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Day 8

The document discusses the Slope Deflection Method and Moment Distribution Method for analyzing beams and frames, emphasizing the relationship between moments, rotations, and displacements. It outlines the general procedures for both methods, including calculating fixed end moments, distribution factors, and the process of moment distribution. Additionally, it covers the principles of plastic analysis, including static and kinematic methods, and the Muller Breslau Principle for drawing influence lines.

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Xhrestha Vinod Donib
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4 views

Day 8

The document discusses the Slope Deflection Method and Moment Distribution Method for analyzing beams and frames, emphasizing the relationship between moments, rotations, and displacements. It outlines the general procedures for both methods, including calculating fixed end moments, distribution factors, and the process of moment distribution. Additionally, it covers the principles of plastic analysis, including static and kinematic methods, and the Muller Breslau Principle for drawing influence lines.

Uploaded by

Xhrestha Vinod Donib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Slope Deflection Method

In the slope deflection method, the relationship is established between moments at the
ends of the members and the corresponding rotations and displacements.

In this method it is assumed that all deformations are due to bending only.

General Procedure OF Slope-Deflection Method


• Find the fixed end moments of each span (both ends left & right).
• Apply the slope deflection equation on each span & identify the unknowns.
• Write down the joint equilibrium equations.
• Solve the equilibrium equations to get the unknown rotation & deflections.
• Determine the end moments and then treat each span as simply supported beam
subjected to given load & end moments so we can work out the reactions & draw the
bending moment & shear force diagram.
Moment Distribution Method
This method of analyzing beams and frames was developed by Hardy Cross in 1930.
Moment distribution method is basically a displacement method of analysis. This
method of consists of solving slope deflection equations by successive approximation
that may be carried out to any desired degree of accuracy. Essentially, the method begins
by assuming each joint of a structure is fixed. Then by unlocking and locking each joint in
succession, the internal moments at the joints are distributed and balanced until the
joints have rotated to their final or nearly final positions. This method of analysis is both
repetitive and easy to apply.
Member Stiffness Factor
Distribution factors:
If a moment ‘M’ is applied to a rigid joint ‘o’, as shown in figure, the connecting members
will each supply a portion of the resisting moment necessary to satisfy moment
equilibrium at the joint. Distribution factor is that fraction which when multiplied with
applied moment ‘M’ gives resisting moment supplied by the members. To obtain its value
imagine the joint is rigid joint connected to different members. If applied moment M
cause the joint to rotate an amount theta, Then each member rotates by same amount.
From equilibrium requirement.
Moment distribution method for beams: Procedure for analysis:
(i) Fixed end moments for each loaded span are determined assuming both ends fixed.
(ii) The stiffness factors for each span at the joint should be calculated.
(iii) Using these values the distribution factors can be determined from equation DF = DF for a fixed end =
0 and DF = 1 for an end pin or roller support.
(iv) Moment distribution process: Assume that all joints at which the moments in the connecting spans
must be determined are initially locked.
Then determine the moment that is needed to put each joint in equilibrium. Release or unlock the joints
and distribute the counterbalancing moments into connecting span at each joint using distribution factors.
Carry these moments in each span over to its other end by multiplying each moment by carry over factor.
By repeating this cycle of locking and unlocking the joints, it will be found that the moment corrections will
diminish since the beam tends to achieve its final deflected shape. When a small enough value for
correction is obtained the process of cycling should be stopped with carry over only to the end supports.
Each column of FEMs, distributed moments and carry over moment should then be added to get the final
moments at the joints. Then superimpose support moment diagram over free BMD (BMD of primary
structure) final BMD for the beam is obtained.
Plastic Analysis
Elasticity: Restore it’s original for after removed load spring.
Plasticity: Retain it’s shape without cracking after removing load.

Assumptions:
i. Plane section before bending remain plane even after bending.
ii. Vertical load is assumed to act through the shear centre.
iii. Effect of SF and axial load is neglected.
iv. The stress strain diagram of steel is assumed to be linear.
Method of Plastic Analysis
1. Static Method (Lower Bound Theorem)
For a given structure and loading, if there exists any distribution of Moment M throughout the
structure which is both safe and statically admissible with set of loads W, W<WC.
M<Mp

2. Kinematic Method (Upper Bound Theorem): For a given structure subjected to set of loads W, if collapse mechanism
formed at any section forming plastic hinge, then W at that section must be greater than or equal to Wc.
Muller Breslau Principle for drawing ILD shall be generalized by using following steps:

i. Release a function (Rxn or SF or BM) for which ILD is going to draw at first.
ii. Apply small deformation by applying unit force along released function and draw
elastic curve or deformed shape which is the required shape of ILD (but not in scale)
iii. Find the reactions of the released structure on other supports to draw BMD and
hence draw M/EI diagram to convert it into loading for conjugate beam.
iv. Find the support reactions of the constructed conjugate beam to find the BM along it.
v. Now scaling the ordinate ofILD using the concept.

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