6

DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR METHOD

Art-1.. Linear Differential Equation
Adifferential equation is said to be linear if the unknown function and all of its
occurring in the equation occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied
deriva
together.

eg the differential equation . +2y 0, = cos x are linear whereas

dx

=
0 is non-linear.
d2 dx

It should be noted that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but

svery differential equation of the first degree need not be linear eg. the diferential
equation

+y =0 is not linearthough its degree is 1.

dx

General Linear Equation:

The general linear differential equation of order n is

ap r)+
a a )(r) + dy a n (x) y= F(x), ag # 0
an-1(x) + 1)

Wnere ao , a , a2 . . a, and F are continuous real functions of x only over an

en interval I. If F = 0 over I, then it is called homogeneous. Otherwise it is called non-

homogeneous.
For n 2
uaton (1) reduces to the second order non homogeneous linear equation

o()+a (x) +az (x) y = F)

dx

541
 RRLIANT DIFERENTIAL EOUATION
42
homogencous cquation is
sccond order
and corresponding

0
ao(r) + a(x)+a2(*) y =0, ag(r) :

and F are
continuous real functions f

where a0 a
, . . , a2 an c
e* is a linear ordinary differenteau
I eg. + 3 xdr+ y
=

interval

order.
Theorem
Art-2. Existence and Uniqueness
If ag , a, an and F are all continuous functions of x on
real intenv
a Sxs b and ag(x) #0 for any x on a sx Sb and if xo is any point af th
he inteng
asxsb and co,c,. C - be n arbitrary real constants then there exic
ts ne at
only one function sayfx), which in some neighbourhood of Xo (contained in asre
sxsh
is solution ofthe differential equation

+ aqx)* + ...+a-1(r)+an
dx *) y =F{) and is such hat

foo)=co flro) = o1. ) = Cy-

(Assume it without prof
Cor. Letfbe a solution of the nth order homogeneous linear differential equation

ag(x) aq() tGy-1()+a,)y =0

such that

fo)=0,'o) = 0 , . , f"-l (ro) = o

where x is a point ofthe interval a Sx <b in which the coefficients a, a

are all continuous and ag (x) * 0 then f(x) =0 Vx on aaxsb

Art-3. Linear Combination

l fh h s f n be n functions defined over an interval I and ci, C2 Ga
lines
arbitrary constants, then the function ci fi + ca h t . . + Cn Jn 1s caeo
combination of the functions fi,fa,..,fn overl.
of e",e2
2.
For example, 2 e*+3 e"+7e* is alinear combination
on of
omogenous difterentu
Art-4. Prove that any linear combination of solutions of a linear
homog
equation is a solution of the equation.

Proof: Let f.f2,.., Jm be m solutions of the linear homogeneous euquation

Poy+P, 1 + . + Pn y= 0
 DIEEERENT OPERATOR. METHOD 543
we have

Po P, f"-"+... +Pn s 0 ...(1)

Po f+ P S(-)+...+Pn s0 .(2)

Po () + . . . +Pn fm=0
...(m)
Multiplying (). (2), .., (m) by ci, ca, Cmand adding,we get,

Po[e +%f +Cm m]+P, [csn-)+ 5-i

. .

+CmSm"]+... +Pn (cifi+aht.. +Cm Im ] =0

or Po [ci i t+ Ca ht...+ Cm Sm]+Pi [es +ah+... +Cm fm-
+Pnle1 itaht... +Cm Sm -0
But
This shows that ci StC2 J2t ...
t Cm Jm is a solution of the given equation.
Ja,.,Jm
qht ht... tCm Jm any linearcombination offi
is

Hence the result follows.

Art-5. Linearly Dependent

over an
to be linearly dependent (or L.D.)
The functions f ,2, ..., fn of x are said such that
nterval Iiff there exist constants C1, C2, Cn not all zero,..., ,

C 1 t 2 2 + . . . + cn fn 0 for allx in I.
on [0, 1] because there exist
constants.
the functions , 3 x are L.D.
For example,
C -3, c2= I such that (-3) (*)+ (1) (3 x*)=0

Linearly Independent
linearly independent (or L.I)
over an
said to be
ne functions .s,..., Sn of x are
relaton
C1, C2, Cn Such thatthe
V2iff there exist constants ...,

x E I.
C c . Cn =0 forall
C1t + . +Cn Sn 0 not L.D.
Other words the functions f , , . , f ofx are
said to'be L.I. ifthey are
at least one of them is a linear
Note: If the are L.D., then
unefunctions , , . . , none of them is a linear combination
bination of th the others. But if they are L.I., then
of the others.

Ann-6. Fundamental Set of Solutions

solutions of the nth order

e S2.
2 S ar
are n linearly independent
ogeneous linear differential e quation
0
ta, (r) y
=

ar) d"
a() ..+an-1(T)
ar

0n aSxSb
$44 BRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SEM-1,P
then the set S J2. is called a fundamental set of solutions of (1) andthe

functionf defined by S(x) =c1fs(x) +c2/2(x) +.+Chsnx),a s * S b

where c.e2 are arbitrary constants, is called a general solution of (1) on
SXSb.

For the second order homogeneous linear differential equation

ao(x)+
d
aq(r)+a
dx (*) y =0 2)

a fundamental set consists of two linearly independent solutions. If fi and fh are a

fundamental set of (2) on a x s b then a general solution of (2) on a s x sbis
defined by cif x) + oh (t), a s xsb where ci and cz are arbitrary constants.
Art-7. Wronskian (H.P.U. 2006)
Letf . . f be n real functions over an interval 1, each of which has a derivative
ofat least order (n 1) over I, then the determinant
-

Ji

s-D , (-1)
S-1
denoted by W(fi.h...fn) is called W:onskian of fi fh.fn over I.
Art-8. Prove that if the Wronskian of the functions fi . h , . . . Sn over an interval 1 is
non zero, then these functions are linearly independent over I.
Proof: Consider the relation
C1f+C2 h t . . . + Ca Jn =0 .(1)
where c1, C2 ,'.., Cn are constants
Differentiating (1) successively n- 1 times w.r.t. x, we get,

+C2 J2 t Cn fn'= 0 ..0)

+CnJn=0 ...()

C1S-) t

Co2- ) ++... +Cn Jn 1)-0

=0 ...(n)

These n equations can be written as

Sn
2
2 C3 =O
- )
DIERENTIAL OPERATOR MEOD 545

Now we know that the matrix cquation AX O has a trivial solution if |A |z0

for c c 2 . . cn0, wehave.

0
n

-1) f,0-1)
i.e., W( j Jn )*0
if W(S h,..Jn) * 0, then c =C2. =C0
t h e functions fi h..,fyare linearly independent over I.

Note: From the above article, it follows that non-vanishing of the Wronskian overan
interval I is the suficient condition that the functions are L.I. over I. It does not mean that
Wronskian can not vanish for linear independence. So it must be noted properly that
Wronskian may vanish even when the functions are linearly independent over I.

Art-9, If fi h f n are n linearly independent solutions of nth order

homogeneous linear differential equation

d"y d-ly
+a(x) an-1(x) +dx a, (x) y =
0

Then every solution of. L,(y) = 0 can be expressed as a suitable linear combination

+e2s2 t nsn of then linearly independent solutions.

Proaf: Let xo e [a, b]

Consider the following system of n algebraic equations in n unknows

k2
k Siro)+ k2/2 x0) +. +
knsn ro)= fxo)
kiro)+ k2si xo) +.
*****
knSnxo)=f'(ro) .(1)
*********"** i*e* .

kf(xo) +k2/2"(a
(xg) +. k,sn""(ro) f""(xo)}
.+ =

Since the solutions fi, f2,.. fn are linearly independent on asxsb

W S2. , ](a) *0 Vx E [a, b]
In particular

W/.f2. Sxy) *0
546
BRLLIANT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SEM-I, PBI, U
fio)
i.e. J2 #o).. 0

a necessary and sufficient condition that n linear algebraic equations inn

unknowns have a unique solution is that the determinant of the co-etficient be

unequal to zero.

system. (1) has a unique solution C1 C2 , C7 thus for k=

k a= 2 . k = e3 , k, = en each left member

i=0, 1,2,.
of the system (1) has the same value as the corresponding right member f'(x%) ;i=0, 1,
2, n-1)
But these left members (2) are values ofthe solution efi + c22 +.+Cf, of
the equation L,0) =0 and its first
(n-1) derivatives at x: while the corresponding
right members are values of the solutionfand its first (n-1) derivatives at xo
Thus the two solutions csi +C2/2 +. ... + CnJn and f have equal values and
their th derivatives, i= 1,2,.. n=-1 have equal values at xo

fx)=qfi)+ ©2s2(*)+ . . + s,() VxE [a,b]

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Show by Wronskian that x, x, x are linearly independent ifr is non-zero.
Sol. Let A) =x, ht) =*,
)=1, f ) = 3 x,
J a) =4
)=0, " )=6x, (x)= 12x

32 43
2 6X 12x

x 3 2

6x
4xx0
122
22 33

122
by RR-R
6x
pFERENTIAL.OPERATOR METHOD
547
3x3

6* 12x2
x (24- 18)

6 r 0 as x * 0

h h are L.I.

S h o w by Wronskian that the following functions are

linearly independent
Examph
overall reals

cos bx, e"* sin br (i) sin 2x, cos 2x

(e
(ii) e*, xe"* (iv) 2x,2 x,2x ** 0)
) 2x+3x,4x*+5x, 8x- 15x*, x*0.

(w)log x, x log x, x logx

Sol. () Let f )=e** cos bx, A r) =e"*sin bx

f ( ) =e"* (- sinbx).b+e"*.acos bx =e"*(acos bx-b sin bx)

x)=e"".b cos bx +e"*.a sin bx =e** (a sin bx+b cosbx)

2 cos bx esin bx
e e4 (acos bx -bsin bx) e (asinbx + bcos bx)
ecos.br (a sin bx +b cos bx) - e"* sin bx (acos bx - b sin bx)

- e a sin bx cos bx + b cos bx- asin bx cos bx b sin bx]

+

e (sin' bx+ cos' bx)]= e* [b (1)

bea* 0 for all real x
h s are L.I. over reals.
6i9 Let fi (x) = sin 2x, fs ( ) = cos 2x

)=2cos 2x, S' (*) =-2 sin 2x

sin 2x cos 2x
W )=| 2 cos 2x -2sin 2x
-2 (sin 2r+cos 2r)= -2 * 0 for all real r
.hare L.I. over reals.
i) Let fi
()=e*, f(x) =xe
o)=a e"3, h' )=e* + axe**
xe,ax
W )=
ae
aer
e (1+ax)|
= e0 +ax)-rae-ax=e44 ¢ 0 for VrER

h.fhare L.I. over all reals.

 BRILLANT
DILEERUNIIAL EOUA1ONS(SI .
$48 .

()Let h()2x, f5 ( 1 ) 2 x h t ) 2
) 2 . f:' () 4x. /' () 8x
24 x
) =0, /," (1)= 4, " (r)
=

2x 2
4x 8x
WihA)=| 0 24

=
16 x| 2 4 x=16 x|0 3x
by R-R-R
0 6x 6x
= 16x (6r ' - 3 x') = 48 x * 0

ffs are L.I. over all reals

() Let S ) = 2x+3x, St)= 4x*+5x°. S5(x) =8x-15x?

s ) 2 + 6 x , Sit) = 8x+15x. fjx) = 8 -30x

S) 6, S)=8+30x. Slx) =-
30

| 2x+3x 4x +5x 8x-15

WS2 Ss) =|S S SS| 2+6x 8x+15x 8-30
6 8+30x -30

22+3x2 4x +5x3 18
2+6x 8x+152 18.byCC+5C
6 8+30x

2+3 x 4x+5xd
=
18 x |2 +6x 8r+15x
6 8+30x

183815
8+30x -(4x+5 x2) 2 x+6x
6 o

8x+15r

2+6r
6 8+30
=
18 x [(2+3 x) (0 -

8- 30 x)- (4 x+ 5 x) (0 6) -

+1 (16+ 60 x +
48*
+180x -48 r-
18x |(2+ 3 x)(- 30x- 8) 6 (4 x+ 5x*)+ 1 (90 « 60
=18 x|- 60 x - 16 -

90 x* 24 24
x
16)
r 30 x+
-

x +
90 x +60 rloj
18 x 30x'] * 0 V x ¬R
I2.13 are 1.l. over all reals
 FFERENTIAL OrERATOR METiooD
549
(v) Let (x) =

log x, /2 (x) =

log x, S (x)
x =
x* log x

) i )xlog xI -
I +
log x, h )
A)= +logx 2x=x+2x logx
r

f )= I +2x
+ logx 2=1 +2+2 log x = 3 +2
log x

h logx xlógx rlogx

wh f) =| s 1+logx x+2xlog
x+2 logx

gx 0 0

X
logx 2xlogx by C2 C-xCi, CC-x<C
2 4+2log
2
logx 2x logx
=
log* ns l o g x logx (4+2logx)-(2x logx)|
"2 4+2logx
logx (4 logr +2 (logx)-4 log r] logx {2(logx)] =

2 (logx)#0 asx *1
Example 3. Show by Wronskian that the following functions are L.I. over all reals
() e, sin x, cos x (i) 1, sin x, cos x
(H.P.U. 2006)
(i) e, e* cos 4x, e sin 4x (iv)
e",xe"*,xe* .

301 0) Let ()= e", f (x) sin x, f() =

cos x =

)=e", (x)= cos x, fs' (x) =- sin x

o)=e*, f" ()= sin x, f" () cos X-
=-

Sin x COS x

W.A.6)=|fi COS x
- sin x -
-sin x
cOS X
 EOUATONS (SL.
DIHEERENIIAL
550 BRLLIANT

cOS

- sin x|
cos

- Sin r -cOS

-(-sin x
cos.r + sin r +-SIn
cosr)+(- sin' X-COs
e {(-cosr- sin )
-2 0 for allrealx
h are L.I. over allreals.
*
Ss (r) cos
=

1, f (x)
=
sin x,
) Here fi (x) =

h ) = 0 , S' ) =cosx, S )=-sin x

)=0, f" (x)=-sin x, s" (r)=-cos r
sin x coS x

0 cos
-

sin x

WAh6)-| S - sin x - COS X

#0 Vx¬R
=-cosx- sinx=-1
s are L.l. over all reals.
3x e" sin 4x
()=e",s()=e"cos 4x, S (x)
=

(ii) Here fi

i ) = 2 e, *) =e (3cos 4x-4 sin 4x),

S')=e" (3 sin 4r + 4 cos 4x)
")=4 S" )=e"(-7 cos 4x-24 sin 4x).
3x
s")=e (24 cos 4x-7sin 4x)
W(ihh)

2x ecos 4x 3 sin 4.x

2e2x e(3cos4x -4 sin 4x) e(3sin 4x +4 cos 4x)
42 - 7 cos 4x-24 sin 4x) e(24 cos 4x 7 sin 4x)|
cos 4x sin 4x
=e2.3 e*2 3 cos 4x-4 sin 4x 3 sin 4x +4 cos 4x
-7 cos 4x -24 sin 4x 24 cos 4x -7 sin 4x|

cos 4x sin 4x
-
0 cos 4x-4 sin 4x sin 4x+4 cos 4x
0 -11cos 4x-24 sin 4x 24 cos 4x-11 sin 4x
byR2 R-2 Ri, RR-4N
 OrTRATOR
MEIOD

AR NTIA
551
cos 4r- 4 s i n 4 sin4x+ 4 cos 4x
11 cos 4. - 24 sin 4 24 cos 4x - 11 sin 4x
sin 4r + 4 cos 4x
cos 4x- 4 sin 4r
-17cos 4.r -17 sin 4x by R R2 -6 R
COS 4x 4 sin 4r
-

sin 4x+ 4 cos 4x

=- 17* cos 4x Sin 4x

- 1 7 3 s i n 4x cos4x - 4 sin"4x - sin 4x cos 4x - 4 cos241

-- 17e"-4 (sin *4x + cos 4x)]

8:
=-17e*[-4 (1)] =68 e* *0 xER

f , fs are L..

()Here () = é**, s («) =re*,S (x) =*ea*

ax
f9-a e*, h)= (ax+ 1) e"*, S)=(a?+2x) ex
)de*, ")= a (ax +2)e" S )- (d?+4 ax+2) x
t e t

W A h , f s ) = | a eX (ax+ 1)eax

(ax +2x) ea*

aeax
aeax
(ax+2a)e* (a 4ax +2)eax
X

-ea ax +l ax +2x
ax+2a ax +4ax+2|
(Operate R, >aRi - R2, R2> aR-R3)
0 -1 -2x
0 -2 ax-2.
a ax+2a ax +4 ax+2

=e"(2) *0 for all real x

Jfa are L.I. over all reals.
i e 4 . Show by Wronskian that the following functions are L.l. over all reais

(i) e , e * , 2x
in) 1, x, , ;
x*0 (iv) 1, 1 +x, 1 +x +r,1+x+r+r
(H.P.U. 2011)
x,,...x"(n (n beinga +ve integer).
 (SEM-1, P
BRILANT
DIFEERENTIAL EQUATIONS .U.
552

Sol. )Here ()e'.ju)=e". (v)=e

s 3

) e . ' 0 ) -2e", f'() = e

3
3x
)=*. " ()-4 e .s")=-9c
2x
/e e

*W.hh-i s /e

e
2
t
2e2

42x
3
3e

9x

e". |1 2 =0 2
4 0 3
by RR-Ri , Ry R-R
[ 1 (8-6)] =2 *0 Vx¬R

S f a s are L.I. over all reals.

2x
(in Here (v)=e".s () e*, s (r) =
= e4*
) = e " , f W) =-e*. s'() =2 e4*
)=e*, S" (x)=e",S")=4 e*
e

2e2x
wh.h)-| C
e

42

=e*.e*| 2 2 -2
1 4 0 3
by R2R2 - R .
Rg R-R
= e[-6-0)] =-6 e" *0 Vx¬R
f i f s are L.I. over all reals.
(i) Here fi)=1, A) =x, A ) =x, fi t) =
i)=0, # G)=1, S)=2x, S () =4x
s" *)=0, f" ()=0, S" ()=2, S" )=12x
" ()= 0, S"" (a)=0, f"" () = 0, f" (x) = 24x

W.s,h.)= S 01 2x 4x
0 2 12x2
0 0 0 24 *
(1)()2)(24 x) =48 x # 0 V xER (* *0)
h s JA are L.l. overall reals.
 AL OPERATOR OD
DIFRERENT
553
( ) We have

h)= 1, = 1 + x , S ) = 1 +x+r?, ,A)=1 +x +?+Y

) = 0 , S )=1, (t)=1 +2x, fa (t)=1+2

+2x+32
()=0, " C)=2, SA" o)=2 +6x
r)= 0, A"
S"" () =0, f (e) = 6
- 0 , " )=0,

Wi.s,)=|

1 1+x 1+x+x 1+x+x* +x*|

1+2x
0 2
1+2x+3x
2+6.
0 0 6
(1) (1) (2) (6) # 0 over allreals

f h.h.h are L.I. over all reals.

Example 5. Show by Wornskian that the following function are linearly independent
Over all reals:

(0 1,x, (H.P.U. 2013)

0 x , x r * 0)

(i) 1,1+x, 1 +x +x+* where x #-

(i),e"cos 4x, e* sin 4x

Sol. (0) Let ) 1, =
fx) =x, SCx) =x*
o) =0, ') = 1, s ) =2x
and ) 0, S")= 2
ho)= 0,

=
0 2x
0 2

-(1) (1) (2) [Product of diagonal elements

= 20 Vx¬R
h . f are L.I. over all reals.
( Let
fx) x, =
h ) =x,
and
f ) 1, S'x) =2x, S'(x) =4x
f)=0, ")= 2, Sx) =
12 x
554 BRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAJ, EQUATIONS (SEM-I, PRI.

Wiff) 2x 4x3
2 122

2x 43 X
3rby R, R2-Ri
2 12 2 12x

3x3 =x (12 x-6x) =6 #0 V xER

2 12x
fih,s are L.I. overall reals, x # 0.
(i) Let i) = 1, h) =1 +x,fs ()= 1 +x+* +*

) =0, S ) = 1, S ' ) = 1 +2x+3

and f") =0, ) =0, S"o)=2+ 6x

Ss 1 1+2 1++x +
WGi h.-| 1 I+2x +3x
0 2 +6x

=
(1) (1)(2 +6 x) (Product of diagonal elements)
2+6 x * 0 VxER

h.s are L.l. overallreals, x .

(iv) Let fi ) 2. 2x 4x,s )=e** sin 4x

)-2*S")-42
h ) = 2 e" cos 4x-4 e sin 4x = 2 " (cos 4x-2sin 4x)

A)=4" (cos 4x -2 sin 4) +2*(-4 sin 4x-8 cos42)

4 e
(cos 4x-2 sin 4x-2 sin 4r-4 cos 4x)
4 ( - 3 cos 4x-4 sin 4x) =-4 e" (3 cos 4x +4 sin4)
x) = 2 e sin 4x + 4 e cos 4

2 (sin 4x+2 cos 4x)

" ) = 4 e " (sin 4x + 2cos 4x) + 2 e" (4 cos 4x-8 sin 4x)

4(sin 4x +2 cos 4x +2 cos 4x-4 sin 4)

=
4 (4 cos 4x -3 sin 4x)
pIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR METHOD 555

Now Wh ) =|S

e 2x 22 4e2
2cos 4x 2 (cos 4x - 2sin 4x) -4e (3cos 4x + 4 sin 4x)|
4e" (4 cos 4r - 3sin 4 )
e sin 4x 2e (sin 4x +2 cos 4x)
1
cos 4x -2 sin 4r -3 cos 4x - 4 sin 4x
= 8 e e . *cos 4r
sin 4x sin 4r+ 2 cos 4r 4 cos 4x- 3 sin 4x
o
0
C,>C2-Ci,C C3-C
8eCos 4x - 2sin 4x -4cos 4r-4sin 4r, by
sin 4x 2 cos 4x 4 cos 4x-4sin 4x
- sin 4x - cos 4 x-sin 4x

8x-2sin 4x -4 cos 4x-4sin 4x =

64 6x cos 4x-sin 4 x
4 cos 4x-4 sin4x
cos4x
2 cos4x
4x+ cos 4x+ sin 4x cos
4X)
4 sin 4 x cos 4 x + sin
-64 (1) « 0Yx E R
reals
JIh,s are L.I. over all by Wornskian that the functions
are all distinct, prove
Example 6. If a , az , a
reals.
e,e2a3 are linearly independent over
S (x) 3
Sol. Let x) =
e"
e*2*, S)=a, e "3"
.

) =a e", f' (a)=a

s (x) = a^2e*3
d
) = a,2e"1",,
(x) =az2e,
e3
e

W
Gnshs) |i a , e 2
a,

3
2 a

(a +a2 +43)" (a1 - az) (a2 - ds) (a3 - Ci) 0 Vr¬R

L.I. over all reals.

are
 BRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SEM-, PBI.
PBI, U
U.)
556

are all distinct, prove by Wronskian that the

the fma
functions
Example 7. If a , a2 , a3, .., dn

over all reals.

*
L.I.
2 ", e"3*,..., e*n are

Sol. Here fi )= e"*, S2(x)

=

e2 * S,r)=ea*
en *
e2

Wih,S)=
a- a,"-e"2 *
n-1n*
n

+ a +... +a, )x |
2 n

t2 .+a,)x| n-

( 1 a 2 ) (a2 -a3) ... (an -1 -an)e"2*Tn 0

(: a1,a2,..., Cn are distinct)

Sifas,...fh are L.l. over all reals.
Example 8. Show that the function 2x, 3x are not L.l.
Sol. The given functions 2x, 3x, are not L.I. over reals if there exists constants. e, C»
not all zero, such that c1 (2x) +o2 (3x) 0. =

Taking Ci=-3, c2 =2 we get the above relation satisfied

given functions are not L.I.
Example 9. Show that sin x, cos x, 2 sinx+3 cosx are linearly dependent.
Sol. The given functions are sin x,
2 sin x +3 cos x
cos x,
These functions will be linearly dependent over all reals if there exist constants
C1,C2, C3 not all zero, such that
C Sin x t C2 COS x + C 2 sin x + 3 cos x) = 0 for all real x.

Taking c-2, c2= -3, cj=1, we find the above relation satistied.
given functions are L.D.
Example 10. Show by wronskiían that the following functions
ependent
VrER
are
lineary*
( 1-x,x+x*,-4+3x2,-2 )Sinx, cos x, 3 sin x
-

4 cos
(H.P.U. 2009)
(i) x, ex,xe* ,(3+2x)e*
pendent"
Sol. (i) The given functions I- xs, +,-4+3x2, x are linearly up
there exist constants C1, C2, C3, C4, not
all zero, such that

c(1-x*)+c (a+r')+ ca (-4+3x2) +ci ( -x*) =0

DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR METHOD 557
Taking e 4 , C2 , c 1. c we find the above relation satisfied.

given functions are linearly dependent.

functions sin x, cos x, 3 sin x 4 cos x are L. D. if there exist
The given
-

(i)
such that Cj sin x +c2 cos x +C3 (3 sin x -4 cos x)=0
constants C1, C2, C3, not all zero,
the above relation satisfied.
Taking c =-3, c2 4, C= 1, we find
=

given functions are L. D.

L. D. if there exist
The given functions are x, e', x e, (3+ 2x) e are
(ii)
constants C1, C2, C3, Cg,
not all zero, such that

CtC2 e" t Cg x e*+Ca (3 +2x) e =0

relation satisfied
=
3, cg =2, ca- 1, we find the above
taking ci=0, c2

functions are L. D.
given
e(2 sin 3x +5 cos 3x)
are

functions esin 3x, ecos 3x,

Example 11. Show that the

linearly dependent. + 5 cos 3x) are lincarBy

e" sin 3x, e cos 3x, e* (2 sin 3x
functions
Sol. The given such that
constants C,C2, C3, not all zero,
dependent ifthere exist
3x) + c le"[2 sin 3x+ 5 cos 3x)]=0
sin 3r) +ca (cos
c(e find the above
relation satisfied.

- 2 , c2 =-5, c3
=
1, we
aking c
g i v e n functions
are linearly dependent.
functions are linearly dependent:
the following
EXample 12. Show that
(i)e,e",cosh x
) 1, sin x, cos* x
reals if 3
(i) x, e*,xe. (2-3x)e" are linearly dependent
over

functions 1, sinsx, cos" x

T h e given that
not all zero such -cz )sin'r 0
=

dint C C2, C3 =
0 or (ci+ c)+ (c2
C(1)+ C2 (sinx)
+ C3 (cos a) relation satisfied.
I, e=l
we find theabove
aking c=- 1, c2
reals.
given functions are L.D. over all
are e*, e ", cosh r
functions
The given
i t 3 constants Ci, C2, C3 , not all zero0
ie, e , , t e are L.D. over reals

such that
= 0

Ce+C2 e
+ cs)e 0
or
(2 e)e" (2 ¢2
+
S58 BRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SEM-I, PBI, UI
taking c = 1, c2= 1, ca=-2 we find the above relation satisfied.

given functions are L.D. over all reals.

(iin) The given functions x, e* ,xe",(23 x) e" are L.D. over reals if 3 constants
nts
C1,C2, C3 , Cs not all zero such that

C X + c2 e" +c3 x e* +Ca (2-3 x) e* =0

taking c =0, c2 =-2, c =3, c4=1, the above relation issatisfied.

the given functions are L.D. over all reals.

Example 13. Show that the following pair of functions are linearly independent yet their
Wronskian vanishes on the given interval

h- (, xz00 0,*20
,f 2, x <0
J0, x <0
Sol. The given functions are

2, x20 f
0 ,x20
, x <0
,

We wantto prove that hh are Ll. For this purpose we shall show that
if c f + ca = 0
(1)
forall x ER, then each of ci , C2 is zero.

For this purpose, we use x=- 1, 1.

Now ( 1 ) = 1,£ (1) =0

and (-1) =0,S(-1)=1|

Substituting these values in (1), we get,
C 1+ c 0 = 0 C0

and c 0+ I=0 C20

we have

C t Caf =0 C1C2 =0
Hence fi h are linearly independent on the given
interval
Now, we find the Wronskian of the given functions.
Two cases arise..
Case I. When x > 0, we have,

f2x,f' =0

wun.-l
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR METHOD 559
Case Il. When x <0, we have,

f 0. =2x

W - 2x
0

Combining the results of cases I and II, we get,

W )=0 for all r
Example 14. Show that the following pair of functions is linearly independent, yet their
Wronskian varnishes on the given interval S ) = r S(x) =x|x|x s
Sol. The given functions are

f ) =x,S W)=x|xr|. rs|

0s*Sl
or )=x, sr) =
?, x<0
as r|=r for 2 0 and |x|= - x for x <0
L.I. For this purpose we shall show that
We want to prove that s are

if C f i + Caf = 0

then each of ci, C2 iS Zero.

x I,T =

Forthis purpose, we use

-

(1) 1,^ ()
=

Now =

and - 1 ) =1,S(-1) = -1|

Substituting these values in (1), we gel,
CtCc =0 .(2)
C 1t 1 =0
C-c2 =0 .(3)
and c I +C2 (- 1) =0
2c 0 Ci =0
Adding (2) and (3), we get,
from (2), 0+ c2 0 =

we have
C C 0
C1 +
ezs =0
interval.
independent on
the given
a r e linearly
N find the Wronskian ofthe
given functions.
Two cases arise
ase 1. When 0sx$ I, we have, Ji =2 x,f' =2r
x2
W - 2.x
S60 BRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (SEM-1, Pp.
Case I1. When x <0, we have
.U.)
- 2 x. =-2x
-

w = 0
-2x

Combining the results of case I and II, we get,

W =0
Another Form : Give an example of linearly independent functions o and y on an
interval I with W (p, ) = 0 on I.
Hint. Change fi to o and fh to
Example 15. Let fi (x) = 1 +x* for x s 0, fi (r) = 1 for x 2 0.

s ) =1 for x s 0, S ( ) = 1 +*' for x 2 0

and S)=3 +x for all x.

() Show that the Wronskian of fih,s is zero for allx.
() A.S.s are linearly independent overthe interval -1, 1].
Sol. () Two cases arise
Case . When x s 0, we have

f)=1 +r', ft)=1, s ) =3 +x

f ) = 3 x*, h ) =0, s' ()=3*
')=6x, f" ()=0, " )=6x
1+3 1 3+x
Whs) =|3x2 03x 0
6x 0 6x

Case II. When x 2 0, we have

i ) =1, s x ) = 1 +x, s ) = 3 +*

)-0, ' ) - 3 , f (x)=3x

f" )=0, ")=6 6x, f" ) 6x =

1 1+x 3+
W ( S ) = | 0 3x 32

0 6x 6x

Combining the results of cases I and I1, we get,

W hSs)=0 for allx.

 RFNTIALOrERAT METHOD
56
wC want to prove that f
as
J:.h are LI. For this
purpose we shall show

C f0
...(0)
r allrEl-1. 1]. then each of Ci.C;.C is zero.

For this purpose. we use r = -

1.0. 1.
Noa f-)=0, f:(- )= 1. f-1)=2
f (0)= 1. f0)= 1, S 0)=3

f)=1, f(1)=2. (0)=4

Substituting these values in (). we get

C 2= 0 ..(2)
c-C3 c: =0 (3)
c-2 c-4 c; =0 ...4)
Subtracting (3) from (4). we get.
.(5)

Subtracting (5) from (2), we get, c =0

from (5). C20

Puting c: =0, c =
0 in (3). we get, c =0

we have C C2= C; =0

ience i.f.f are L.I. over[-1. 1]

Let f x). (x) be rwo linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous

z cuation P -P,y=0 Over an open intervalI where Po, P , P

and if f ) is any solution of the

uousfunctions ofr andPo (x) # 0 on 1,
uztion then f=afi-Bf for some constants a andB.

tie
given equation 15
(1)
- P,y - 0

1EI where Is an open

interval.

f.f are linearly independent over

fonskian of .fat xo is non-zero

f4),' 0