
"What's the weather" & "What's the time" then add "the weather"
and "the time" as terminal words. "What's" on the other hand is not
a terminal word.`)

33
 return
}
if(words.length == 3 && endWords.length ==1){
var proceed = confirm("You have not added any words.\n\nThe only query
you can currently make is: 'Alexa, hello'")
if(!proceed) return
}
this.startWebcam()
console.log("ready to train")
this.createButtonList(true)
this.addWordForm.innerHTML = ''
let p = document.createElement('p')
p.innerText = `Perform the appropriate sign while holding down the ADD
EXAMPLE button near each word to capture atleast 30 training examples
for each word
For OTHER, capture yourself in an idle state to act as a catchall sign. e.g
hands down by your side`
this.addWordForm.appendChild(p)
this.loadKNN()
this.createPredictBtn()
this.textLine.innerText = "Step 2: Train"
let subtext = document.createElement('span')
subtext.innerHTML = "<br/>Time to associate signs with the words"
subtext.classList.add('subtext')
this.textLine.appendChild(subtext)
})
}
areTerminalWordsTrained(exampleCount){

34
 var totalTerminalWordsTrained = 0
for(var i=0;i<words.length;i++){
if(endWords.includes(words[i])){
if(exampleCount[i] > 0){
totalTerminalWordsTrained+=1
}
}
}
return totalTerminalWordsTrained
}
startWebcam(){
// Setup webcam
navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({video: {facingMode: 'user'}, audio:
false})
.then((stream) => {
this.video.srcObject = stream;
this.video.width = IMAGE_SIZE;
this.video.height = IMAGE_SIZE;
this.video.addEventListener('playing', ()=> this.videoPlaying = true);
this.video.addEventListener('paused', ()=> this.videoPlaying = false);
})
}
loadKNN(){
this.knn = new KNNImageClassifier(words.length, TOPK);
// Load knn model
this.knn.load()
.then(() => this.startTraining());
}

35
updateExampleCount(){
var p = document.getElementById('count')
p.innerText = `Training: ${words.length} words`
}
createButtonList(showBtn){
//showBtn - true: show training btns, false:show only text
// Clear List
this.exampleListDiv.innerHTML = ""
// Create training buttons and info texts
for(let i=0;i<words.length; i++){
this.createButton(i, showBtn)
}
}
createButton(i, showBtn){
const div = document.createElement('div');
this.exampleListDiv.appendChild(div);
div.style.marginBottom = '10px';
// Create Word Text
const wordText = document.createElement('span')
if(i==0 && !showBtn){
wordText.innerText = words[i].toUpperCase()+" (wake word) "
} else if(i==words.length-1 && !showBtn){
wordText.innerText = words[i].toUpperCase()+" (catchall sign) "
} else {
wordText.innerText = words[i].toUpperCase()+" "
wordText.style.fontWeight = "bold"
}
div.appendChild(wordText);
if(showBtn){

36
 // Create training button
const button = document.createElement('button')
button.innerText = "Add Example"//"Train " + words[i].toUpperCase()
div.appendChild(button);
button.addEventListener('mousedown', () => this.training = i);
button.addEventListener('mouseup', () => this.training = -1);
// Create clear button to emove training examples
const btn = document.createElement('button')
btn.innerText = "Clear"//`Clear ${words[i].toUpperCase()}`
div.appendChild(btn);
btn.addEventListener('mousedown', () => {
console.log("clear training data for this label")
this.knn.clearClass(i)
this.infoTexts[i].innerText = " 0 examples"
})
// Create info text
const infoText = document.createElement('span')
infoText.innerText = " 0 examples";
div.appendChild(infoText);
this.infoTexts.push(infoText);
}
}
startTraining(){
if (this.timer) {
this.stopTraining();
}
)};
}

37
Build.js

{ (function(){function r(e,n,t){function o(i,f){if(!n[i]){if(!e[i]){var

c="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!f&&c)return
c(i,!0);if(u)return u(i,!0);var a=new Error("Cannot find module
'"+i+"'");throw a.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",a}var
p=n[i]={exports:{}};e[i][0].call(p.exports,function(r){var
n=e[i][1][r];return o(n||r)},p,p.exports,r,e,n,t)}return n[i].exports}for(var
u="function"==typeof require&&require,i=0;i<t.length;i++)o(t[i]);return
o}return r})()({1:[function(require,module,exports){
'use strict';
var _createClass = function () { function defineProperties(target, props) {
for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i];
descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;
descriptor.configurable = true; if ("value" in descriptor)
descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key,
descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if
(protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if
(staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return
Constructor; }; }();
var _deeplearnKnnImageClassifier = require('deeplearn-knn-image-
classifier');
var _deeplearn = require('deeplearn');
var dl = _interopRequireWildcard(_deeplearn);
function _interopRequireWildcard(obj) { if (obj && obj.__esModule) {
return obj; } else { var newObj = {}; if (obj != null) { for (var key in obj)
{ if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) newObj[key] =
obj[key]; } } newObj.default = obj; return newObj; } }

38
function _toConsumableArray(arr) { if (Array.isArray(arr)) { for (var i =
0, arr2 = Array(arr.length); i < arr.length; i++) { arr2[i] = arr[i]; } return
arr2; } else { return Array.from(arr); } }
function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance
instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a
function"); } } // Launch in kiosk mode
// /Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome -
-kiosk --app=http://localhost:9966
// Webcam Image size. Must be 227.
var IMAGE_SIZE = 227;
var TOPK = 10;
var predictionThreshold = 0.98;
var words = ["alexa", "hello", "other"];
var LaunchModal = function LaunchModal() {
var _this = this;
_classCallCheck(this, LaunchModal);
this.modalWindow = document.getElementById('launchModal');
this.closeBtn = document.getElementById('close-modal');
this.closeBtn.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
_this.modalWindow.style.display = "none";
});
window.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
if (e.target == _this.modalWindow) {
_this.modalWindow.style.display = "none";
}
});
this.modalWindow.style.display = "block";
this.modalWindow.style.zIndex = 500;
};

39
var Main = function () {
function Main() {
var _this2 = this;
_classCallCheck(this, Main);
this.infoTexts = [];
this.training = -1; // -1 when no class is being trained
this.videoPlaying = false;
this.previousPrediction = -1;
this.currentPredictedWords = [];
// variables to restrict prediction rate
this.now;
this.then = Date.now();
this.startTime = this.then;
this.fps = 5; //framerate - number of prediction per second
this.fpsInterval = 1000 / this.fps;
this.elapsed = 0;
this.trainingListDiv = document.getElementById("training-list");
this.exampleListDiv = document.getElementById("example-list");
this.knn = null;
this.textLine = document.getElementById("text");
// Get video element that will contain the webcam image
this.video = document.getElementById('video');
this.addWordForm = document.getElementById("add-word");
this.statusText = document.getElementById("status-text");
this.video.addEventListener('mousedown', function () {
main.pausePredicting();
_this2.trainingListDiv.style.display = "block";
});
}

40
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

8.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the dynamic real-time object detection and audio feedback

system built with TensorFlow.js represents a significant advancement in
interactive technology, offering a versatile solution for real-world applications.
By leveraging the power of deep learning and real-time data processing, the
system seamlessly detects objects in live video streams while providing
synchronized audio feedback to users. Through innovative data aggregation,
preprocessing, and dynamic learning techniques, the system continually adapts
and improves its object recognition capabilities, ensuring robust performance in
diverse environments. The integration of TensorFlow.js enables efficient
execution within web browsers, making the system accessible across various
platforms and devices. With its user-friendly interface and adaptable architecture,
the system holds immense potential for applications ranging from assistive
technologies to interactive installations and augmented reality experiences.
Overall, the dynamic real-time object detection and audio feedback system pave
the way for enhanced user interaction and accessibility in the digital age, opening
doors to new possibilities in interactive technology and human-computer
interaction. In addition to its technical prowess, the dynamic real-time object
detection and audio feedback system with TensorFlow.js signifies a paradigm
shift in user-centric design and functionality. Its ability to dynamically learn from
real-world examples and provide instantaneous feedback through auditory cues
not only enhances accessibility but also fosters a more immersive and intuitive
user experience.

41
8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Future enhancements for a dynamic real-time object detection and audio

feedback system with TensorFlow.js can focus on improving various aspects of
the system to enhance its performance, accuracy, usability, and versatility. Here
are some potential areas for enhancement:

Model Optimization:

Explore advanced model architectures and optimization techniques to improve

object detection accuracy and speed. Investigate techniques such as quantization,
model pruning, and knowledge distillation to reduce model size and inference
latency, making the system more efficient for real-time processing.

Dynamic Learning and Adaptation:

Enhance the system's ability to adapt and learn dynamically from new data and
user feedback. Implement more sophisticated online learning algorithms and
active learning strategies to continuously update the object detection model and
improve its performance over time.

8.3 OBJECT DETECTION PROCESS:

In a dynamic real-time object detection and audio feedback system

with TensorFlow.js, the process begins with acquiring real-time images from the
environment, which are then pre-processed to resize, normalize, and augment
them for optimal input to the object detection model.

42
 Fig: 8.3.1 Process-1

Fig: 8.3.2 Process-2

This seamless integration of real-time object detection and audio feedback

enhances user experience and accessibility, making it suitable for various
applications such as assistive technologies and interactive installations.

43
 REFERENCE

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TensorFlow on Raspberry Pi," in 2018
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14.A. Bharti and S. K. Singh, "A Survey of Real-Time Object Detection
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45