Explain the concept, relationship

PPG and importance of

governance and government
politics,

Week 2
HUMSS_PG12Ia-1

Name of Student:
__________________________________________________________
Grade and Section:
________________________________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________________________________________
Date: _____________________________________________________________________

My Intended Learning
Outcome

In this activity, I must be able to elucidate the concept, relationship

and importance of politics, governance and government.

My Performance Criteria

Marjory M. Malagar 1
www.starkstate.edu

My MAP

My Learning Essentials
(Discussion)

Let’s begin!

What is politics? Why do the media devote much attention

to political events and politicians? How do politics and
governance affect our daily life? Politics is both the art and
science of government actions that create policies or laws that
affect citizens like us. Governance, meanwhile, focuses on the
actions and activities by which the government directly
influences our lives. The democratic nature of politics and
governance means that politicians and citizens influence each
other and work together in making policies and implementing
decisions that will benefit society. As citizens, we must know
and be aware of the various functions and roles of government,
and the underlying principles that define our particular type of
government and political system.

Marjory M. Malagar 2
Do this!
Exercise 1: Tell me what!

Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters and write the correct word in
space provided.

PLTOICIS
_________________________________

EOPRW
_________________________________

GROVEANNCE

_________________________________

UIJCTSE
_________________________________

DRORE
_________________________________
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Introduction

Defining politics and the scope of the study of

politics is not an easy task. There is no single definition of
politics and no universal agreement about the scope of
the study of politics. Instead, there is a list of rival or
competing definitions of what constitutes politics and the
criteria or standards by which to judge politics.
However, there is a common recognition among
competing definitions of politics and the study of politics - that politics is
ubiquitous! It is present everywhere - at home, in schools or universities,
in organizations and workplaces, in social and political movements, and
without doubts, in governments. Even in the Church and various places of
worship, there is politics.
But while there is politics in every kind or context of social
interactions and relationships, the manifestations of politics are not the
same. They can be manifest, loud, and visible. Or they can be latent,
subtle, and discreet.
But while there is politics in every kind or context of social
interactions and relationships, the manifestations of politics are not the

Marjory M. Malagar 3
same. They can be manifest, loud, and visible. Or they can be latent,
subtle and discreet.
Silent or otherwise, politics
professes to be dual in its character. On
one hand, politics is desirable because it
is important to the functioning of any
society or community. On the other
hand, politics is undesirable as it is
associated with undesirable practices and outcomes, for example,
corruption, violence, fraud, partisanship, discrimination, etc.
Desirable or not, politics affects everyone. It affects peoples from all
walks of life - from the homeless living in esteros and informal settlements
to the filthy rich residing in gated villages; from the hourly-paid laborers in
factories to the highly-paid executives in corporations; from the street
parliamentarians to the members of the parliamentarians; from the
unborn to the centenarians; and from the fanatics to the faithful; and from
the ultraconservative to the queer.
POLITICS
-denotes a social activity. It is the creation,
maintenance and amendment of social norms and
rules.
- An art science of government
GOVERNANCE
- is the exercise of power/ authority by political
leader for the wellbeing at their country’s citizens or
subject. It refers to the manner or steering/ governing
and or directing and controlling a group of people/ the
state.
Order - is the control to the study of politics because it shows different
components of human society.
Structures of Order
a. Community - is one kind of social order which refers to the
association of individual who shares a common identity.
b. Government - is a level of social order that exist primarily for the
maintenance and perpetuation of the community
c. State - is the largest social order today and in which the term
politics originally derived

Marjory M. Malagar 4
Power - the main source of reign of the government. The possession to
govern or rule the state.
Justice - the process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of political
power and power to rule.
REASONS TO STUDY POLITICS
 Politics will help you to know your rights.
 Politics clarifies what you yourself believe.
 Politics is a living, breathing subject.
 Politics helps you to understand or nation's parties.
 Politics prepares you for adult life.
POLITICS AS GOVERNANCE
David Easton (1917-2014) and Harold Lasswell (1902-
1978) provide the widely accepted views that politics is
about governing. Easton defined politics as
"authoritative allocation value for a society" (1953) and
the study of politics as "understanding how authoritative
decisions are made and executed for a society" (1957).
Lasswell (1936) described the study of politics as "who gets what, when,
and how" which was also the same title of seminal book, Politics: Who gets
What, When and How.
While articulated differently, the two definitions of politics and the
study of politics are complementary. Both Easton and Lasswell outline the
dynamics of politics is governing and making public policy. But first, let us
be clear about politics as governing.
POLITICS AS ABOUT GOVERNING
Understanding politics as about governing requires us to
differentiate between the concepts of ''governing'' and "government''. The
notion of governing is broader and has a wider applicability than
government.
Government is the term
generally used to describe the formal
institutions through which a group of
people is ruled or governed. The
term extends to include the persons
and organizations that make,
enforce, and apply political decisions
for a society (Mendoza 1999a).

Marjory M. Malagar 5
 Governing, on the other hand, includes institutions other than
those of the government that are involved in governing, at least in the
broadcast sense. These other institutions can include labor and trade
unions, corporations, universities, church organizations, social movements
organizations that “are all involved in one way or another in setting rules
or conventions (or seeking to do so) which govern some of behavior of
their members” (Leftwich 2011, 10)
The concept of “governance” is even broader than governing. Leftwich
captures the broad notion of governance as,
The general patterns and interlocking systems of governing across
both public and private spheres by which the overall social, economic, and
political life of a society is organized and managed, whether
democratically or not, whether there are formal institutions or not and
whether done by institutional, international, or transnational agencies and
institutions.
In short, in its broadest sense —- and it is broad —- governance
refers to the web of formal or informal institutions, rules, norms and
expectations which govern behavior in societies and without which the
very idea of a human society is impossible.
Institutions in this broad definition of governance do not only refer
to the rules, procedures and formal organizations of government. They
also include informal institutions loosely understood as “the customs,
norms of behavior, unwritten rules, or generally agreed ways of doing
things within a society and conventions within the culture covering social
interaction, marriage customs and burial ceremonies” (Ibid., 11)
Politics as “The Authoritative Allocation of Values for a Society”

From Easton’s A Systems

Approach to the Analysis of
Political Life published in 1957,
one can understand politics as a
complex set of interactions
between inputs and outputs,
internal and external
environments, feedback and the
political system.
Inputs are demands and supports that are fed into the political system while outputs
are decisions and policies that result out of the political system. Demands can be anything
that the citizens and groups in society would want or ask their governments to provide or to

Marjory M. Malagar 6
respond to. These could be demands for jobs or employment, better transport system, clean
air and water, high wages, healthcare, education, etc. Supports on the other hand, take the
form of a favorable political environment characterized by the presence of enabling laws and
rules, openness of the political system, public support, etc. Internal and external
environment shape how demands and supports get fed into the system and how the system
processes them into decisions and policies. Internal environment refers to the actual
geopolitical, physical, and territorial boundaries of the state within which the political
system belongs. External environment refers to the confluence of foreign influences, forces
and dynamics that lie beyond the boundaries of the state. While political system has the
right and discretion to screen demands and to process only the most urgent and salient, it
cannot avoid being influenced by developments within and outside its own territory.
Feedback loop serves as the means to communicate to the political system the response of
the public or the larger society to the decisions and policy outputs of the government. If the
public is satisfied, then there is or there could be no further action. Otherwise if the larger
society is not satisfied with the system’s output, then a new input, that is a new demand and
support enter the political system, and start the process all over again.
Politics as “Who Gets What, When and How”
In his seminal work, Politics: Who Gets What, When and
How, Lasswell (1936, 295) defined the influenced as “those who get
the most of what there is to get”, for instance, in terms of values
such as “deference, income and safety”. According to him, “those
who get the most are elite; the rest are mass.
Understood in this way, politics functions like a battlefield or
battleground where political actors try to subdue each other by any
means to get what they want or the most of what they can get,
either for public good or private gain. It is competitive such that
some end as winners and reign supreme while other lose and join
the ranks of the opposition or the mass.
It is important to understand the temporal nature of this
dynamics of politics. The elite can only exercise its influence only up
to a point where it can defend itself from any attempts, organized or
not, that consent and challenge them and their influence. Otherwise, they can be ousted
from public office or any other position of “power” that they may occupy and will be
replaced by the contenders or anyone who strategically benefits from the takeover or
change.
In the Philippines, the pervasiveness of political dynasties in politics helps us to
understand how the elite in society can be perpetuating its influence in the society for as
long as it wants. The primordial cultural importance of kinship affiliation in Philippine society
and the lack of a national law to regulate the existence and impact of political dynasties help
explain perpetuation and resilience of political dynasties in the Philippines. These
unfavorable consequences and outcomes have become the source of popular
disenchantment with political dynasties in the country and most often, have rendered the
country’s politics in bad light. Too bad such that any mention of politics could make anyone
cringe and feel sick.

Importance of Studying Governance

Governance, the people most especially the
citizens will be aware of the need for good governance.
Consequently, such awareness should move them to
action. For their continued empowerment and
sustainable development, they have to know how to fight
for their rights by knowing what to expect from Philippine
governance.
Indicators of Good Governance

Marjory M. Malagar 7
Participation – active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision –
making process.
Rule of Law – democracy is essentially the rule of law. Rule of law demands that the people
and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law. It also demands that the
government acts within the limits of the powers and functions prescribed by the law.
1. Effective and efficiency – the valuable resources are utilized, without
wanting or underutilizing any of them, means there is efficient
governance. Enhancement and standardization of the quality of public
service delivery consistent with the international standards,
professionalization of bureaucracy.
2. Transparency – means that people are open to information regarding
decision making process and the implementation of the same.
3. Responsiveness- means that institutions and process serve all
stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It also means
structure of governance easily give expression to the will or desire of
the people.
4. Equity and inclusiveness – means that the members of the society
especially the most vulnerable ones or the grassroots level must be
taken into consideration in policy making.
5. Consensus Oriented – when decisions are made after taking into
consideration the different viewpoints of the actors of the society.
8. Accountability – means answerability or responsibility for one’s action. It is based on the
principle that enemy person or group is responsible for their actions must especially when
their acts affect public interest.

My Tools
(Exercises)

Exercise 2: TRUE or FALSE

Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
Politics is the actual process of how humans interact in grasp.
Politics is the universal and is always the same.
Politics involved issues, problems and activities taking place in the society
Accountability comes in various forms: political, hierarchical and managerial.
Participation is one of the strengths of Philippine governance.

Exercise 3: “Fill Me”

Directions: Identify the following. Write the answer in the blanks provided.
1. The the process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of
political power and power to rule.
2. It is used to describe the formal institutions through
which a group of people is ruled or governed.
3. It refers to all actions and activities related to governing.
4. It is the creation, maintenance and amendment of social
norms and rules.

Marjory M. Malagar 8
 5. It refers to the confluence of foreign influences, forces
and dynamics that lie beyond the boundaries of the state.
PPG-Week 2
Evaluation: Check your Understanding
Direction. Answer the following questions.
1. What is politics?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to study politics?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is the ultimate and defining purpose on politics?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What does it mean to say politics “about governing” or politics is “the authoritative
allocation of values for a society", or politics is "who gets what, when, and how"?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What is the importance of studying governance?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

My Reflection

Which ones do you feel you need to learn more?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Marjory M. Malagar 9
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Answers Key

Exercise 1

1. Politics
2. Power
3. Governance
4. Justice
5. Order

Exercise 2

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T

Exercise 3

1. Justice
2. Government
3. Governance
4. Politics
5. External Environment

PPG Differentiate
Ideologies
HUMSS_PG12Ia-2
Political

Week 2-3

Name of Student:
__________________________________________________________
Grade and Section:
________________________________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________________________________________

Marjory M. Malagar 10
Date: _____________________________________________________________________

My Intended Learning
Outcome

In this activity, I must be able to differentiate political ideologies.

My Performance Criteria

www.starkstate.edu

My MAP

My Learning Essentials
(Discussion)

Let’s begin!

Is our government doing a good job? Do our public officials

uphold the welfare of the people? Are actions of our

Marjory M. Malagar 11
government and its official good or bad? What is your idea of good
governance? If you were to change one thing about politics and governance,
what would it be? These are the questions that are often asked by citizens
whenever they ponder upon the actions and nature of their government. The
ideas that come to mind when addressing these questions form the core of a
political ideology that all the members of the state have. As, members of a
state, we share certain views, beliefs, and values with our fellow citizens, and
we except our government to uphold these shared values and beliefs in its
policies and programs. We also know that not all citizens share same ideas
and beliefs regarding the government, and these influence their actions
whether they are supportive or critical of the government. Understanding
political ideologies, therefore, is an important task for citizens as they seek to
understand how government works and how they can better participate in the
affairs of the state.

Do this!
Exercise 1:

Directions: Encircle the correct answer.

1. What’s the best explanation of political ideology?

a. A system of beliefs b. A political theory c. An ethical system
2. What is a dominant ideology in the Philippines?
a. Liberalism b. Socialism c. Conservatism
3. Socialism and liberalism have which of the following in common?
a. They have nothing in common
b. Equality before the law
c. Agreement on the appropriate size of government
4. What do you believe should be the primary purpose of the government?
a. To carry out the will of the people
b. To ensure people freedom and improve their quality of life
c. To help the poor and needy and to defend social minority
5. No one chooses his or her country of birth, so it’s foolish to be proud of
it.
a. Strongly disagree b. Disagree c. Agree

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

What is Ideology?
Ideology refers to a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s
views, actions, and interactions with the world. Political ideology, meanwhile, is a set of
beliefs and ideas that define political activities, policies and events.

Marjory M. Malagar 12
 A political ideology is comprised of related and supporting ideas that advance a
certain idea of what society and government is or what it should be. It emphasizes certain
values, principles, and ideals which distinguish it from other political ideologies. For
example, liberalism emphasizes individual freedom while fascism gives primary importance
to the state over the individual.
A discussion of the nature of “ideology” is also marked by a problem similar to any
discussion of the nature of politics. There is also no settled or agreed definition of ideology.
Oftentimes, “political ideology” is confused with “political culture”. Both concepts refer to
political attitudes, values, and beliefs, but ideologies are more coherent and often codified
while political culture is more general and rather abstract.
According to Andrew Heywood (2003)12, the complexity of ideology derives from
the fact that it straddles the conventional boundaries between descriptive
and normative thought and between political theory and political practice”
and accordingly, “brings about two kinds of synthesis: between
understanding and commitment, and between thought and action.” The
definition of ideology below captures such complexity of ideology.
An ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the Andrew
basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve,
modify, or overthrow the existing system of power. All ideologies therefore
(a) offer an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a ‘world-
view’, (b) advance a model of a desired future, a vision of the ‘good society’
and (c) understand how political change can and should be brought about – how to get from
A to B.
As defined, a political ideology has three functions. First, it offers an analysis of the
status quo by examining what works does not work, as well as other various issues and
problems that the state and the broader society are confronted with. Second, it understood
alternatives to the status quo and prescribed as preferred or desired social order. And third,
it specifies the means by which the preferred or desired social order can be achieved.
The first function gives us a picture of the existing reality, answering the questions:
“what is wrong, or what went wrong, and why?” The second function provides a picture of
an “ideal” alternative reality, providing an answer to the question of “what ought to be?”
The third function bridges the first and second functions and answers the important
question of how should change be brought about, that is how do we change the understand
problem and conflict- ridden status quo in order to active our preferred, desired alternative
social order?
Different political ideologies provide different responses to these questions. Political
ideologies can be supportive or critical of the status quo, or can be middle ground of the
two. They can also be revolutionary or transformative in terms of goals, or be midway
between the two. In terms of social change, ideologies can be open or closed to under or in
between. These varied positions of ideologies are best understood when we arrange
ideologies in a political spectrum, that is, whether ideologies are oriented toward the left or
oriented toward the right, or whether ideologies are liberal or conservative.

Major Political Ideologies and Related Ideas

The following are the major political ideologies most prevalent

in states throughout the world.

Marjory M. Malagar 13
Political Ideologies

 Socialism
 Liberalism
 Conservatism
 Other political ideologies
 Post-ideological politics

Socialism
• Collectivism
• Equality
• Opposed to capitalism
• Human beings are capable of self-
fulfillment if given the opportunity by
society
The Labor government of 1945- 50 nationalized key
industries including coal, gas, electricity, water and railways.

Types of Socialism
• Revolutionary socialism
• Democratic socialism
• Social democracy
Socialism applies to a wide range of political ideas ranging
from Communism which inspired the Russian Revolution to Tony
Blair’s Third Way

Liberalism
 Individual freedom
 Equality of opportunity
 Government by consent
 State’s role is to safeguard
freedom of the individual

Marjory M. Malagar 14
 Liberalism has influenced a variety
of movements concerned with
equal rights for all citizens
Types of liberalism

• Classical liberalism
• Progressive liberalism
• Neo-liberalism
Children queuing for food in the year 1900s.
Progressive liberals argued that individual freedom was only
possible if the state intervened to alleviate problems like
poverty. A liberal government introduced the first school
meals in 1905.

Conservatism
• Importance of tradition
• Gradual social change
• Human beings are imperfect
• State’s role is to maintain
order

The State opening of Parliament. Conservatives believe in

hierarchy, order and tradition.

Types of conservatism
• Traditional conservatism
• One-nation conservatism
• Liberal conservatism

Benjamin Disraeli (19th C Prime Minster) is

regarded as the founder of one-nation
conservatism while Margaret Thatcher (PM 1979-
90) was influenced by liberal conservative ideas

Left and Right in Politics

Marjory M. Malagar 15
 (rightofConservative Party)
TraditionalConservatives
(leftofConservative Party)
OneNationConservatives
Revolutionary Socialism

ProgressiveLiberalism
Democratic Socialism

Fascism (eg BNP)

Social Democrats
(eg Communism)

(eg old Labour)

(New Labour)

(egLib Dems)
Anarchism

LEFT RIGHT

Environmentalism
Other Political ideologies
Feminism – use of the concept of “patriarchy‟ to describe the power relationship between
men and women. Made a distinction between the idea of “sex‟ and “gender‟: Sex is a
biological term defined by birth, whereas gender is a cultural term which incorporates
learning how to be female or male.
Environmentalism –A belief that nature is the most important focus of social organization.

Fascism– a reaction against rationalism, or the use of reason to make sense of the world. A
belief that life is struggle, and that the strongest survive (influenced by Darwin’s idea of
natural selection).Does not believe in equality; instead believes in elitism, or that some
people are born leaders. An extreme embrace of nationalism; incorporating a belief that
certain nations are superior to others.
Neoliberalism - is based on laissez-faire economics which upholds free markets and
trade liberalization. Neoliberals believe that economic growth is key to human progress, and
that the government must not intervene in the activities of markets and capitalists. This
ideology gained popularity during 1980’s and was
implemented by the governments of Kingdom and the
United States.
Anarchism – the defining feature of anarchism is
its opposition to the state and the institutions of
government and law. Their main argument against
authority is that they see authority as being an offence
against the principles of freedom and equality. They
believe in a natural goodness of humans, and that
without a state governing human would naturally fall
into a state of cooperation with one another.

Post-ideological politics
This implies that political ideology is less
important in politics today

This can be seen because:

• There are less clear ideological differences between political
parties;

Marjory M. Malagar 16
 • Pressure group politics often does not fit into traditional ideologies example
environmentalism;
• Many political groups are concerned with single issues rather than a comprehensive
ideology.
Read Me

My Tools
An awareness of one’s political ideology is essential as it helps citizens
(Exercises)
participate effectively in politics. Ideology can be a source of stability and
unity, especially if majority of the citizens believe in the principles and
values of the government. Citizens who do not share in the prevailing
doctrines and ideas of the state, on the other hand, can be an effective
counter- balance to the state and provide a voice of dissent and
opposition whenever necessary. Being aware on one’s political beliefs and
values also helps in critically examining government actions and
programs. Citizen support for the government should not be unconditional
and uncritical, thus an awareness of what on stands for and how
government should uphold the shared beliefs of its citizens is necessary
to prevent any action of the government that might go against the

Exercise 2:
1.What are ideologies?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.What are the different types of ideologies?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.Why are ideologies important?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4.How do ideologies bring about social change?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5.What is the role accorded to the state by each political ideology?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3

Directions: Identify which political ideology the following statement refers to. Write your
answer on the space provided.

1. Government is unnecessary and evil.

2. Private property must be abolished, and the government should
take control of all economic resources and activities.

Marjory M. Malagar 17
 3. If we uphold a free market, not only will it benefit businessmen
but also the rest of the country.
4. During the time of martial law in the 1970’s there was peace and
order in the country. Therefore, we need to impose martial law once again to bring back
peace and order.
5. We must give the President all the power he needs to eradicate
the drug menace in our country. Human rights are irrelevant as long as the drug problem
exists in our country.
PPG-Week 2-3

Evaluation

Directions: Describe different political ideologies using the table

below. Compare and generate list of similarities. Contrast the objects and
generate a list of differences. Determine significant likeness and
differences of political ideologies. (10pts. Each)

POLITICAL
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
IDEOLOGY

Liberalism

Socialism

Anarchism

Conservatism

Fascism

My Reflection

1. Which ones do I need to learn more?

Marjory M. Malagar 18
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Marjory M. Malagar 19