4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION

A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, care real numbers,
a  0.
e.g., 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, 4x – 3x2 = 0,1 – x2 = 0 etc.
When we write the terms of a quadratic equation in descending order of their degrees, then we get the standard
form of the equation. i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a  0 is called the standard form of
a quadratic equation.
A quadratic equation can be of the following types :
(i) b = 0, c  0 i.e. of the type ax2 + c = 0
(ii) b  0, c = 0 i.e. of the type ax2 + bx = 0
(iii) b = 0, c = 0 i.e. of the type ax2 = 0
(iv) b  0, c  0 i.e. of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0

A. QUADRATIC EQUATION METHODS OF SOLVING

(a) Roots of a Quadratic Equation

A real number  is a root of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 if a2 + b + c = 0. So any real
number which satisfies a given quadratic equation is called the root of the quadratic equation.
In polynomial chapter, we learnt that if x =  satisfies a quadratic polynomial p(x) i.e., p() = 0, then
 is the zero of p(x).
This means that zeros of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and roots of a quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same. A quadratic equation can have almost two real roots.

Remark : A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of 'x' which may be real or imaginary. The
equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
A quadratic equation if a  0. [Two roots]
A linear equation if a = 0, b  0. [One root]
A contradiction if a = b = 0, c  0. [No root]
An identity if a = b = c = 0. [Infinite roots]
A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
It follows from the above statement that if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two values
of x, then it is satisfied by every value of x and so it is an identity.

(b) Methods of Solving Quadratic Equation

(i) By Factorization Method
ALGORITHM
Step-1 Factorise the constant term of the given quadratic equation.
Step-2 Express the coefficient of middle term as the sum or difference of the factors obtained in
step 1. Clearly, the product of these two factors will be equal to the product of the coefficient of x2
and constant term.
Step-3 Split the middle term in two parts obtained in step 2.
Step-4 Factorise the quadratic equation obtained in step 3.

(ii) By Completing the Square Method

ALGORITHM
Step-1 Obtain the quadratic equation. Let the quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0.
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 b c
Step-2 Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if it is not unity. i.e., obtain x 2 + x + = 0 .
a a
c b c
Step-3 Shift the constant term on R.H.S. to get x 2 + x = −
a a a
2
 b 
Step-4 Add square of half of the coefficient of x. i.e.   on both sides to obtain
 2a 
2 2
 b   b   b  c
x + 2  x +   =   −
2

 2a   2a   2a  a
Step-5 Write L.H.S. as the perfect square of a binomial expression and simplify R.H.S. to get
b 2 − 4ac
2
 b 
 x +  = .
 2a  4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
Step-6 Take square root of both sides to get x + = .
2a 4a 2
b
Step-7 Obtain the values of x by shifting the constant term on RHS.
2a
(iii) By Using Quadratic Formula
Consider the quadratic equation : ax2 + bx + c = 0. a  0
Dividing throughout by a, we get
b c b c
x2 + x + = 0  x2 + x = −
a a a a
 2
 b   b   b  c
 x2 + 2  x +   =   −
 2a   2a   2a  a
b  b 2 − 4ac
2

 x +  =
 2a  4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
 x+ = , when b2 – 4ac  0
2a 2a
b b 2 − 4ac −b  b2 − 4ac
 x=−   x=
2a 2a 2a
This is known as Quadratic formula or Shreedharacharay’s formula for finding the roots of a
quadratic equation.
Hence, if b2 – 4ac  0, then the root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c are given by
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
and
2a 2a
Discriminant : For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the expression D = (b2 – 4ac) is called
its discriminant. In terms of discriminant D, the two roots are given by
−b − D −b − D
= and  =
2a 2a
Remark : If the discriminate D = b2 – 4ac < 0, then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots.

Solved Examples

Example.1 Which of the following are quadratic equations ?

1
(i) x2 – 6 x + 2 = 0 (ii) x +
=1
x
Solution. (i) x2 – 6 x + 2 = 0 is not a quadratic equation as x2 – 6 x + 2 is not a quadratic polynomial
( the power of x is 1/2)
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 1
(ii) x + =1
x
x2 + 1
 =1
x
 x2 + 1 = x
 x2 – x + 1 = 0
 (x2 – x + 1) is a quadratic polynomial
 (x2 – x + 1) = 0 is a quadratic equation.
Example.2 Determine whether the given values are solution of the given equation or not.
1 a b
(i) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0; x = (ii) a2x2 – 3abx + 2b2 = 0; x = , x =
3 b a
Solution. (i) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
1
Putting x = in the LHS of the given equation, we get
3
1+ 2 − 3
2
1 1 1 2 1 2
LHS = 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 3    + 2  − 1 = 3  + − 1 = + − 1 = = 0 = RHS
 3 3 9 3 3 3 3
1
 x = is a solution of 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0.
3
(ii) a2x2 – 3abx + 2b2 = 0
We have a2x2 – 3abx + 2b2 = 0
a
Putting x = in the LHS of the given equation.
b
a2 a a4
LHS = a 2  2 − 3ab  + 2b 2 = 2 − 3a 2 + 2b 2  RHS
b b b
b
Putting x = in the LHS of the given equation
a
b2 b
LHS = a 2  2 − 3ab  + 2b 2 = b2 – 3b2 + 2b2 = 0 = RHS
a a
a b
hence x = is not the solution, but x = is a solution of the given equation.
b a

Example.3 Determine whether the given values are the solutions of the given equation or not :
2 5 1
2
− + 2 = 0; x = 5 x = –
x x 2
1
Solution. Putting x = 5 and x = in the given equation.
2
2 5 2 5
− + 2 and − +2
(5) 2
5 1
2
1
   
2 2
2 2 5
 − 1 + 2and − + 2
25 1 1
4 2
2 27
 +  and 8 – 10 + 2  and 0
25 25
1
i.e. x = 5 does not satisfy but x = satisfies the given equation.
2
1 2 5
Hence, x = 5 is not a solution but x = is a solution of 2 − + 2 = 0 .
2 x x
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Example.4 Find the value of K for which the given value is a solution of the equation.
(i) x2 + Kx + 3 = 0, x = 1 (ii) x2 – x(a + b) + K = 0, x = a
Solution. (i) Since x = 1 is a solution of the equation x2 + Kx + 3 = 0
 (1)2 + K × 1 + 3 = 0
 1+K+3=0
 K = – 4.
(ii) Since x = a is a solution of equation
x2 – x(a + b) + K = 0
 (a)2 – a(a + b) + K = 0
 a2 – a2 – ab + K = 0
 – ab + K = 0
 K = ab.
2
Example.5 If x = and x = – 3 are the roots of the equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0, find the value of a and b.
3
2
Solution. Since x = is a root of the equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0
3
2
2 2
 a  + 7 + b = 0
3 3
 4a + 9b = – 42 ... (i)
Again, x = – 3 is a root of the equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0
 a(–3)2 + 7(–3) + b = 0
 9a – 21 + b = 0
 9a + b = 21 ... (ii)
On solving (i) & (ii) a = 3, b = – 6
Example.6 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method :
x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0
Solution. Factors of the constant term a2 – b2 are (a – b) & (a + b). Also, coefficient of the middle term
= – 2a = {(a – b) + (a + b)}.
 x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0
 x2 – {(a –b) + (a + b)} x + (a + b) (a – b) = 0
 x2 – (a – b) x – (a + b) x + (a – b) (a + b) = 0
 x{x– (a – b)}– (a + b) {x – (a – b)} = 0
 {x – (a – b)} {x– (a + b)} = 0
x – (a – b) = 0 or x – (a + b) = 0
x = a – b or x = a + b
OR
(x2 – 2ax + a2) – b2 = 0
 (x – a)2 – (b)2 = 0
 (x – a + b) (x – a – b) = 0
 x – (a – b) = 0 or x – (a – b = 0
 x = a – b or a + b

Example.7 Find the solutions of the quadratic equation x2 + 6x + 5 = 0.

Solution. The quadratic polynomial x2 + 6x + 5 can be factorized as follows
x2 + 6x + 5
= x2 + 5x + x + 5
= x(x + 5) + 1(x + 5)
= (x + 5)(x + 1)
Therefore the given quadratic equation becomes (x + 5)(x + 1) = 0
This gives x = – 5 or x = .1.
Therefore, x = – 1, – 5 are the required solutions of the given equation.

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Example.8 Solve : 25x2 – 30x + 9 = 0
Solution. 25x2 – 30x + 9 = 0
(5x)2 – 2(5x) × 3 + (3)2 = 0
(5x – 3)2 = 0
3 3 3
This gives x = , or simply x = as the required solution.
5 5 5
Example.9 Solve 64x2 – 625 = 0
Solution. We have 64x2 – 625 = 0
or (8x)2 – (25)2 = 0
or (8x + 25)(8x – 25) = 0
i.e., 8x + 25 = 0 or 8x – 25 = 0.
25 25
This gives x = − or .
8 8
25 25
Thus, x = − , are solutions of the given equation.
8 8
Example.10 Solve the quadratic equation : 16x2 – 24x = 0.
Solution. The given equation may be written as 8x(2x – 3) = 0
3
This gives x = 0 or x = .
2
3
x = 0, are the required solutions.
2
Example.11 Solve: x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
Solution. We have
x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
x2 + 6x = – 8
add square of half of the coefficient of x on both sides
x2 + 6x + (3)2 = – 8 + (3)2
(x + 3)2 = – 8 + 9
(x + 3)2 = 1
x+3=1
x + 3 = 1 or x + 3 = – 1
 x = – 2 or – 4 are the solutions.
Example.12 By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 has no
real roots.
Solution. We have, 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 ...(i)
divide (i) by 4 we get
3 5
 x2 + x = −
4 4
add square of half of the coefficient of x on both sides
2 2
3  3  3 5
 x2 + x +   =   −
4 8 8 4
2
 3 9 5
 x +  = −
 8 64 4
2
 3 71
 x +  = −
 8 64
Clearly, RHS is negative.
2
 3
But,  x +  cannot be negative for any real value of x.
 8
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.

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Example.13 Solve : 9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0
Solution. Here, 9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0
15 6
 x2 − x+ =0 (Dividing throughout by 9)
9 9
5 2
 x2 − x + = 0
3 3
5 2
 x2 − x = − (Shifting the constant term on RHS)
3 3
 −5   −5  2
2 2
5
 x2 − 2   x +   =  −
6  6   6  3
(Adding square of half of coefficient of x on both sides)
2
 5  25 2
 x −  = −
 6  36 3
5  25 − 24
2

 x −  =
 6 36
2

5 1
 x −  =

6  36
5 1
 x− = [Taking square root of both sides]
6 6
5 1
 x= 
6 6
5 1 5 1 4 2
 x = + =1 or x = − = =
6 6 6 6 6 3

Example.14 Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 6x + 4 = 0 by using quadratic formula (Sridharacharya's Rule).
Solution. Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 6x + 4 = 0 by using quadratic formula (Sridharacharya's
Rule). On comparing the given equation x2 – 6x + 4 = 0 with the standard form of quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 1, b = – 6, c = 4.
Hence the required roots are
−(−6)  (−6) 2 − 4(1)(4) 6  36 − 16 6  20 6  4  5
x= = = =
2(1) 2 2 2
2(3  5)
= = 3 5
2
Thus the roots of the equation are 3 + 5 and 3 – 5 .

Example.15 Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 7x – 5 = 0.

Solution. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, a = 1, b = –7 and c = –5.
Therefore, D = (–7)2 – 4 × 1 × (–5) = 49 + 20 = 69 > 0
Since D is positive, the equation has two roots given by
−b + D −b − D 7 + 69 7 − 69
x= , = ,
2a 2a 2 2
7 + 69 7 − 69
 x= , are the required solutions.
2 2

Example.16 Solve the quadratic equation 9x2 – 9(a + b)x + 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 0 .
Solution. 9x2 – 9 (a + b) x + 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 0
compare the given equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
A=9
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 B = –9 (a + b)
C = 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2
−  B2 − 4AC
x=
2A
9 ( a + b )  92 (a + b) 2 − 4  9(2a 2 + 5ab + 2 b 2 )
x=
18
9 ( a + b )  81a + 81b 2 + 162ab − 72a 2 − 72 b 2 − 180ab
2

x=
18
9 ( a + b )  9a + 9 b − 18ab
2 2

x=
18
9 ( a + b )  9(a − b) 2
x=
18
9 ( a + b )  3(a − b)
x=
18
Taking positive value
9a + 9b + 3a − 3b 2a + b
x= =
18 3
Taking negative value
2a + b a + 2b
x= , .
3 3

Example.17 Solve for x : 9x + 2 – 6 × 3x + 1 + 1 = 0

Solution. We have 9x + 2 – 6 × 3x + 1 + 1 = 0
 9x.92 – 6.3x.3 + 1 = 0
 81(3x)2 – 18 × 3x + 1 = 0 ... (i)
Let 3x = y, then equation (i) becomes
 81 y2 – 18y + 1 = 0
 81y2 – 9y – 9y + 1 = 0
 9y(9y – 1) – 1(9y – 1) = 0
 (9y – 1) (9y – 1) = 0
1 1
 y= or y = ... (ii)
9 9
Putting y = 3x in (ii), we get
1
3x = = 3–2
9
x = – 2 and – 2.

Example.18 Find the value of 2 + 2 + 2 + ..................... .

Solution. Let x = 2 + 2 + 2 + .....................

x = 2+x
by squaring on both sides
 x2 = 2 + x
 x2 – x – 2 = 0  (x – 2) (x + 1) = 0
 x = –1, 2.

Example.19 Solve for x : 2x4 + x3 – 6x2 + x + 2 = 0

Solution. 2x4 + x3 – 6x2 + x + 2 = 0
divide the equation by x2, we get

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  1   1
2 x2 + 2  +  x +  − 6 = 0 ...(i)
 x   x
1 1
x + = y then x 2 + 2 = y 2 − 2 put these values in (i)
x x
 2(y2 – 2) + y – 6 = 0
 2y2 – 4 + y – 6 = 0
 2y2 + y – 10 = 0
 2y2 + 5y – 4y – 10 = 0
 y(2y + 5) – 2(2y + 5) = 0
 (y – 2) (2y + 5) = 0
5
 y = 2, −
2
1 1 −5
x+ 0y=2 or x + =y=
x x 2
x 2
+ 1 − 5
 x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 =
x 2
 (x – 1)2 = 0
 x = 1,1  2x2 + 2 + 5x = 0
1
 (x +2) (2x + 1) = 0  x = – 2, − .
2

1
Example.20 Find the value of 2 + .
1
2+
2 + ......
1
Solution. Let x = 2 +
1
2+
2 + ......
1
 x=2+  x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
x
−(−2)  (−2)2 − 4(1)(−1) 2  8
 by quadratic formula x = =
2(1) 2
 x=1+ 2,1– 2
1 – 2 is neglected
so, x = 1 + 2 .

Check Point - A

1. Solve by factorization: 9x2 +15x −14 = 0

2. Solve by completing the square method:: x2 − 2bx −1 = −b2
3. Solve using Quadratic formula: (a − b)2 x2 − (a − b)2 x − ab = 0
4. Solve for x: 7x + 1 + 71− x = 50
x x +3
5. Solve for x: 8 + =6.
x +3 x

Answers
7 2 a −b
1. x = − , 2. x = (b – 1), (b + 1) 3. x = , 4. x = 1, – 1
3 3 a−b a−b
5. x = 1/5

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B. RELATION BETWEEN
ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS

(a) Quadratic Equation

(i) The solutions of quadratic equation a x2 + b x + c = 0 are given by
−b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
(ii) The expression b2 − 4 ac = D is called discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. If ,
 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
coefficient of x
(a) Sum of the roots = −
coefficient of x 2
b
+= −
a
constant term
(b) Product of the roots =
coefficient of x 2
c
=
a
(iii) A quadratic equation whose roots are  and  is (x − ) (x − ) = 0
i.e. x2 − (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0.

(b) Formation of Cubic Equation :

If ,  and  are roots of a cubic equation then it can be written as
K[x3 – ( +  + )x2 – ( +  + )x – ] = 0
For cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx+ d = 0, having roots ,  and 
−b c −d
 ++  = .  +  +  = and  =
a a a

(c) Identity :
An equation which is true for every value of the variable within the domain is called an identity, for
Example. : 5 (a – 3) =5a – 15, (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab for all a, b  R.
Remark : An equation of degree ≤ 2 cannot have three or more roots & if it has, it becomes an identity.
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is an identity  a = b = c = 0

Solved Examples

Example.21 Find the quadratic equation having roots 3 and – 4.

Solution. Quadratic equation whose roots are given is x2 – (sum of roots) x. + Product of roots = 0.
Roots = 3 and – 4
 Equation is x2 – (3 – 4) x + 3 (– 4) = 0
x2 + x – 12 = 0

Example.22 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 + 5 and 2 – 5 .

Solution. Here roots are  = 2 +5 and  = 2 – 5
 Sum of roots =  +  = (2 + 5 ) + (2 – 5 )
 +=4
and product of the roots =  = (2 + 5 )(2 – 5 ) = 4 – 5 = – 1
  = –1
 Required equation is
x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0
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 or x2 – ( + ) x +  = 0
or x2 – (4) x + (–1) = 0
 x2 – 4x – 1 = 0

x 2 − bx k − 1
Example.23 If equation = has roots equal in magnitude & opposite in sign, then the value of k is -
ax − c k + 1
Solution. Let the roots are  & – .
Given equation is
(x2 – bx)(k + 1) = (k – 1)(ax – c) {Considering, x ≠ c/a & k ≠ – 1}
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) = ax (k – 1) – c(k – 1)
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) – ax (k – 1) + c(k – 1) = 0
Now sum of roots = 0 (  –  = 0)
a−b
 b(k + 1) + a(k – 1) = 0  k =
a+b
1 1
Example.24 If ,  are the roots of the equation 4x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 then find the value of + .
 
Solution. 4x2 + 3x + 7 = 0
coefficient of x 3
Sum of roots =  +  = 2
=−
coefficient of x 4
constant term 7 1 1 + 3/ 4 3
product of roots =  = = . Then, + = =− =− .
coefficient of x 2 4    7/4 7

Example.25 The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots  and . If a, b, c real and of the same
sign, then determine the sign of its roots.
Solution. Case - I : Let a, b, c all are positive
−b
+= i.e. –ive no. .... (i)
a
c
 = i.e. + ive no. .... (ii)
a
from (i) & (ii) we say that two number  and  whose sum is negative and product is positive it
is possible only when both root are negative.
Case - II : Let a, b, c all are – ive
−b
+= i.e. – ive no. ....(iii)
a
c
 = i.e. + ive no. ....(iv)
a
from (iii) & (iv) we say that two no  and  whose sum is negative and product is +ive it is
possible both roots are – ive .
so, the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 have both roots negative if a, b, c are real and have
same sign.

Example.26 If the equation (2 – 5 + 6)x2 + (2 – 3 + 2)x + (2 – 4) = 0 has more than two roots, then find
the value of ?
Solution. As the equation has more than two roots so it becomes an identity. Hence
2 –5 + 2 = 0  2 = 2, 3
and 2 – 3 + 2 = 0   = 1, 2
and 2 – 4 = 0   = 2, –2
So  = 2

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 131
Check Point - B

1. Find the sum of the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0

2. Find the value of 'a' if the roots of x2 + (2a + 3)x + 7 = 0 are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
3. Find the value of a if the roots of the equation (a +1x2 + 2x + 3a + 7 = 0 are reciprocal of each other.
4. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 3, –1.
 
5. If  , are the roots of 3x – 5x + 7 = 0 then find the value of + .
 
Answers
5 3
1. − 2. − 3. a = – 3 4. x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
2 2
17
5. −
21

C. NATURE OF ROOTS

Consider the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0, where a, b, c  R $ a  0 having  and  as its roots

and b2 − 4ac is called discriminant of roots of quadratic equation. It is denoted by D or .
Roots of the given quadratic equation may be
(i) Real and unequal (ii) Real and equal (iii) Unreal
Let the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a  0, b, c  R) be  and  then
−b + b 2 − 4ac
= ... (i)
2a
−b − b 2 − 4ac
and = ... (ii)
2a
The nature of roots depends upon the value of expression ‘b2 – 4ac’ within the square root sign. This is
known as discriminant of the given quadratic equation.

Consider the Following Cases

Case-1 When b2 – 4ac > 0, (D > 0)
In this case roots of the given equation are real and distinct and are as follows
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
= and  =
2a 2a
(i) When a( 0), b, c  Q and b2 – 4ac is a perfect square
In this case both the roots are rational and distinct.
H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 132
 (ii) When a( 0), b, c  Q and b2 – 4ac is not a perfect square
In this case both the roots are irrational and distinct.

Case-2 When b2 – 4ac = 0, (D = 0)

b
In this case both the roots are real and equal to − .
2a
Case-3 When b2 – 4ac < 0, (D < 0)
In this case b2 – 4ac < 0, then 4ac – b2 > 0
−b + − ( 4ac − b 2 ) −b − − ( 4ac − b 2 )
 = and  =
2a 2a
−b + i 4ac − b 2
−b − i 4ac − b 2 
or = and  =
 −1 = i 
2a 2a
i.e. in this case both the roots are imaginary and distinct.

Remark : If a, b, c  Q and b2 – 4ac is positive (D > 0) but not a perfect square, then the roots are irrational and
they always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + 3 and 2 – 3 . However, if a, b, c are irrational numbers
and b2 – 4ac is positive but not a perfect square, then the roots may not occur in conjugate pairs.

Solved Examples

Example.27 Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 – 5x + 3 = 0.
Solution. The given equation is 4x2 – 5x + 3 = 0. This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 4, b = –5
and c = 3
D = b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(4)(3) = –23 < 0
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.

Example.28 Find the nature of the roots of the equation 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 0. If the real roots exist, find them:
Solution. The given equation 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 0 comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 3, b = –7 and c = 4.
 Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac = (–7)2 – 4 × 3 × 4 = 49 – 48 = 1 > 0
 D > 0, roots are real and unequal.
−b  D 7  1 7  1
Now, by quadratic formula, x = = =
2a 23 6
4
Hence the roots are x = ,1
3

Example.29 Find the value of k for the quadratic equation 9x2 + 8kx + 16 = 0, so that it has real and equal roots.
Solution. The given equation is 9x2 + 8kx + 16 = 0.
Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 9, b = 8k and c = 16.
 Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac = (8k)2 – 4 × 9 × 16 = 64k2 – 576
Since roots are real and equal, so D = 0
 64k2 – 576 = 0
 64k2 = 576
576
 k2 = =9
64
Hence, k = 3 or – 3

Example.30 For what value of k, (4 – k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) is a perfect square.
Solution. The given equation is a perfect square, if its discriminant is zero.
(2k + 4)2 – 4(4 – k)(8k + 1) = 0
 4(k + 2)2 – 4(4 – k)(8k + 1) = 0
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  4[(k + 2)2 – (4 – k)(8k + 1)] = 0
 [(k2 + 4k + 4) – (–8k2 + 31k + 4)] = 0
 9k2 – 27k = 0
 9k(k – 3) = 0  k = 0 or k = 3
Hence, the given equation is a perfect square, if k = 0 or k = 3.

2 1 1
Example.31 If the roots of the equation a(b – c) x2 + b(c – a)x + c (a – b) = 0 are equal, show that= + .
b a c
Solution. Since the roots of the given equations are equal, so discriminant will be equal to zero.
 b2(c – a)2 – 4a(b – c) c(a – b) = 0
 b2(c2 + a2 – 2ac) – 4ac(ba – ca – b2 + bc) = 0,
 a2b2 + b2c2 + 4a2c2 + 2b2ac – 4a2bc – 4abc2 = 0
 (ab + bc – 2ac)2 = 0
 ab + bc – 2ac = 0
 ab + bc = 2ac
1 1 2 2 1 1
 + =  = + 
c a b b a c

Example.32 Discuss the nature of solutions of the following quadratic equations.

(i) x2 + x – 12 = 0 (ii) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0 (iii) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
Solution. (i) x2 + x – 12 = 0
Step-1. Prepare the table of values for the equation y = x2 + x – 12.
x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y 8 0 –6 –10 –12 –12 –10 –6 0 8
Step-2. Plot the points for the above ordered pairs (x, y) on
the graph using suitable scale.
Step-3. Draw the parabola and mark the co-ordinates of the
parabola which intersect the X axis.
Step-4. The roots of the equation are the x coordinates of the
intersecting points (– 4, 0) and (3, 0) of the parabola with
the X axis which are – 4 and 3 respectively.
Since there are two points of intersection with the
X axis, the quadratic equation x 2 + x – 12 = 0 has
real and unequal roots.

(ii) x2 – x + 16 = 0
Step-1. Prepare the table of values for the equation y = x2 – 8x + 16
x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
Step- 2. Plot the points for the above ordered pairs (x, y)
on the graph using suitable scale.
Step-3. Draw the parabola and mark the coordinates of
the parabola which intersect with the X axis.
Step-4. The roots of the equation are the x coordinates of
the intersecting points of the parabola with the X
axis (4,0) which is 4.
Since there is only one point of intersection with
X axis, the quadratic equation x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
has real and equal roots.

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 (iii) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
Let y = x2 + 2x+5
Step-1. Prepare a table of values for the equation y = x2 + 2x + 5
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 8 5 4 5 8 13 20
Step-2. Plot the above ordered pairs(x, y) on the graph
using suitable scale.
Step-3. Join the points by a free-hand smooth curve
this smooth curve is the graph of
y = x2 + 2x + 5
Step-4. The solutions of the given quadratic equation
are the x coordinates of the intersecting points of the
parabola the X axis.
Here the parabola doesn't intersect or touch the X axis.
So, we conclude that there is no real root for the given quadratic equation.
Example.33 If the roots of the equation (b – c)x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are equal , then prove that 2b = a + c.
Solution. If the roots of the given equation are equal, then discriminant is zero i.e
(c – a)2 – 4 (b – c) (a – b) = 0
 c2 + a2 – 2ac + 4b2 – 4ab + 4ac – 4bc = 0
 c2 + a2 + 4b2 + 2ac – 4ab – 4bc = 0
 (c + a – 2b)2 = 0
 c + a = 2b.

Check Point - C

Discuss the nature of roots (01 to 03)

1. 7x2 – 11x + 4 = 0
2. 6x2 – 13x – 15 = 0
3. x2 – 7x + 8 = 0
4. For what value of k will 18x2 – kx + 2 = 0 have equal roots ?
5. Show that 3x2 – 7x + 8 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real value of x.
Answers
1. Real, Unequal 2. Real, Unequal 3. Real, Unequal 4. k = ± 12

D. WORD PROBLEMS

ALGORITHM :
The method of problem solving consists of the following three steps :
Step (i) Translating the word problem into symbolic language (mathematical statement) which means
identifying relationships existing in the problem and then forming the quadratic equation.
Step (ii) Solving the quadratic equation thus formed.
Step (iii) Interpreting the solution of the equation, which means translating the result of mathematical
statement into verbal language.

Solved Examples

Example.34 The difference of two numbers is 3 and their product is 504. Find the numbers.
Solution. Let the required numbers be x and (x – 3). Then,
x(x – 3) = 504
 x2 – 3x – 504 = 0
 x2 – 24x + 21x – 504 = 0
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  x(x – 24) + 21 (x – 24) = 0
 (x – 24) (x + 21) = 0
 x – 24 = 0 or x + 21 = 0
If x = – 21, then the numbers are –21 and – 24.
Again, if x = 24, then the numbers are 24 and 21.
Hence, the numbers are – 21, – 24 or 24, 21.

Example.35 Seven years ago Varun's age was five times the square of Swati's age. Three years hence,
Swati's age will be two fifth of Varun's age. Find their present ages.
Solution. Let the present age of Swati be x
Then the age of Swati seven years ago was x – 7 years.
According to question, seven years ago age of Varun was 5(x – 7)2
Three years hence,
Varun's age= [5(x – 7)2 + 10] years and Swati's age= (x + 3) years.
2
 (x + 3) = [5(x – 7)2 + 10]
5
2
 x+3= × 5 [(x – 7)2 + 2]
5
 x + 3 = 2(x2 – 14x + 49 + 2)
 x + 3 = 2x2 – 28x + 102
 2x2 – 29x + 99 = 0
 2x2 – 18x – 11x + 99 = 0
 2x(x – 9) – 11(x – 9) = 0
 (x – 9) (2x – 11) = 0
11
 x = 9 or x =
2
11  11 
 x= is not possible   7
2  2 
So, x = 9.
Varun's ages 7 years ago were 5(x – 7)2 = 5(9 – 7)2 = 5 × 4 = 20
Therefore, Varun's present age = 20 + 7 = 27 years
Hence, the Varun's present age is 27 years and Swati's present age is 9 years.

Example.36 The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle exceeds the length of the base by 2 cm and
exceeds twice the length of the altitude by 1 cm. Find the length of each side of the triangle.
Solution. Let ABC be a right triangle, right angled at B.
Let AB = x. Then AC = (2x + 1) and BC = (2x + 1) – 2 = 2x – 1.
 In ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
 (2x + 1) = x + (2x – 1)
2 2 2

 4x2 + 4x + 1 = x2 + 4x2 – 4x + 1
 x2 = 8x
 x = 8 cm
 BC = 2x – 1 = 2 × 8 – 1 = 15 cm
AC = 2x + 1 = 2 × 8 + 1 = 17 cm
Hence, the sides of the given triangle are 8 cm, 15 cm and 17 cm.

Example.37 A train travels 240 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h more, it would have
taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
Solution. Let the speed of the train be x km/h. Then,
240
Time taken to cover the distance of 240 km = hours.
x
If the speed of the train increased by 8 km/h. Then,

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 136
  240 
Time taken to cover the same distance =  h
 x +8
240 240
According to the question. − =1
x x + 80
240(x + 8) − 240 x
 =1
x(x + 8)
 240x + 1920 – 240x = x2 + 8x
 x2 + 8x – 1920 = 0
 x2 + 48x – 40x – 1920 = 0
 x(x + 48) – 40 (x + 48) = 0
 (x + 48) (x – 40) = 0
 x = – 48 or x = 40
But the speed cannot be negative.
Hence, the speed of the train is 40 km/h.

Example.38 A takes 9 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B together
can finish it in 6 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
Solution. Suppose B alone takes x days to finish the work, then A alone can finish it in (x – 9) days.
1
B's 1 day's work =
x
1
A's 1 day's work =
(x − 9)
1
(A + B)'s 1 day's work =
6
1 1 1
 + =
x (x − 9) 6
(x − 9) + x 1 (2 x − 9) 1
 =  2 =
x(x − 9) 6 (x − 9 x) 6
 x2 – 9x = 12x – 54  x2 – 21x + 54 = 0
 x2 – 18x – 3x + 54  x(x – 18) – 3(x – 18) = 0
 (x – 18) (x – 3) = 0  x – 18 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
 x = 18 or x = 3
 x = 18 ( x = 3 not possible)
Hence, B alone can finish the work in 18 days.

Example. 39 The length of a hall is 5 m more than its breadth. If the area of the floor of the hall is 84 m2,
what are the length and the breadth of the hall?
Solution. Let the breadth of the hall be x metres.
Then the length of the hall is (x + 5) metres.
The area of the floor = x (x + 5) m2
Therefore, x (x + 5) = 84
or x2 + 5x – 84 = 0
or (x + 12)(x – 7) = 0
This gives x = 7 or x = – 12.
Since, the breadth of the hall cannot be negative, we reject x = .12 and take x = 7 only.
Thus, breadth of the hall = 7 metres, and length of the hall = (7 + 5), i.e., 12 metres.

7
Example.40 Out of a group of swans, times the square root of the total number are playing on the shore of a
2
tank. The two remaining ones are playing, in deep water. What is the total number of swans?
Solution. Let us denote the number of swans by x.
H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 137
 7
Then, the number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = x . There are two remaining
2
swans.
Therefore,
7
x= x +2
2
2
7 7
or x – 2 = x or (x – 2) =   x
2
2 2
or 4(x2 – 4x + 4) = 49x
or 4x2 – 65x + 16 = 0 or 4x2 – 64x – x + 16 = 0
or 4x(x – 16) –1(x – 16) = 0 or (x – 16)(4x – 1) = 0
1 1
This gives x = 16 or x = . We reject x = and take x = 16.
4 4
Hence, the total number of swans is 16.

Example.41 The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The difference between the lengths of the other two
sides of the triangle is 5 cm. Find the lengths of these sides.
Solution. Let the length of the shorter side be x cm. Then, the length of the longer side = (x + 5) cm.
Since the triangle is right-angled, the sum of the squares of the sides must be equal to the
square of the hypotenuse (Pythagoras Theorem).
x2 + (x + 5)2 = 252
or x2 + x2 + 10x + 25 = 625
or 2x2 + 10x – 600 = 0
or x2 + 5x – 300 = 0
or (x + 20)(x – 15) = 0
This gives x = 15 or x = – 20.
We reject x = – 20 and take x = 15.
Thus, length of shorter side = 15 cm.
Length of longer side = (15 + 5) cm, i.e., 20 cm.

Example.42 Swati can row her boat at a speed of 5 km/h in still water. If it takes her 1 hour more to row the
boat 5.25 km upstream than to return downstream, find the speed of the stream.
Solution. Let the speed of the stream be x km/h.
Speed of the boat in upstream = (5 – x) km/h.
Speed of the boat in downstream = (5 + x) km/h.
5.25
Time, say t1 (in hours), for going 5.25 km upstream =
5−x
5.25
Time, say t2 (in hours), for returning 5.25 km downstream =
5+ x
Obviously t1 > t2.
Therefore, according to the given condition of the problem,
t1 = t2 + 1
5.25 5.25
i.e., = +1
5−x 5+ x
21  1 1 
or  −  =1
4 5−x 5+ x 
5+ x −5+ x 
or 21 =4
 25 − x 
2

or 42x = 100 – 4x 2

or 4x2 + 42x – 100 = 0

or 2x2 + 21x – 50 = 0
or (2x + 25)(x – 2) = 0

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 −25
This gives x = 2, since we reject x = .
2
Thus, the speed of the stream is 2 km/h.

Example.43 The sum of the squares of two positive integers is 208. If the square of the larger number is 18
times the smaller number, find the numbers.
Solution. Let x be the smaller number.
Then, square of the larger number will be 18x.
Therefore,
x2 + 18x = 208
or x2 + 18x – 208 = 0
or (x – 8)(x + 26) = 0
This gives x = 8 or x = –26
Since the numbers are positive integers, we reject x = –26 and take x = 8.
Therefore, square of larger number = 18 × 8 = 144.
So, larger number = 144 = 12.
Hence, the larger number is 12 and the smaller is 8.

n(n + 1)
Example.44 The sum ‘S’ of first n natural numbers is given by the relation S = . Find n, if the sum
2
is 276.
Solution. We have
n(n + 1)
S= = 276
2
or n2 + n – 552 = 0
−1 + 1 + 2208 −1 − 1 + 2208
This gives n = ,
2 2
−1 + 2209 −1 − 2209
or n = ,
2 2
−1 + 47 −1 − 47
or n = ,
2 2
or n = 23, – 24
We reject n = – 24, since – 24 is not a natural number.
Therefore, n = 23.

Check Point - D

1. The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 145. Find the numbers.
2. The length of a rectangle is greater than twice its breadth by 2 cm. The length of its diagonal is 13 cm.
Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.
12
3. The sum of the reciprocals of two consecutive odd natural numbers is . Find the numbers.
35
4. A car covers a distance 300 km with same speed, it will cover the same distance in one hour less if its
speed is increased by 10 km per hour. Find the speed of the car.
1
5. A cistern can be filled by two pipes in 33 minutes; if the larger pipe takes 15 minutes less than the
3
smaller to fill the cistern, find in what time it will be filled by each pipe separately.
3
6. The sum of two numbers is 15. If the sum of their reciprocals is , find the numbers.
10

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 139
 1
7. The difference to two numbers is 5 and the differences of their reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
10
8. Divide 16 into two such that twice the square of the larger part exceeds the square part by 164.
9. The product of Ramu's age (in years) five years ago, with his age (in years) 9 years later is 15. Find
Ramu's present age.
10. One year ago, a 'man was 8 times as old as his son. Now, his age is equal to the square of his son's age.
Find their present ages.
11. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in years) will be 160.
Find their present ages.
12. A rectangular field is 16m long and 10m wide. There is a path of uniform width all around it, having an
area of 120 m2. Find the width of the path.
13. The area of a right- angled triangle is 6 sq cm. If the base of the triangle exceeds the altitude by 1 cm,
find the hypotenuse of the triangle.
14. In a flight of 2800 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed is reduced by
100 km/hr and time of flight increased by 30 minutes. Find the original duration of the flight.
15. The speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/h. It can go 30 km upstream and return downstream to the
Original point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.
16. A plane left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time. In order to reach its destination 1500 km away in
time, it has to increase its speed by 250 km/h. from its usual speed. Find its usual speed.
17. A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B together can
finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
18. A teacher on attempting to arrange the students for mass drill in the form of a square found that 25
students were left over. When he increased the size of the square by one student, he found that he was
short of 26 students. Find the number of students.
19. A pool is filled with three pipes with uniform flow. The first two pipes operating simultaneously, fill
the pool in the same time during which the pool is filled by the third pipe alone. The second pipe fills
the pool five hours faster than the first pipe and four hours slower than the third pipe. Find the time
required by each pipe to fill the pool separately.

Answers
1. 8, 9 2.  = 12, b = 5 3. 5, 7 4. 50 km/hr
5. Slower pipe time = 60 minute, faster pipe = 75 minutes
6. 10 and 5 7. –10, –5 and 10, 5 8. 10 and 6 9. 6
10. 7 years and 49 years 11. 6 years and 12 years 12. 2m
13. 5 cm 14. 3 hours 30 minutes 15. 5 km/h 16. 750 km/h
17. 12 days 18. 650 19. 15 hours, 10 hours and 6 hours

E. COMMON ROOTS

Condition for Common Roots

Consider two quadratic equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 and a'x2 + b'x + c' = 0, a' ≠ 0
(i) If one root is common then,
(ab' – a'b) (be' – b'c) = (ca' – c'a)2
(ii) If both roots are common then,
a b c
= =
a ' b ' c'

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 140
Solved Examples

Example.45 Find p and q such that px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10 x + q = 0 have both roots in common.
Solution. a1 = p, b1 = 5, c1 = 2
a2 = 3, b2 = 10, c2 = q
We know that :
p 5 2 3
 = =  p = ;q = 4
3 10 q 2

Example.46 Determine the values of m for which the equations 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 may
have common root.
Solution. Let a be the common root of the equations 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0. Then, a
must satisfy both the equations. Therefore,
3a2 + 4ma + 2 = 0
2a2 + 3a – 2 = 0
Using cross-multiplication method. we have
(–6 – 4)2 = (9 – 8m)(–8m – 6)
 50 = (8m – 9)(4m + 3)
 32m2 – 12m – 77 = 0
 32m2 – 56m + 44m – 77 = 0
 8m(4m – 7) + 11(4m – 7) = 0
 (8m + 11)(4m – 7) = 0
11 7
 m= − ,
8 4

Check Point - E

1. If x2 + bx + c = 0 & 2x2 + 9x + 10 = 0 have both roots common then find b & c.

2. If x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 & x2 – 5x + c = 0 have a common root, find c.
3. Let ,  be two of the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0. If  +  = 0, then show that pq = r
Answer.
9
1. b = ,c = 5 2. c = 0, 6
2

F. MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM VALUE

OF A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

−b
At x = we get the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic expression.
2a
4ac − b 2
(i) When a > 0 (in the expression ax + bx + c) the expression gives minimum value, y =
2

4a
4ac − b 2
(ii) When a < 0 (in the expression ax2 +bx +c) the expression gives maximum value, y = y = .
4a

Solved Examples

Example.47 The minimum value of the expression 4x2 + 2x + 1 is -

(A) 1/ 4 (B) 1/ 2 (C) 3/ 4 (D) 1
4(4)(1) − (2) 2 16 − 4 12 3
Solution. Since a = 4 > 0 therefore its minimum value is = = = = .
4(4) 16 16 4

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Check Point - F

1. Find the minimum value of y :

(a) y = x2 + 2x + 2 (b) y = 4x2 – 16x + 15

Answer
1. (a) 1, at x = –1 (b) –1, at x = 2

G. SIGN OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

(i) If ,  are the roots of the corresponding quadratic expression, then for x =  and x = , the value
of the expression is equal to zero. i.e., f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(ii) But for other real values of x (i.e., except  and ) the expression is either less than zero or greater
than zero, i.e., f(x) < 0 or f(x) > 0.
(iii) Thus, the sign of ax2 + bx + c. x  R is determined by the following rules:
(i) If D < 0 i.e., a and~ are imaginary, then
ax2 + bx + c > 0, if a > 0
and ax2 + bx + c < 0, if a < 0
(ii) If D = 0 i.e.,  and  are real and equal, then
ax2 + bx + c  0, if a > 0
and ax2 + bx + c  0, if a< 0
(iii) If D > 0 i.e.,  and  are real and unequal ( < ), then the sign of the expression ax2 + bx + c,
x  R is determined as follows :

Roots are real & distinct conjugate Roots are coincident Roots are complex
ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  (–∞, )  (, ∞) ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  R – {} ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  R
ax2 + bx + c < 0  x  (, ) ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x =  = 

Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex
ax2 + bx + c < 0  x  (, ) ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  R – {} conjugate
ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  (–∞, )  (, ∞) ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x =  =  ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  R

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 142
Check Point - G

1. What does the following graph represent ?

(A) Quadratic polynomial has just one root.
(B) Quadratic polynomial has equal roots.
(C) Quadratic polynomial has no root.
(D) Quadratic polynomial has equal roots and constant term is non-zero.

2. The adjoining figure shows the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c. Then which of the following is correct?
(i) a > 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c > 0 (iv) b2 < 4ac

(A) (i) and (iv) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (iii)&(iv) (D) None of these

155
3. If one of the roots of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients is , then the quadratic
11 + 6
equation must be
(A) x2 + 22x + 115 = 0 (B) 2x2 + 44x + 115 = 0 (C) x2 – 22x – 115 = 0 (D) x2 – 22x + 115 = 0

How many integers are solutions to the equation (x − 2) 25− x = 1

2
4.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Answer
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D)

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 143
 BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE

TYPE (I) : VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [01 MARK EACH]
1. Check whether the following are quadratic equation ?
 2
(i) x2 + 2x + 1 = (4 – x)2 + 3 (ii) – 2x2 = (5 – x)  2x − 
 5
3
(iii) (k + 1)x2 + x = 7, where k = – 1 (iv) x3 – x2 = (x – 1)3
2
(v) 2(x – 1)2 = 4x2 – 2x + 1 (vi) 2x – x2 = x2 + 5
( )
2
(vii) 2x + 3 = 3x2 – 5x (viii) (x2 + 2x)2 = x4 + 3 + 4x2

2. Check whether the following equations has 2 as a root ?

(i) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 (ii) x2 + 3x – 12 = 0
(iii) 2x – 7x + 6 = 0
2
(iv) 3x2 – 6x – 2 = 0

1 5
3. If is a root of the equation x2 + kx – = 0, then find the value of k
2 4

4. Check whether the following equations has the sum of its roots as 3 ?
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 6 = 0 (ii) – x2 + 3x – 3 = 0
3
(iii) 2x 2 + x+ 1 =0 (iv) 3x2 – 3x + 3 = 0
2
5. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2 – kx + k = 0 has equal roots is

3
6. Which constant must be added and subtracted to solve the quadratic equation 9x2 + x– 2 = 0 by
4
the method of completing the square ?

7. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations

9
(i) 2x2 – 5x+1=0 (ii) 2x2 – 3 2x + =0
4
(iii) x2 + 3x + 2 2 = 0 (iv) x2 + x – 5 = 0

TYPE (II) : SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [02 MARKS EACH]

8. Find the roots of the quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula in each of the following:
1
(i) 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 (ii) – 3x2 + 5x + 12 = 0 (iii) x 2 − 11x + 1 = 0
2
9. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by the factorization method :
5
(i) 2x2 + x – 2 = 0 (ii) 3 2x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0
3
10. Find a natural number whose square diminished by 84 is equal to thrice of 8 more than the given number.

11. A natural number, when increased by 12, equals 160 times its reciprocal. Find the number.

12. A train, travelling at a uniform speed for 360 km, would have taken 48 minutes less to travel the same
distance if its speed were 5 km/h more. Find the original speed of the train.

13. If Zeba were younger by 5 years than what she really is, then the square of her age (in years) would
have been 11 more than five times her actual age. What is her age now?

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 144
TYPE (III) : LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [03 MARK EACH]
14. At present Asha's age (in years) is 2 more than the square of her daughter Nisha's age. When Nisha
grows to her mother's present age, Asha's age would be one year less than 10 times the present age of
Nisha. Find the present ages of both Asha and Nisha.

15. Check whether the equation 6x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 has real roots, and if it has, find them by the method of
completing the squares.

TYPE (IV): VERY LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [04 MARK EACH]
16. In the centre of a rectangular lawn of dimensions 50 m × 40 m, a rectangular pond has to be constructed
so that the area of the grass surrounding the pond would be 1184 m2 [see Figure]. Find the length and
breadth of the pond.

17. At t minutes past 2 pm, the time needed by the minutes hand of a clock to show 3 pm was found to be 3
t2
minutes less than minutes. Find t.
4

PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS

1. Solve the following quadratic equation for x : [2 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2010]
4 3x 2 + 5x – 2 3 = 0

2. For what value of k, the roots of the quadratic equation kx (x – 2 5 ) + 10 = 0 are equal ?
[3 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2011]

3. Sum of the areas of two squares is 400 cm2. If the difference of their perimeters is 16cm, find the sides
of the two squares – [4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2012]

4. Solve the following for x :

1 1 1 1
= + + [4 MARKS/ CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2013]
2a + b + 2x 2a b 2x

5. Solve for x: [2 MARKS/ CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2013]

3x 2 − 2 2x − 2 3 = 0

6. If 2 is a root of the quadratic equation 3x2 + px – 8 = 0 and the quadratic equation 4x2 – 2px + k = 0 has
equal roots, find the value of k. [3 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]

7. The sum of the squares of two consecutive even numbers is 340. Find the numbers Quadratic Equation.
[3 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]
8. Solve for x : [4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]
 3x − 1   2x + 3  1 3
3  − 2  = 5; x  , −
 2x + 3   3x − 1  3 2

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 145
9. If the quadratic equation px2 – 2 5 px + 15 = 0 has two equal roots, then find the value of p.
[1 MARK / CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]

10. Solve the following quadratic equation for x : [2 MARKS / CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]
4x2 + 4bx – (a2 – b2) = 0

11. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 16 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 14
metres more than the shorter side, then find the lengths of the sides of the field.
[4 MARKS / CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2014]

12. A train travels at a certain average speed for a distance of 54 km and then travels a distance of 63 km at
an average speed of 6 km/h more than the first speed. If it takes 3 hours to complete the total journey,
what is its first speed ? [4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2015]

13. If – 5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation p(x2 + x) + k = 0
has equal roots, find the value of k. [2 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2015]

1 1 2
14. Solve for x : + = , x     [3 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2015]
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 2)(x − 3) 3

1 2 4
15. Solve for x : + = , x  – 1, – 2, – 4 [4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2015]
x+ 1 x+ 2 x + 4

16. A motor boat whose speed is 24 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 32 km upstream than to
return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.
[4 MARKS/ CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2016]

17. Find the value of p, for which one root of the quadratic equation px2 – 14x + 8 = 0 is 6 times the other.
[2 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2017]

18. If ad  bc, then prove that the equation (a2 + b2 )x2 + 2(ac + bd) x + (c2 + d2) = 0 has no real roots.
[3 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2017]

19. Solve for x [4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2017]

1 3 5 1
+ = , x  −1, − , −4
x + 1 5x + 1 x + 4 5

1
20. Two taps running together can fill a tank in 3 hours. If one tap takes 3 hours more than the other to
13
fill the tank, then how much time will each tap take to fill the tank ?
[4 MARKS/CBSE 10TH BOARD: 2017]

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 146
 EXERCISE – 01

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Quadratic Equation Method of solving
A-1. Which of the following are quadratic equations ?
3
(i) x – = x2 (ii) (2x + 1) (3x + 2) = 6(x – 1) (x – 2)
x

A-2. Determine whether the given values are solution of the given equation or not.
1 13 5 4
(i) 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 ; x = 3 (ii) x + = ; x = , x =
x x 6 3
A-3. Find the value of K for which the given value is a solution of the equation.
1 b
(i) 3x2 + 2x – K = 0, x = (ii) Kx2 – 3abx + 2b2 = 0, x =
3 a
A-4. Is x = – 4, a solution of the equation 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0 ?

1
A-5. If x = – 2 and x = are solutions of the equations 5x2 + kx +  = 0. Find the value of k and  .
5

A-6. Solve each of the following quadratic equation by factorization method :

 1
(i)  x −  = 4 (ii) x2 – 2bx + b2 – a2 = 0
 2 
A-7. Find the roots of the equations by method of completing the squares.
(i) 8x2 + 2x – 3 = 0 (ii) x2 – 4ax + 4a2 – b2 = 0

A-8. Find the roots of the quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula in each of the following
(i) x2 + 2 2 x – 6 = 0 (ii) 5x2 – 5x – 3 = 0

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients

B-1. The product of the root of the equation x2 – 8x + k = 0 is 12. Find the value of k

B-2. Show that the condition that one root is twice the other root of the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 is
2p2 = 9q

B-3. Find the value of k such that the equation x2 + (k – 1)x + 1 = 0 has such two roots that are equal in
magnitude but opposite in signs.

B-4. The roots of the equation x2 + Ax + B = 0 are 5 and 4. The roots of x2 + Cx + D = 0 are 2 and 9 then find
the root of x2 + Ax + D = 0 ?

B-5. If the roots of the equation (a2 + b2)x2 – 2b(a + c) x + (b2 + c2) = 0 are equal, then show that b2 = ac

Section (C) : Nature of roots

C-1. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 3 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0.

C-2. For what value of K the equation 9x2 + 3kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots?

C-3. If (–5) is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation p(x2 + x) + k = 0
has equal roots, then find the values of p and k.

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 147
C-4. Find the value of k for which quadratic equation (k – 2)x2 + 2(2k – 3)x + 5k – 6 = 0 has equal roots.

C-5. Show that the roots of the equation x2 + ax – 4 = 0 (where a  R) are real and distinct

Section (D) : Word problems

D-1. A man is five times as old as his son and the sum of the squares of their ages is 2106. Find their ages.
D-2. The lengths of the sides of a right triangle are 5x + 2, 5x and 3x – 1. If x > 0 find the length of each sides.

8
D-3. The sum of two numbers is 8. Determine the numbers if the sum of their reciprocals is .
15
D-4. The numerator of a fraction is 1 less than its denominator. If 3 is added to each of the numerator and
3
denominator, the fraction is increased by . Find the fraction.
28

D-5. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream than to
return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.

Section (E) : Common Roots

E-1. The value of k, so that the equations 2x2 + kx – 5 = 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 have one root in common is

E-2. If the expression x2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a must have a common factor and a  0. then the
common factor is

E-3. The value of m for which one of the roots of x2 – 3x + 2m = 0 is double of one of the roots of x2 – x + m = 0 is

E-4. If both the roots of the equations k(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 – 1 = 0 and 6k (2x2 + 1) + px + 4x2 – 2 = 0 are
common, then 2r – p is equal to

Section (E) : Maximum or minimum value of a quadratic expression

F-1. Find the minimum and maximum value of the following quadratic expressions
3x2 + 4x + 3

F-2. Find the minimum and maximum value of the following quadratic expressions
x2 + x – 12

Section (G) : Sign of quadratic expression

G-1. The value of k (k > 0) for which the equations x2 + kx + 64 = 0 and x2 – 8x + k = 0 both will have real
roots is

G-2. For what value of the curve y = x2 + ax + 25 touches the x-axis

G-3. For following graphs of y = ax2 + bx + c with a, b, c  R. comment on the sign of :

(i)  (ii)  (iii) c (iv) d
(v)  +  (vi) 

(A) (B)

(C)

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 148
 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Quadratic Equation Method of solving
A-1. Which of the following equations has –1 as a root ?
(A) x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 (B) x2 – x – 12 = 0 (C) 3x2 – 2x – 5 = 0 (D) 9x2 + 24x + 16 = 0
A-2. The value of k for which 3 is a root of the equation kx2 – 7x + 3 = 0 is :
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) 3 (D) – 3

A-3. The roots of the equation x2 – 9x + 20 = 0 are :

(A) 4 and 5 (B) – 4 and 5 (C) 4 and – 5 (D) – 4 and – 5
x −1 x − 2 x − 5 x − 6
A-4. Solve the quadratic equation : − = − .
x −2 x −3 x −6 x −7
9 3 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
A-5. Solve for x : 3x + 2 + 3–x = 10.
(A) –2, 0 (B) – 1, 0 (C) –2, –1 (D) None of these

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients

B-1. If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other then k =
1
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) (D) 6
6
B-2. Which of the following equations has the sum of its roots as 2.
2
(A) 5x2 – x – 3 = 0 (B) x2 – 2x – 5 = 0 (C) 2x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (D) 3x2 – 2x + 7 = 0
5
3 8
B-3. The product of the solutions of the equation = − 1 , is :
x x −3
(A) – 6 (B) – 9 (C) 9 (D) 10
2009 1
B-4. The sum of the reciprocals of the roots of the equation, x + 1 + = 0 , is :
2010 x
2009 2009
(A) − (B) – 1 (C) (D) 1
2010 2010
B-5. A quadratic equation ax2 – 2ax + b = 0 has two real solutions. Their average is :
b 2b
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
a a
Section (C) : Nature of roots
C-1. The roots of the equation x2 – x – 3 = 0 are :
(A) Imaginary (B) Rational (C) Irrational (D) None of these
C-2. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation having rational coefficients is 2 + 3 then find the quadratic
equation.
(A) x2 – (2 + 3 ) x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 + (2 + 3 ) x + 1 = 0
(C) x – 4x + 1 = 0
2
(D) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0
C-3. Which of the following equations has two equal real roots ?
(A) 3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0 (B) 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (C) 9x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
C-4. If the equation 16x2 + 6kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots, then the value of k is :
8 3
(A)  8 (B) ± (C) ± (D) 0
3 8
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C-5. The quadratic equations x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 has :
(A) no real roots (B) two distinct real roots
(C) two equal real roots (D) more than two real roots

Section (D) : Word problems

D-1. The difference between two numbers is 5 and difference in their squares is 65. The larger number is :
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12
D-2. The sum of ages of a father and son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their ages was 4 times
the age of the father at that time. The present age of the father is :
(A) 30 yrs (B) 31 yrs (C) 36 yrs (D) 41 yrs
D-3. The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the sum of these integers.
(A) 33 (B) 34 (C) 35 (D) 36
D-4. The sides (in cm) of a right triangle containing the right angle are 5x and 3x – 1. If the area of the
triangle is 60 cm2. Find its perimeter.
(A) 30 (B) 35 (C) 40 (D) 45
D-5. A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits, find the number.
(A) 24 (B) 42 (C) 36 (D) 63

Section (E) : Common Roots

E-1. If the equation x2 + bx + ca = 0 and x2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root and b ≠ c, then their other
roots will satisfy the equation
(A) x2 – (b + c) x + be = 0 (B) x2 – ax + be = 0
2
(C) x + ax + be = 0 (D) None of these
E-2. If both the roots of the equations x2 + mx + 1 = 0 and (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are common, then
(A) m = –2 (B) m = –1 (C) m = 0 (D) m = 1
E-3. If the equations x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 +cx+ b = 0, (b ≠ c) have a common root. then
(A) b + c = 0 (B) b + c = 1 (C) b + c + 1 = 0 (D) None of these
E-4. If x2 – ax – 21 = 0 and x2 – 3ax + 35 = 0, a > 0 have a common root. then a is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5

E-5. If the quadratic equation 2x2 + ax + b = 0 and 2x2 + bx + a= 0 (a ≠ b) have a common root, then the
value of a + b is
(A) –3 (B) –2 (C) –1 (D) 0

Section (F) : Maximum or minimum value of a quadratic expression

F-1. Find the minimum value of a quadratic expressions
2x2 + 7x + 5
−9 −7 −5 −3 −5 −3 −9 −4
(A) at x = (B) at x = (C) at x = (D) at x =
8 4 6 4 6 2 8 7

F-2. Find the maximum value of a quadratic expressions

–2x2 + 6x + 12
33 3 33 −3 −33 3 −33 −3
(A) at x = (B) at x = (C) at x = (D) at x =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

F-3. Find the maximum value of a quadratic expressions

–5x2 + 30x + 200
(A) 245at x = 3 (B) –245 at x = 3 (C) 245 at x = –3 (D) –245 at x = –3

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 150
Section (G) : Sign of quadratic expression
G-1. Graph of y = ax2 + bx + ci s given adjacently. What conclusions can be drawn from the graph?
(i) a > 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0 (iv) b2 – 4ac > 0

(A) (i) and (iv) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (i), (ii) and (iv) (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

G-2. If −2 3 is a root of the equation x2 + px – 6 = 0 and the equation x2 + px + q has equal roots, then the
value of q is
3 4
(A) (B) − 3 (C) (D) 3
4 3

EXERCISE – 02

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
2 2
1. The number of roots of the equation x − =1− is :
(x − 1) (x − 1)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

2. The set of all real values of p for which the equation x + 1 = px has exactly one root, is :
(A) {0} (B) {4} (C) {0, 4} (D) {0, 2}

 1   1
3. Solve for x : 2  x 2 + 2  − 9  x +  + 14 = 0 .
 x   x
1 1 1 1
(A) , 1, 2 (B) , 1, –2 (C) , 1, 4 (D) , 1, –4
2 2 2 2

4. If sin a and cos a are the roots of the equation 4x2 – kx – 1 = 0, (k > 0) then the value of k is :
(A) 2 2 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 4 2

5. The roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 are 1 and 2. The roots of the equation qx2 – px + 1 = 0 must be :
1 1 1 1
(A) –1, − (B) , 1 (C) − , 1 (D) – 1,
2 2 2 2

6. If the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0 are in the ratio : m then :
(A) ( + m)2 pq =  mr2 (B) ( + m)2 pr =  mq (C) ( + m)2 pr =  mq2 (D) None of these

7. If 2 – 3 is a root of the quadratic equation x2 + 2( 3 −1) x + 3 – 2 3 = 0, then the second root is :

(A) 3 –2 (B) 3 (C) 2 + 3 (D) – 3

8. – 2 + 3 is a solution to which of the following equations ?

(A) 3x2 + 12x + 3 = 0 (B) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 (C) x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 (D) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0

9. The value (s) of k for which the quadratic equation kx2 – kx + 1 = 0 has equal roots is :
(A) k = 0 only (B) k = 4 only (C) k = 0, 4 (D) k = – 4

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 151
10. An aeroplane left 30 minutes later then its scheduled time and in order to reach its destination 1500 km
away in time, it has to increase its speed by 250 km/h from its usual speed. Determine its usual speed.
(A) 700 km/h (B) 750 km/h (C) 770 km/h (D) 800 km/h
3
11. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less that
8
the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill the tank.
(A) 25, 15 hr (B) 15, 5 hr (C) 35, 25 hr (D)10, 20 hr
12. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in years) will be 160.
Find their present age of her sister.
(A) 12 yr (B) 6 yr (C) 8 yr (D) 9 yr
13. One of the two students, while solving a quadratic equation in x, copied the constant term incorrectly
and got the roots 3 and 2. The other copied the constant term and coefficient of x2 correctly as – 6 and 1
respectively. The correct roots are :
(A) 3, – 2 (B) – 3, 2 (C) – 6, – 1 (D) 6, – 1
1 1
14. Out of a number of saras birds, one fourth of the number are moving about in lots, th along with th
9 4
as well as 7 times the square root of the number move on a hill, 56 birds remains in vakula trees. What
is the total number of birds ?
(A) 576 (B) 500 (C) 676 (D) 400
15. If n is an integer such that n  n = n + n, then the number of such number n, is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
16. A positive number whose reciprocal equals one less than the number, is :

(A)
(1 + 2 ) (B)
( 2 −1) (C)
(1 + 5 ) (D)
( 2+ 5 )
2 4 2 2
d2
17. If  is a root, repeated twice, of the quadratic equation (a – d) x2 + ax + (a + d) = 0 then has the
a2
value equal to :
(A) sin290º (B) cos260º (C) sin245º (D) cos230º
18. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are half of the reciprocal of the roots of the equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
(A) 4ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 (B) 4cx2 + 2bx + a = 0 (C) 2cx2 + bx + a = 0 (D) 2ax2 + bx + c = 0

19. 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ....... = ?
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 

20. If the roots x1 and x2, of the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + c = 0 also satisfy the equation 7x2 – 4x1 = 47,
then which of the following is true?
(A) c = –15 (B) x1 = 5, x2 = 3 (C) x1 = 4.5, x2 = –2.5 (D) None of these

1 1
21. If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 + 2x + 4 = 0, then + 3 is equal to
 
3

1 1 1
(A) − (B) (C) 32 (D)
2 4 32

22. If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 + 7x + 12 = 0, then the equation whose roots are ( + )2 and
( – )2 is
(A) x2 + 50x + 49 = 0 (B) x2 – 50x + 49 = 0 (C) x2 – 50x – 49 = 0 (D) x2 + 12x + 7 = 0

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 152
23. If ,  are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + bx – c = 0, then the equation whose roots are band c is
(A) x2 + ax –  = 0 (B) x2 – [( + ) + ]x – ( + ) = 0
(C) x2 + (+  + )x + ( + )= 0 (D) x2 + ( +  + )x – ( + )= 0
24. Solve for x : x6 – 26x3 – 27 = 0
(A) –1, 3 (B) 1, 3 (C) 1, –3 (D) –1, –3

25. Solve for x : 2x + 9 + x = 13

(A) 4, 16 (B) 8 (C) 2 (D) 8, 20

26. Solve for x : 2x + 9 − x − 4 = 3

(A) 4, 16 (B) 8, 20 (C) 2, 8 (D) None of these

 1  1
27. Solve for x : 2  x 2 + 2  − 9  x +  + 14 = 0
 x   x
1 1 1
(A) ,1, 2 (B) 2, 4, (C) , 4, 1 (D) None of these
2 3 3
1 1
28. The number of real solutions of x − =2− 2 is
x −4
2
x −4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

29. The equation x + 1 − x − 1 = 4x − 1 has

(A) No solution (B) One solution (C) Two solutions (D) More than two solutions
30. The number of real roots of the equation (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 = 0
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
31. If the equation (3x)2 + (27×31/k –15) x + 4 = 0 has equal roots. then k is
1 1
(A) – 2 (B) − (C) (D) 0
2 2
32. Equation ax2 + 2x + 1 has one double root if
(A) a = 0 (B) a = – 1 (C) a = 1 (D) a = 2
33. Solve for x : (x + 2) (x – 5) (x – 6) (x + 1) = 144
(A) –1, –2, –3 (B) 7, –3, 2 (C) 2, –3, 5 (D) None of these
34. Consider the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, such that 0 is one of its roots, then
−b −a
(A) c = 0, = satisfies the equation (B) c ≠ 0, x = satisfies the equation
a b
−b
(C) x = satisfies the equation (D) equation has equal roots.
a
35. Consider a quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax2 – x + c such that ac > 0 and its graph lies below x-axis. then
(A) a < 0, c > 0 (B) a < 0, c < 0 (C) a > 0, c > 0 (D) a > 0, c < 0
36. If ,  are the roots of a quadratic equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0, then the equation whose roots are (2 –  + 7)
and (2 –3 + 7) is
(A) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 (C) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
2 2
37. The equation x − =1− has
x −1 x −1
(A) Two roots (B) Infinitely many roots
(C) Only one root (D) No root
−3 −3
The values of x which satisfy the expression (5 + 2 6) x + (5 − 2 6) x
2 2
38. =10
(A) ± 2, ± 3 (B) ± 2 , ± 4 (C) ± 2, ± 2 (D) 2 , 2 , 3
H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 153
39. Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has equal roots
(A) 12, 8 (B) 4, 6 (C) 2, 0 (D) None of these

40. If x2 – (a + b) x + ab = 0, then the value of (x – a)2 + (x – b)2 is

(A) a2 + b2 (B) (a + b)2 (C) (a – b)2 (D) a2 – b2

1 1 1
41. The sum of tne roots of + = is zero. The product of the roots is
x+a x+b c
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (a + b) (C) − (a 2 + b 2 ) (D) 2(a2 + b2)
2 2

42. If the roots of the equation (c2 – ab)x2 – 2(a2 – bc)x+(b2 – ac) = 0 for a ≠ 0 are real and equal, then the
value of a3 + b3 + c3 is
(A) abc (B) 3abc (C) zero (D) None of these

43. If ,  are the roots of X2 – 8X + P = 0 and 2 + 2 = 40, then the value of P is

(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 14

44. The roots of the equation 3x2 + 7x + 8 = 0 are

(A) Real and Equal (B) Complex (C) Real and Unequal (D) None of these

45. In a family, eleven times the number of children is greater than twice the square of the number of
children by 12. How many children are there?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 5

p q n
46. If the ratio between the roots of the equation x2 + nx + n = 0 is p : q, then the value of + + is
q p
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) – 1

47. If 4 is a solution of the equation x2 + 3x + k = 10, where k is a constant, then what is the other solution?
(A) – 18 (B) – 7 (C) – 28 (D) None of these

EXERCISE – 03

NTSE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

3x + 4 x − 8
1. The value of x in the equation = is: [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2006]
2x + 1 2x − 5
(A) –1 (B) –3 (C) –4 (D) –5

2. If one root is 3 + 5 , then quadratic equation will be : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2006]
(A) x2+ 6x – 4 = 0 (B) x2 + 6x + 4 = 0 (C) x2 – 6x + 4 = 0 (D) x2 – 6x – 4 = 0

x −1 x + 5
3. The value of x in the equation = is: [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2007]
x + 1 2x + 5
(A) –1 (B) –5 (C) 1 (D) 5

1
4. If one root of a quadratic equation is , then the equation will be : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2007]
3− 2
(A) 7x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 (B) 6x2 – 7x + 1 = 0 (C) x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 (D) x2 – 7x + 6 = 0

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 154
 1 1 1
5. If the sum of the two roots of the + = equation is zero, then the product of the two roots is
x+a x+b c
_____. [Orissa NTSE Stage-1 2012]

(A) 0 (B)
a 2 + b2
(C)
a+b
(D) −
( a 2 + b2 )
2 2 2

6. Roots of ax2 + b = 0 are real and distinct if : [Orissa NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) ab > 0 (B) a > 0, b > 0 (C) ab = 0 (D) ab < 0

7. If the roots of the equation x2 + x +  = 0 are 1 and 2, then one of the roots of the equation x2 + x
+  = 0 is : [Orissa NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) 2

8. If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to product of their reciprocal then,
[MP NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) a2 + bc = 0 (B) b2 + ca = 0 (C) c2 + ab = 0 (D) b + c = 0

9. If one root of x2 – 4x + k = 0 is 6 then the value of k is : [MP NTSE Stage-1 2013]

(A) – 12 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) 12

10. Which of the following quadratic equation has sum of their roots 4 and sum of the cubes of their roots
as 28 ? [Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 (C) x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 (D) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0

11. A bus takes 5 hours more than a train to cover the distance of 900 km from Vardha to Pune. If speed of
the train is 15 km/hr more than that of the bus, then what is the speed of bus per hour ?
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 60 km (B) 75 km (C) 55 km (D) 45 km

12. If b2 – 4ac  0 then the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2013]
b b − 4ac
2
b b + 4ac
2
b b + 4ac
2
b b 2 − 4ac
(A)  (B) −  (C)  (D) − 
2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a

13. Graph drawn from the equation y = x2 – 3x – 4 will be : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) Circle (B) Parabola (C) Straight line (D) Hyperbola

14. If  +  = 3 and 3 + 3 = 9, find the quadratic equation whose roots are  and  :
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2014]
2 2
(A) x(x – 2) = 3 (B) x + +3=0 (C) x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (D) x + = 3
x x

15. Find the sum of the cubes of the roots of the equation 3y2 – 14y + 8 = 0
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2014]
1728 1736 1730 1732
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 27 27 27

16. The number of solution of the equation 6 − 4x − x 2 = x + 4 is: [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

1 50
17. If x + = , then which is always true ? [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2014]
x 7
(A) x700 > 700 (B) x700 < 700
(C) x700 > 700 or x700 < 700 (D) x700 > 700 and x700 < 700

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 155
18. If 2 is a root of the equation x2 + bx + 12 = 0 and the equation x2 + bx + q = 0 has equal roots, then q =
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 8 (B) – 8 (C) 16 (D) – 16

19. If the roots of p x2 + 2qx + r = 0 and qx2 – pr x + q = 0 are simultaneously real, than
[Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) p = q, r  0 (B) 2q = pr (C) pr =q 2
(D) 2p = pr

20. Sum of the roots of the equation 4x – 3(2x + 3) + 128 = 0, is : [Delhi NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 0 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 8
21. For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, if one of the roots is the square of the other then p = ......
[Jharkhand NTSE Stage-1 2014]
1 2
(A) (B) –1 (C) – 6 (D)
3 3
22. ABCD is a rectangular such that AC + AB = 5AD and AC – AD = 8, then the area of rectangle ABCD
is : [Jharkhand NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 36 sq. units (B) 50 sq. units (C) 60 sq. units (D) cannot be found
23. If roots of equation 2x2 – 8x + c = 0 are equal – Then the value of c will be [UP NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
24. If the roots of the equation 2x2 + ax + b = 0 are reciprocals to each other, then the value of b is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2015]
(A) 1 (B) – 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

b 2 − 4ac
25. If ,  are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  + k,  + k are roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 then =
q 2 − 4pr
............. [Bihar NTSE Stage-1 2015]
p2 a2
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) (D) 0
a p2

26. 11 11 11 11.......... = ? [Delhi NTSE Stage-1 2015]

16 16 16
(A) 1114 (B) 114 (C) 11 (D) 1115

 
27. If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 12x + 35 = 0, then find the value of 2  +  :
 
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2015]
74 148 12 34
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 35 35 35

28. The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 313. Then the numbers will be
[MP NTSE Stage-1 2015]
(A) 12,13 (B) 13,–12 (C) 12,–13 (D) –12, –13

29. If the difference of two numbers is 5 and difference of their squares is 300, then sum of the numbers is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 1500 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 60

30. If the equation ax2 + 2x – 2 = 0 has real and distinct roots, then the value of a is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2016]
−1 −1 −1 −1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  =
2 2 2 2

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 156
31. If the sum of two numbers is 22 and sum of their squares is 404 then the product of the number is
[Bihar NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 40 (B) 44 (C) 80 (D) 88
32. If sin 87º and cos 87º are the roots of the equation x2 – bx + c = 0, then the value of b2 is :
[Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) c (B) 1 + 2c (C) 1 – c2 (D) 1 + c2

x 2 − bx m − 1
33. If = , has roots which are numerically equal but of opposite signs. The value of m must
ax − c m + 1
be [Delhi NTSE Stage-1 2016]
1
(A) (a – b) / (a + b) (B) (a + b) / (a – b) (C) c (D)
c

34. Find the quadratic equation whose one root is 2 + 5 . [Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 − 4x −1 = 0 (C) x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 (D) x2 − 4x − 3 = 0
7
35. Out of a group of Swans, times the square root of number of Swans are playing on the shore of the
2
tank. Remaining two are quarrelling in the water. Calculate the total number of Swans. Find the number
of Swans playing on the shore of the tank. [Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 14, 16 (B) 16, 12 (C) 14, 12 (D) 16, 14

36. The roots of the equation: 3x2 – 4 3 + 4 = 0 are : [MP NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) Real & unequal (B) Real & equal (C) Imaginary (D) Real & Imaginary both
37. The perimeter of a rectangular field is 82 meters and area are 400 meter2. Then the breadth of the field
is : [MP NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 9 meter (B) 12 meter (C) 20 meter (D) 25 meter
38. The sum of squares of the two consecutive natural numbers is 421, the numbers are :
[MP NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 14, 15 (B) 21, 22 (C) 9, 10 (D) 17, 18

39. The difference between the two roots of a quadratic equation is 2 and the difference between the cubes
of the roots is 98, then which of the following is that quadratic equation?
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2017]
(A) x2 − 8x + 15 = 0 (B) x2 + 8x −15 = 0 (C) x2 + 5x + 15 = 0 (D) x2 − 5x −15 = 0

40. ( )
One of the root of a quadratic equation is 3 − 2 , then which of the following is that equation?
[Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2017]
(A) (x2 − 6x − 7) = 0 (B) (x2 + 6x − 7) = 0 (C) (x2 + 6x + 7) = 0 (D) (x2 − 6x + 7) = 0

41. For what value of k, the equation 3x2 + 2x + k = 0 will have real roots : [MP NTSE Stage-1 2017]
1 2 2
(A) k  (B) k  (C) k = only (D) None of these
3 3 3

42. The product of Meera's age 5 years ago and her age 8 years later is 30. Her present age is -
[MP NTSE Stage-1 2017]
(A) 11 years (B) 9 years (C) 7 years (D) 5 Years

4
43. The sum of the roots of quadratic equation 2x + = 9 is [UP NTSE Stage-1 2017]
x
7 9 −9
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D)
2 2 2

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 157
44. A certain number of tennis balls were purchased for Rs. 450. Five more balls could have been
purchased for the same amount if each ball was cheap by Rs. 15. The number of balls purchased is
……. [Bihar NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 10

45. If the roots of (b – c)x2 + (c – a)x +(a – b) = 0 are real and equal, then which of the following is true ?
[Rajasthan NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 2b = a + c (B) 2a = b + c (C) 2c = a + b (D) 2b = a – c.

46. In a quadratic equation x2 + ax + 3 = 0, if one of the roots is 1, then another root will be....
[Chhattisgarh NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2

47. Discriminant of quadratic equation 2 2x 2 + 4x + 2 = 0 will be [Rajasthan NTSE Stage-I/19]

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

VALUE BASED / PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

1. Due to some technical problems, an aeroplane started late by one hour from its starting point. The pilot
decided to increase the speed of the aeroplane by 100 km/hr from its usual speed to cover a journey of
1200 km in time.
(i) Find the usual speed of the aeroplane.
(ii) What value (qualities) of the pilot are represented in the questions?
2. A tourist has Rs. 20000 with him. He calculated that he could spend Rs. y every day on his holidays. If
he spent Rs. (y – 50) on his every holiday and extended his holiday by 20 days.
(i) Find the amount spent every day.
(ii) Which value is depicted by the tourist?

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 158
Answer Key

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE

TYPE (I) : VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. (i) No (ii) No (iii) No (iv) Yes
(v) Yes (vi) Yes (vii) Yes (viii) No
2. (i) No (ii) No (iii) Yes (iv) No
3. 2
4. (i) No (ii) Yes (iii) No (iv) No
1
5. 0, 8 6.
64
7. (i) no real roots (ii) real and equal roots (iii) no real roots (iv) real and distinct roots

TYPE (II) : SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

5 −4
8. (i) , −1 (ii) ,3 (iii) 3 + 11 , 11 − 3
2 3
2 3 − 2
9. (i) , − (ii) , 2
3 2 6
10. 12 11. 8 12. 45 km/h 13. 14 years

TYPE (III) : LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

2 1
14. Nisha's age = 5 years, Asha's age = 27 years 15. Yes, x = ,
3 2

TYPE (IV): VERY LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

16. Length = 34 m, Breadth = 24 m 17. 14 min.

PREVIOUS YEAR PROBLEMS

−2 3
1. x= and 2. k = 2 3. 16 & 12 4. x = – a & – b/2
3 4
5. x = 6 & – 2/3 6. k = 1 7. 12 & 14 8. x = 0 & – 7
a − b −a − b
9. p = 3 10. & 11. Length of Sides = 10 & 24
2 2
12. 36 km/hr 13. k = 7/4 14. x = 0 & 4
15. x = 2 ( ) (
3 +1 & 2 − 3 +1 ) 16. Speed of stream = 8 km/hr
−11
17. p = 3 19. x = 1 & 20. 5 hrs & 8 Hrs
17

EXERCISE – 01

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Quadratic Equation Method of solving
A-1. (i) No (ii) No A-2. (i) Yes (ii) No
A-3. (i) k = 1 (ii) k = a2
A-4. yes A-5.  = – 2 and k = 9.
A-6. (i) x = 5/2 or –3/2 (ii) x = b.a or b+a
1 −3
A-7. (i) x = , (ii) x = b + 2a and x = 2a – b
2 4

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 159
 5  85
A-8. (i) 2 and −3 2 (ii)
10

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients

B-1. k = 12 B-3. k = 1 B-4. 6 and 3

Section (C) : Nature of roots

7
C-1. 64 C-2. k =  4 C-3. p and k are 7 and respectively
4
C-4. k = 1 or k = 3.

Section (D) : Word problems

D-1. Age of son = 9 years, Age of father = 45 years D-2. 17, 15 and 8 D-3. 3 and 5.
3
D-4. D-5. 6 km/hr.
4

Section (E) : Common Roots

27
E-1. −3, − E-2. x – 8 E-3. 0, –2 E-4. 0
4

Section (F) : Maximum or minimum value of a quadratic expression

5 −2 −7 −1
F-1. Minimum at x = F-2. Minimum at x =
8 3 4 2

Section (G) : Sign of quadratic expression

G-1. 16 G-2. 10

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Quadratic Equation Method of solving
A-1. (C) A-2. (A) A-3. (A) A-4. (A) A-5. (A)

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients

B-1. (B) B-2. (B) B-3. (B) B-4 (B) B-5. (A)

Section (C) : Nature of roots

C-1. (C) C-2. (C) C-3. (C) C-4. (B) C-5. (B)

Section (D) : Word problems

D-1. (A) D-2. (C) D-3. (A) D-4. (C) D-5. (A)

Section (E) : Common Roots

E-1. (A) E-2. (A) E-3. (C) E-4. (C) E-5. (B)

Section (F) : Maximum or minimum value of a quadratic expression

F-1. (A) F-2. (A) F-3. (A)

Section (G) : Sign of quadratic expression

G-1. (D) G-2. (A)

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 160
 EXERCISE – 02

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A C A A A C D A B B A B D A C C D B A A
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B B C A B B A A A A B C B A B B D C A C
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Ans. C B C B B C B

EXERCISE – 03

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B C D A D D A A A A D D B D B B C C C B
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C C D C B C B A D A A B A B D B D A A D
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Ans. A C B D A A A

VALUE BASED / PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

1. (i) 300 km/hr

(ii) The value (qualities) of the pilot are represented in this question are leadership and punctuality.
2. (i) Rs. 250
(ii) Value of money and carefully planning.

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 161