C# Tutorial

Last Updated : 13 Dec, 2024

C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is a modern, versatile, object-oriented

programming language developed by Microsoft in 2000 that runs on the
.NET Framework. Whether you're creating Windows applications, diving into
Unity game development, or working on enterprise solutions, C# is one of
the top choices for developers worldwide.

C# originates from the C programming family and shares similarities with

other widely-used languages like C++ and Java.
Mainly used to develop the desktop apps, windows apps, games(with
unity engine), mobile apps and web services etc.
C# is the primary language for developing games using the Unity engine.
With .NET Core, C# applications can run on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
The latest version, C# 13 was released in November 2024 alongside .NET
9.

Hello World Program

C#

1 // C# Hello World Program

2 using System;
3
4 class HelloWorldProgram {
5
6 // Main Method
7 static void Main(string[] args)
8 {
9
10 // "printing Hello World"
11 Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");
12 }
13 }

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▲
 Output

Hello, World!

This C# tutorial covers everything from beginners to advanced level. We’ll

start with the basics like setting up your environment, C# syntax, and
writing "Hello World" program, data types, and loops etc. After that we will
start with advanced topics like object-oriented programming, delegates,
tuples, indexers, collections, multithreading, and LINQ etc.

.NET Framework Overview

What is .NET Framework?
.NET Framework Architecture
Managed and Unmanaged Code
CIL or MSIL
Common Language Runtime(CLR)

Introduction
What is C#?
Installing and Setup Visual Studio Code
Setting Up Enviornment Variables
Hello World Program
Excecuting Program on CMD

Basics
Identifiers
Variables
Data Types
Constants and Literals
Scope of Variables
Params
Type Casting
Comments
Operators

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Control Structures
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Decision Making: If-Else, Switch-Case
 Switch Statement
Loops: For, While, Do-While
Foreach Loop
Jump Statements: Break, Continue, Goto

Arrays & Strings

Introduction to Arrays
Jagged Arrays
Sorting an Array
Introduction to String
Verbatim String Literal – @
StringBuilder in C#
String vs StringBuilder

OOPS Concepts
Class and Objects
Methods
Constructors
Destructors
Properties
Access Modifiers
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Method Overloading
Method Overriding
Abstract Classes
Interface
Sealed Classes

Delegates
Delegates
Predicate Delegate
Action Delegate
Func Delegate

Tuple
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What is Tuple?
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 Tuple Class
Tuple<T1> Class
Tuple<T1,T2> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3,T4> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7> Class
Tuple<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7,TRest> Class

ValueTuple
What is ValueTuple?
ValueTuple Struct
ValueTuple <T1> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3,T4> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3,T4,T5> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7> Struct
ValueTuple <T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7,TRest> Struct

Indexers & Properties

Indexers
Multidimensional Indexers
Overloading of Indexers
Properties
Restrictions on Properties

Multithreading
Introduction to Multithreading
Types of Threads
Creating Threads
Main Thread
Lifecycle and States of a Thread
Thread Class
Scheduling
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 Joining Threads
Terminating a Thread
Thread Priority in Multithreading

Exception Handling
Exceptions
System Level Exception vs Application Level Exception
How to Use Multiple Catch Clause
Nesting of Try and Catch Blocks
Using Finally

Collections & Generics

List
SortedList with Examples
HashSet
SortedSet
Dictionary with Examples
SortedDictionary
Hashtable with Examples
Stack with Examples
Queue with Examples
LinkedList
Hashtable vs Dictionary
SortedList vs SortedDictionary

Collections Namespace
Stack Class
Queue Class
Array Class
ArrayList Class
Hashtable Class
BitArray Class
SortedList Class

Generic Namespace
HashSet<T> Class
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LinkedList<T> have the best browsing experience on our website. By
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List<T> Class
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 SortedSet<T> Class
Dictionary Class
SortedDictionary Class

System Namespace
BitConverter Class
Console Class
Convert Class
Decimal Struct
Byte Struct
Char Struct
Int16 Struct
Int32 Struct
Int64 Struct
UInt16 Struct
UInt32 Struct
UInt64 Struct

Specialized Namespace
ListDictionary Class
StringCollection Class
OrderedDictionary Class
HybridDictionary Class
StringDictionary Class

C# 8.0
Static Local Function
Range and Indices
Range Structure
Index Struct

Windows Forms
What is Windows Forms(WF)?
Button Control
Label Control
RadioButton Control
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TextBox Control
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 ComboBox Control
ToolTip Class
RichTextBox Class
MaskedBox Class
NumericUpDown Class
DateTimePicker Class
ListBox Class
GroupBox Class
FlowLayoutPanel Class

C# Features
Simple: C# is a user-friendly language that offers a structured approach to
problem-solving. it provides a wide range of library functions and data
types to work.
ModernC#
.NET Framework Programming
Data Types C#Language:
Keywords C# programming
C# Decision Making isC#
a Methods
popular and
C# Delegates C# Co
powerful language that is for creating scalable, interoperable, and robust
applications.
Object Oriented: C# is an object-oriented programming language, which
makes development and maintenance easier. In contrast, with procedure-
oriented programming languages, managing code becomes difficult as
project size grows.
Type Safe: The code is type safe can only access memory locations that it
has permission to execute. This feature significantly enhances program
security.
Interoperability: The interoperability process allows C# programs to
perform all the tasks that a native C++ application.
Scalable and Updateable: C# is a programming language that is scalable
and can be updated automatically. To update our application, we remove
the old files and replace them with new ones.
Component Oriented: It is widely used as a software development
methodology to create applications that are more strong and can easily
scale.
Structured Programming Language: C# is a structured programming
language that allows us to divide programs into parts using functions,
making it easy to understand and modify.
Fast Speed: The compilation and execution time of C# language is fast.

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 1. What is C# programming language used for?

C# is a versatile programming language primarily used for developing

Windows applications, web services, and games within the .NET
framework.

2. What is the advantage of ‘using’ statement in C#?

The ‘using’ statement provides resources for processing before

automatically disposing of it when execution is completed.

3. What is serialization?

To transport an object through a network, we need to convert it into a

stream of bytes. It is called Serialization.

4. What are the four steps involved in the C# code compilation?

4 steps of code compilation in C# include:

Source code compilation in managed code.
Newly created code is merged with assembly code.
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is loaded.
Assembly execution is done through CLR.

5. How can I declare and initialize variables in C#?

Variables are named containers that store values of different types. To

declare a variable in C#, you need to specify its type and name.

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Fundamentals

Control Statements
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