Newton's laws of moton GH2 &ai T

body vemains at vest or moves

wth csnstant velocrty,unless not disturbe by Some ertemd influenNe
propely o a bodythat tt commot change ta state oß vest o nifon
motion Inertia : influence und which the Velocity a.
partele chonqy fo of inertia oha bod
2.
kow o tree Quantitatively Cthind law)
ime-vate o change msmentun is propsrtional to he impessed-fore
F= d

F=hmv) md
Quonttativelyfnst lao is the special case secnd law. for if F-0, %er
=0 r V (onstant
be zero ohich iepesenls the stale est
3 law o acton and veacten: r
To every acisn there is always equal &
opposite eaction
dt
md

OY
|m
mi a
-mya C
m
Cin magar
in magnitude io )
aafou nq an isoloted syslemgh tuo bodiex ineracti
themselves
Nestons thivd law deme monq
Newton's seLsnd law F:mamascon unituely mely,
be usedto define the fmce
Dynamics ofa Varthele im Rectilineau moliox: inaunuy
aa AGRUr (Eans- of moton) : h a partcle moves in Q (onstant
(grdinay we consider C) Grovtational feld eqneon the Surface of the eazth
Fem Ci) Electic field eg in betueen the plales ot paualle plate
q), then itis acBed by a sngtont-foree F'and condenser
the
partele moves sith (snstant acceleration a.
Neustuons seund law eh molisn Fma
m =d t =constant for a Corstant Fore?
 Nouw
t
Jt-fadtat at+C
for atonstant-fovee, acc is (orsom
let at t-0 v-u the nital veloah
d -utat
dt

tt+at+c,
2
I, at t=o, v-Yo (initial posit Vect)
v'-Vo+ut+at -(2)

(3)
seond eqn molioN
S..vsplarement patcle in timet)
dt

* ds .av. dk
dt dt t

Lonstant
when S=o ie. when -Yo. v-u

v²u'+2-sc4) thind egno mation

mobian is albnq a Shaight line or in
one cimensisin
V=utat, S=utt at,v'ut2as
appear to be vidate it the
Iimitations of Nestons kaws UNewtons first and Seond laws
observerhimsel, s accelerated partcle is experiencinq no fovce amd its acceleaton
ig zerO velativ to an observer, ongther ohsenver, motd g oith am acreleration vdate
thefrst one oill see that portile in acc. ie. a 4ettous force R acting gn th¹
the , velatve tothe sesnd cbsen, Neuton Specited that his laus oh mtion ae
the statoned in an inetal system
Valrd snly when views, Newtons Thmd lau) o mollon i not conect whena orce octoo
rrodnoto modern caHnot mové faster thon the speed oahon),
light; b
becaue the fores or acions
at adtanceDnduces sesnd þazticle changedforee (or
fhs borbcle any change in the
6n thetrgt partele oftera finite inteval ftime. This megns siuttene usly
actin ig not eual to readisn Nestons -thd law ja stil Comect for
the bodies at rest and for contact fuce
law of Newton The qravitatinalfoes
Elechomaqnetic -farc s violate the tivd approx-
donot viotate the hird law in theNestonian but they also olate ,the thìrd, la
 Let a
Asimple example for the groSS violation of third law may be quoted here.
charged particle move away from a wire carrying a cusrent. The wire exerts a magnetic
force on the charged particle, while at the same time the net force on the wire due to
the particle is exactly zero. (See Chap. 8, Fundamental Physics by J. Orear, John Wilcy
& Sons,Inc., New York, 1965).
 Frames of Reference
Motion and Rest.
If the position of a body changes with time, we ordinarily say that the
change with time
body is in the state of motion and if its pösition does not
it is said to be at rest. There may be two kinds of rest and
motion- absolute and relative. A body is said to be in absolute motion
whcn its motion is observed with respect to a point which is stationary in
space. But in the universe we do not know any point which remains always
stationary. Therefore, absolute motion can only be imagined and practically
it has no importan ce. In the universe every body is in the state of motion;
carth, sun and other stars are moving all the time and thus any body does
notInremain stationary. Hence absolute rest is also imaginary.
fact nmotion and rest both are relative. A body will be said to be in
the' state of motion or rest with respect to anothr, accordingly if its
position changes or does not change relative to the other. For example,
a tree on the grOund is at rest relative to earth; but the same tree is in
the state of motion relative to sunbecause firstlythe carth with this tree
is constantly rotating round its axis and secondly it is moving in its orbit
round the sun. Relative to a passenger sitting inside the train other
passengers are at rest, but the outside trees, buildings etc. ar in the
state of motion.
Frame of Reference. Tolz2i Reference system:1otT o
Keference system
It is clear from above that in order to describe the motion of a body
we should 7now essentially that with respect to what this motion has been
measured.(If we inmagine a coordinate system attached to a rigid body and
we describe the position of any particle in space relative to i, hen such a
coordinate system is called frame ofreference) For the location of the objects,
the position vectors are drawn from the ohigin of coordinate system. The
origin may coincide with the position of the observer or not, but an observer
uses a frame of reference which is stationary relative to him.
(The simplest frame of reference is a cantesian coordinate system. In
this system the position of a particle at any point of its path is given by
three coordinaters (% y). Now at any instant, the position vector r,
drawn from the origin tothe particle, is given by

positionvectos
 r=xîtyî +zk
To describe fully the motion of aparticle, wemust know its position
at different instants of time, Le., the position
coordinate r should be expressed as function of
time. Then the velocity and acceleration of the
particle will be given by
v=ar
dt nd a=dt
d dt )
4 (In general, for the location of an event* in a
frame of refercnce we require is position and
time of . occurrence and therefore for this
purpose four coordinates y, z, 4) are Fig.
required. The reference system, cmployed for
this purpose, is called space-time frame of reference.) the
The motion of a body is described diflerently, depending on
frame of referenc with respect to which the descriptionmotionsis given. But in
which the are easy
general, hat framë of reference is employed in the help of
to descríbe. The truth of this statement can be explained with
the fallowing examples:
(1) The motion of an acroplanc with respcct toto he another aeroplane
ground. In vicw
may bc very dilferent fromn its motion with respect
relative to the ground can be
of convenience, the motion of the aeroplane
epresentedcasily.
5 ((2) Suppose that an observer is sitting inside a train, moving with
conslantvelocity. Now, if he
throws a síone vertically
upwards, he will see that the
stonc is coming back along
the same vertical path (Fig.
, But an observer, Straight lioo Parabolic path
standing stationary on the
ground, .sees the stone, Fig.
moving with Constant
velocity (i.e., the velocity of the train) and thus thè stone will
horizontal
this observer (Fig.
movë on a parabolic pathrelative to wil! appear very complicated relative to
(3) The motion of the planets
earth. But the planetary motions are much
a frame situated on the we assume that the sun is the centre of the solar
simpler todescribe whcn the suh (hcliocentric lramc). Thus to
is situated on
system and the frame simpler way wo-always try to select a proper
describe the motion in a occurs in
particle passing through some point P) taken
phenomenon g., a point
Vla physical known as thc point ; the tine of occurrence and thc
space, ils position is
togcthcr are called an event.
 Galileam fomes of efeence
Inertial Frames of Reference. JStty
Those unaccelerated frames of reference, in which New.on's first and
second laws hold, are called inertial frames. In such frames, if a body is
not açted by external force, it continues in its state of rest or uniform
TIatoty motion (law of inertia) and hence they are called inertial
frames. Thus, in an inertial frame, if a body is not experiencing any
external force, its acceleration a is given by
(.: F =ma = 0)
a = -0
Incomponent form, thisequation can be written as
- 0, 0, = 0.

S', which is
Let us consider an inertial frame S and another frame
0) if the
moving with constant velocityvorelative to S. Initially (at t= frames
positions of the origins of thetwo frames coincide, then in the two the
related by
the position vectors of any particle P at any instant t can be
following expressions :
r =00'+ r' or r=y tr'
In Newtonian mechanita ,tuso
3t t servers O and O' in (onstant
elative motion will mesue the
or a' =a Same time, e tt ohen the
As yisconstant, di' pauticle iS at p
frames,
That is, a particle experiences the same acceleration in two
acceleration
which are moving withconstant relative velocity. Now, if the
zero. But S
of the particle in frame S is zero, its acceleration in S' is also
that if a
is an inertial frame, S' should also be inertial. Thus, we conclude
frame is an inertial frame, then all those frames, which are moving with
constant velocity relative to the first frame, are also inertial.
Necessarily, the inertial frames are unacceler ated frames because if

Acoveinq to Newtons selond law, the fovee sn the partele Pn fome -SSisis¾-ma
F'-ma
but a' .. F:ma'- ma-F> force 6n the poticle a[ measuelin s
Newtons sesnd aw, is the sameas measued in, S.usns same lau
i4 Ss an inertial fane, then S is also an inertial haSSNEtns.
 the frame is accclerated, a particle, whose velocity is constant, will appcar
accclcrated in this frame.*
If the observed accoleration of a body of mass n in an inertial frame
is a, then in such a frame the
forcc is given by Y

In case
F=ma.
of accelerated
relerence systems, F does not
equal to ma, if a is the
acceleration as observed in the
X
non-inertial system.
The motion of a body itsclf
has no meaning unless, we do Z
not know with respect to which
the
this mtion has been measured, This led Newton to think about
(GRA absolute space. He told that the absolute space represents that system of
Gchla| referencc relative to which everymotion should be measured. Experience
tclls that-'fixed stars' are approximatcly stationary relative to the absolute
space because a body sufliciently far removed from celestial matter
always moves with auniform velocity relative to the xcd stars. Thus this
absolute system is an inertial frame of reference. It is also clear that the
law of inertia is valid in all those refcrence systems, which are moving with
constant velocity relative to the absolute systen. Hence all these frames of
reference are inertial. Among thcsc refercnce frames one is absolute
of
system which is stationary rclative to ihe fixed stars; but with the view
the validity of the law of inertia all the frames of reference will be
complctely equivalent.
If aframe is fixed on the carth, this frame will not be inertial because
thc earth is spinning about its axis and simultaneously it is moving in its
orbit round the sun. For many purposes the carth is fairlycarth, good
approximation to an inerlial frame ;but due to the rotation of the a
particle at tcst on the surface of the earth expericnces centripctal
acceleration which cannot be entircly neglecicd for all purposes. The
valuc of this acccleration al theequator is
2
27
3-4x 10-2m/sec'[ a=u"R=|4x 60X 60) X 6"4 x 106

= 3:4 X 10- m/sec

nthe abscnce of an Cxtemal forcc on &particlc, i its path is not Obscrved in straight inc,
then the ennployed framc will not bc inertial. For examplc, the path of a particle, moving
in a straight line will be secn curved in 4 rotating franc. Conscqucntly, this rotating
frame is not incortial.
 Transkomaticn qns: eqns: povicing the velationshp.
Galilean onsfomation ’ betwten the (ssdinates ef tuso e<rene syeng
* Afame g'which is movinq with tonstavt veocily Vo velatve to m
inertial rame S,iS itsel, Gnetal
for convenieNce: 1 ongms o the too frames coincde at teO paualieltb thd ofthe fvst )
2. oovdinate axes the sesnd fame aue
veloity the selod fonmeP elahve to ha fstja Vo along X-any.
inertal X
frome
vt '=xbt -o)
y': y
z':z
that the eqns() o (2) erpresses the hansfomration
It is alz0 assumed fome
tme timdepndet o ony
ie 4t
paticula
and 'be Coovdats fm one inestal
fome o efrene to anothe ond they ae efuedto o
dhsneg
the time's vecorded by the dasanes Galeon tonsfomatin
O
and O' o an event
then t':t" Imese Galileon transformatisn
-(3)
y'y y y' (foame Sj maving
t t t t! usith vebcity -u
tis olso assum ed,vegmcangthe natwe olong
X-ais)
the Srgohe
the space, that tHe ditance betueen
tooponts (or turo pasticles) indeperdent o
refevene.
an poarticular farme iH þome
vod has lengfh S with end coscdes , anl
then L=-C|
14 at the same time the end cssdnatex of the vo in Sue xand
then
But my tme t, bomeqC3) ,we kore -x-bc,-Vgt)-6e-6)
AS t ' t

L'=L -c)
te. the
the length or distance between turo poinls ivoriavt urdea Galtleantauf
dit-(5) -a6)
-74Vt
(t-t)
OY

Galilean low ot ocdeton of velitg