CEP 1
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Divide by 2: 𝑥 = 2
Triangles, Quadrilaterals, and Polygons
3: 𝑥 ≤ 6
polygons. Triangles have three sides, while quadrilaterals
have four.
Example:
Polynomials and Factoring Triangle: Equilateral (all sides equal), Isosceles (two
Polynomials are expressions consisting of variables and sides equal), Scalene (no sides equal). Quadrilaterals:
coefficients. Factoring involves breaking them into simpler Square, rectangle, parallelogram.
terms (factors) that multiply to give the original
polynomial. The Pythagorean Theorem
Example: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is
Polynomial: 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Factoring: (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) Example:
Quadratic Equations For a triangle with legs of length 3 and 4, the
hypotenuse is 5, since 32 + 42=9+16=25=52 .
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CEP 1
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Circles: Properties and Theorems Calculating the height of a building using the angle of
elevation and a known distance from the base.
A circle is a set of all points equidistant from a center
point. Key properties include radius, diameter, and
circumference.
4. Basic Statistics
Example:
Circumference: 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟, where 𝑟 is the radius.
Understanding Mean, Median, and Mode
These are measures of central tendency in a data set.
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A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or the f is often changed to -ve before adding the -s
idea. (Man... Butte College... house... happiness) to form the plural version.
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or wife – wives wolf – wolves Exceptions:
idea. Nouns are often used with an article (the, a,
roof – roofs belief – beliefs chef – chefs
an), but not always. Proper nouns always start
chief – chiefs
with a capital letter; common nouns do not.
Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or
abstract. Nouns show possession by adding 's.
4. If a singular noun ends in -y and the
Nouns can function in different roles within a
letter before the -y is a consonant,
sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject,
change the ending to -ies to make the
direct object, indirect object, subject complement,
noun plural.
or object of a preposition.
city – cities puppy – puppies
The young girl brought me a very long letter from
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. 5. If the singular noun ends in -y and the
Oh my! What is a plural noun? letter before the -y is a vowel, simply
add an -s to make it plural.
The word plural is used in grammar to mean
“noting or pertaining to a member of the category ray – rays boy – boys
of number, found in many languages, indicating
6. If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es
that a word has more than one referent.” So, a
to make it plural.
plural noun is a noun that refers to more than one
of something. potato – potatoes tomato –
tomatoes
Exceptions:
Regular Noun
photo – photos piano – pianos halo – halos
1. To make regular nouns plural, add -s
to the end. cat – cats, house – houses
2. If the singular noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, With the unique word volcano, you can apply the
-ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end to standard pluralization for words that end in -o or
make it plural. not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are
truss – trusses bus – buses marsh – correct:
marshes Volcanoes Volcanos
lunch – tax – taxes blitz – blitzes
7. If the singular noun ends in -us, the
lunches
plural ending is frequently -i.
3. In some cases, singular nouns ending cactus – cacti focus – foci
in -s or -z, require that you double the -
8. If the singular noun ends in -is, the
s or -z prior to adding the - es for
plural ending is -es.
pluralization.
analysis – analyses ellipsis – ellipses
fez – fezzes
9. If the singular noun ends in -on, the
gas –gasses (note that gases is also an
plural ending is -a. phenomenon –
acceptable, and more commonly used, spelling of
phenomena
this plural noun) 4 If the noun ends with -f or -fe,
criterion – criteria
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10. some nouns don’t change at all when they can refer to someone or something specific
they’re pluralized. (definite) or not (indefinite).
sheep – sheep series – series So, words like he and she are singular, personal,
species – species deer –deer definite pronouns, and words like anybody and
anyone are singular, indefinite pronouns.
You need to see these nouns in context to
identify them as singular or plural. Consider the Plural pronouns are simply pronouns that refer to
following sentence: Mark caught one fish, but I plural nouns. But, like singular pronouns, plural
caught three fish. pronouns can also be personal and definite or
indefinite, and they refer to plural nouns or
Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns
groups of nouns.
Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s
For example, words like they and we are plural,
best to memorize these or look up the proper
personal, definite pronouns, and words like many
pluralization in the dictionary.
and both are plural, indefinite pronouns.
child – children goose – geese man –
3. VERB
men woman – women tooth – teeth foot –
feet mouse – mice person – people A verb expresses action or being. (Jump... is...
write... become)
2. PRONOUN
The verb in a sentence expresses action or
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
being. There is a main verb and sometimes one
(She... we... they... it)
or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. the main verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb
A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific must agree with its subject in number (both are
noun, which is called its antecedent. In the singular, or both are plural). Verbs also take
sentence above, the antecedent for the pronoun different forms to express tense.
she is the girl. Pronouns are further defined by
Ex.
type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons
or things; possessive pronouns indicate The young girl brought me a very long letter from
ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.
emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative Oh my!
pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and
Types of Verbs
demonstrative pronouns identify, point to, or refer
to nouns. Dynamic (Action) Verbs
Ex. Most verbs describe a physical action or activity,
something external that can be seen or heard.
The young girl brought me a very long letter from
These verbs are formally known as dynamic
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.
verbs but can also be called action or event
Oh my!
verbs.
Singular pronouns are simply pronouns that refer
Examples: walk, laugh, swim, play, eat, drink,
to singular nouns. But it can get a little tricky
sing, dance, talk, say
when you think about the fact that singular
pronouns can be personal pronouns, which, as There are a lot of actions that take place in our
you have learned, refer to a person or thing. They minds and feelings, which are not external. Verbs
will also be definite or indefinite, which means that describe mental or internal actions are still
dynamic verbs, but they’re not always so
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CEP 1
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obvious. These include “process verbs,” which events—they are dynamic. Among other things, it
describe actions of transition. means they can be used in the continuous
tenses.
Examples: consider, guess, change, grow,
live, endure, succeed, fail I haven’t been seeing well since I lost my
glasses.
We were tasting cakes for the wedding all
Stative (state-of-being) verbs afternoon.
The opposite of dynamic verbs of action is stative Auxiliary (helping) verbs
verbs of being. Stative verbs describe a subject’s
Auxiliary verbs, or “helping verbs,” are used
state or feeling, including things they like and
in English to change another verb’s tense, voice,
don’t like.
or mood. When auxiliary verbs are used, there’s
Examples: want, need, prefer, love, hate, like, always a main verb that represents the main
dislike, seem, understand, know, believe, action. However, the auxiliary verb must still be
involve, realize conjugated correctly
One of the most important parts of stative verbs The main auxiliary verbs are, have, and do. We
is that you can’t use them in the continuous explain how they’re used specifically for
tenses. conjugating below, but here are a few quick
examples:
Stative verbs stick to the simple tenses, or
occasionally use the perfect. I have eaten sushi many times before.
(tense)
The trouble is that some verbs can be dynamic or
That piece of sushi was eaten by me.
stative, depending on the specific meaning and
(voice)
how they’re used. This includes the most popular
Did you eat my sushi? (mood)
verb be. Let’s take a deeper look at these.
Modal auxiliary verbs
Verbs that can be dynamic or stative
Some auxiliary verbs are added to another verb
A lot of verbs have more than one meaning, so
to show necessity, possibility, or capability. Like
they can be used as dynamic or stative. These
other auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary verbs are
include perception words: see, hear, taste, smell,
not the main verb, but they do change its
feel.
meaning slightly. Some common examples are
When perception verbs are used as an can, may, could, should, would, must, ought,
involuntary action, such as passive or and might.
unintentional actions, they are stative. This
I could swim across the English Channel, but
applies when these verbs are used in the general
should I do it?
sense, a state of being that’s always happening.
Using verbs isn’t as easy as just tossing them in The simple tenses are the most straightforward,
a sentence. They need to represent the tense that’s what makes them simple. They represent
you want, as well as match the subject (subject- individual, one-time actions.
verb agreement, explained below). This is called
verb conjugation or changing the verb to fit the
sentence. In English, there are four main tenses, How to conjugate the present tense
each divided into three time periods, totaling
twelve tenses. Some other tenses exist, but
these are the most common ones. The simple present tense is used for actions that
happen regularly or things that don’t change,
such as preferences or opinions. It’s made with
Main tenses: the root form, unless the subject is third-person
singular (he, she, the singular they, it), in which
Simplecontinuous
case you use the third-person singular present
Perfect
form.
perfect continuous
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past actions, for more emphasis or tense is usually used with an expression of time,
dramatic effect for context.
It’s formed by adding the words will have before
To form the present perfect tense, add the the past participle. You don’t need to conjugate
present conjugation of have before the verb’s “have,” because it’s the same no matter what the
past participle. subject is.
Examples of adverbs of manner: neatly, slowly, although, while, since, etc. There are other types
quickly, sadly, calmly, politely, loudly, kindly, lazily of conjunctions as well.
Example of adverbs of degree: almost, quite, The young girl brought me a very long letter from
nearly, too, enough, just, hardly, simply, so the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.
Oh my!
Examples of adverbs of frequency: never,
always, rarely, sometimes, normally, seldom,
usually, again The young girl brought me a very
8. INTERJECTION
long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared. Oh my! An interjection is a word used to express
emotion. (Oh!... Wow!... Oops!)
6. PREPOSITION
An interjection is a word used to express
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or
emotion. It is often followed by an exclamation
pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word
point.
in the sentence.
(By... with.... about... until)
The young girl brought me a very long letter from
(by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until
the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.
tomorrow)
Oh my!
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CEP 1
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Length
The length of individual phones may differ.
The length of a phone may depend on pragmatic,
phonetic, or phonemic reasons (i.e., to
distinguish words).
Consonant System
Consonant, any speech sound, such as that Non-distinctive Length
represented by t, g, f, or z, that is characterized
by an articulation with a closure or narrowing of In English, vowels preceding voiced consonants
the vocal tract such that a complete or partial are longer than vowels preceding voiceless
blockage of the flow of air is produced. consonants bead > beat bag > back
Consonants are usually classified according to
place of articulation (the location of the stricture
made in the vocal tract, such as dental, bilabial, When identical phones end up adjacent to each
or velar), the manner of articulation (the way in other, they may be pronounced as a single, long
which the obstruction of the airflow is sound two plus seven > two plus eight
accomplished, as in stops, fricatives, ghos(t)s → [goUss]
approximants, trills, taps, and laterals), and the Pitch and Speech
presence or absence of voicing, nasalization,
All speakers have different average pitch. *
aspiration, or another phonation. For example,
the sound for s is described as a voiceless
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(1) a. You got an A on the test. · Predictable stress need not be memorized
with words.
b. You got an A on the test?
· Languages frequently have some
c. You got an A on the test, a C on the homework, predictable and some non-predictable stress.
and a B on the quiz.
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There is a wide range of language functions. something. What is the purpose? What is the
Here are examples of guessing, expressing language function?
wishes and persuading—all language functions.
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This section covers techniques for interpreting visual and Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898):
thematic aspects in art. Students will:
Under Spanish rule, Philippine arts
Learn to assess visual elements like composition, shifted significantly with the introduction of
color, and form. Western art forms and Catholicism. This period
Consider symbolic meaning, cultural background, saw the rise of religious art, as seen
and the artist’s intended message. in retablos (altarpieces), santos (saints' statues),
and church architecture exemplified by Baroque
Analyze the emotional response art can evoke designs in iconic structures like the San Agustin
and what elements contribute to that impact. Church. Spanish influence also introduced
literary works written in Spanish and native
Skills in analysis and interpretation allow students
languages, such as the pasyon and awit.
to view art critically, facilitating a deeper appreciation and
the ability to discuss and teach art insightfully.
American Colonial Period (1898–1946):
6. Art and Cultural Identity:
The American period ushered in modern
art forms and styles, emphasizing education and
Here, the focus shifts to the influence of art on
freedom of expression. Filipinos were exposed to
personal, social, and national identity. Art serves as a
new artistic disciplines, including cinema,
cultural artifact, preserving traditions, beliefs, and values
painting, and theater. National artists like
across generations. Students will explore:
Fernando Amorsolo, known for his idyllic
landscapes, and Guillermo Tolentino, renowned
Personal Identity: How individuals express their for the Bonifacio Monument, emerged during this
personal identity and emotions through art. time. Literature flourished as English was
introduced in education, leading to works that
Social Identity: The role of art in community expressed nationalism, such as those by Jose
cohesion, often reflecting shared experiences, Garcia Villa and Manuel Arguilla.
ideologies, and values.
Japanese Occupation (1941–1945):
National Identity: The ways art symbolizes a
nation’s history, struggles, and aspirations, Art during this brief period reflects the
becoming a source of pride and unity. struggle and resilience of Filipinos amid hardship.
Due to censorship, artists turned to symbolism in
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visual art and literature, subtly expressing responded to cultural shifts, colonial influences, and the
resistance and patriotism. Philippine cinema nation’s historical journey, shaping Filipino identity in the
experienced a pause, but theater and music process. This knowledge enriches their appreciation for
served as a medium to boost morale and national the country's art forms and fosters an understanding of
pride. the resilience and creativity embedded in Philippine
culture.
During this politically tense time, art Di-Berbal: Ang di-berbal na komunikasyon ay
became a tool for resistance, with artists using tumutukoy sa mga kilos, galaw, at ekspresyon ng
mukha na nagbibigay ng karagdagang kahulugan sa
subversive themes to express dissent against
mensahe. Halimbawa, pagtango bilang pag-ayon o
oppression. The government controlled artistic pag-unawa.
expressions, yet many continued to critique
social issues through metaphorical 2. Kahalagahan ng Komunikasyon
representations in paintings, music, and film. Pagbuo ng Relasyon: Ang epektibong
Notable artists like Benedicto Cabrera (Bencab) komunikasyon ay nagbubuo at nagpapatibay ng
and filmmakers like Lino Brocka created works ugnayan sa pagitan ng mga tao.
that encapsulated the struggle for freedom and
human rights. Paghahatid ng Mensahe: Sa pamamagitan ng
komunikasyon, naipapahayag ang mga ideya,
opinyon, at impormasyon.
Post-EDSA Revolution (1986-Present): Pagsusuri at Pagsusuri: Nagbibigay-daan ang
komunikasyon sa pagbibigay ng puna at pagtanggap
After the fall of Martial Law, Filipino art ng opinyon mula sa iba, na mahalaga sa personal at
flourished with newfound freedom. Modern and propesyonal na pag-unlad.
contemporary art evolved, blending traditional 3. Mga Kasanayan sa Komunikasyon
techniques with new media. Today’s Philippine
art scene is a diverse tapestry, reflecting global Pakikinig: Ang aktibong pakikinig ay mahalaga sa
pag-unawa at pagtugon sa sinasabi ng iba. Ito ay
influences, technological advancements, and
nagpapakita ng respeto at interes.
renewed pride in cultural identity. Contemporary
artists and art forms explore themes ranging from Pagsasalita: Ang kakayahang magsalita nang
personal identity to environmental issues and malinaw at maayos ay nagbibigay ng tiwala sa sarili
social change, marking the Philippines as a at nagpapahayag ng ideya nang epektibo.
vibrant and evolving center of Southeast Asian Pagsusulat: Ang mahusay na pagsulat ay
art. nakatutulong sa malinaw na pagpapahayag ng
mensahe sa mga nakasulat na anyo.
By understanding this timeline, students gain
insight into how Philippine art has adapted and
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CEP 1
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Pagbasa: Ang kakayahang bumasa at maunawaan ay naglalaro sa labas” kumpara sa “Siya ay
ang mga teksto ay nagbibigay ng impormasyon at naglalaro nang masigla.”
kaalaman.
4. Mga Kasanayan sa Pagsulat ng Sanaysay at Paglalahad
4. Mga Hamon sa Komunikasyon ng Opinyon
Saklaw ng araling ito ang mga pamamaraan ng pagsulat ng
Bariabilidad sa Wika: Ang pagkakaroon ng iba't maayos na sanaysay at ang mga teknik para sa malinaw na
ibang diyalekto at wika sa Pilipinas ay maaaring paglalahad ng sariling opinyon. Tatalakayin dito ang paggawa
magdulot ng hadlang sa epektibong komunikasyon. ng balangkas, pagsasaayos ng ideya, at pagsusulat ng
Kakulangan sa Kaalaman: Ang kakulangan sa introduksyon, katawan, at konklusyon. Halimbawa, sa pagsulat
wastong kaalaman sa balarila at wastong paggamit ng isang sanaysay tungkol sa kahalagahan ng wika sa pagbuo
ng wikang Filipino ay maaaring maging hadlang sa ng identidad ng isang bansa, maaaring ilagay ang opinyon sa
tamang pagpapahayag. bahagi ng konklusyon upang mag-iwan ng matinding
impresyon sa mambabasa.
Teknolohiya: Ang paggamit ng makabagong
teknolohiya ay nagbago sa paraan ng pakikipag- 5. Masining na Pagpapahayag at Retorika sa Filipino
ugnayan, ngunit maaaring magdulot din ito ng maling Itinutuon ng bahaging ito ang mga kasanayan sa masining na
pagkaunawa sa mensahe. pagpapahayag at ang paggamit ng retorika sa pagsasalita at
pagsulat sa Filipino. Tatalakayin ang mga tayutay, idiomatikong
5. Pagsusuri at Ebalwasyon pahayag, at mga diskarteng retorikal upang gawing mas
makulay at makahulugan ang komunikasyon. Halimbawa, ang
Mahalaga ang regular na pagsusuri ng kasanayan sa
paggamit ng tayutay tulad ng pagmamalabis o hyperbole sa
komunikasyon upang matukoy ang mga aspeto na kailangan
pangungusap na “Sobrang lakas ng ulan, parang binaha ang
pang paunlarin. Ang pagbibigay ng feedback sa mga gawain,
buong mundo,” upang magbigay-buhay at lalim sa isang
tulad ng mga talumpati o sanaysay, ay nakatutulong upang
pahayag.
mas mapabuti ang kakayahan sa komunikasyon.
1. Panimula sa Kasaysayan at Pag-unlad ng Wikang
Filipino Mga Bahagi ng Pananalita
Ang bahaging ito ay nagpapakilala sa mga yugto ng Ang bahaging ito ay tumatalakay sa iba't ibang bahagi ng
kasaysayan ng wikang Filipino, mula sa sinaunang panahon pananalita sa wikang Filipino at ang kani-kanilang gamit at
hanggang sa kasalukuyang panahon. Kasama rito ang kahalagahan sa pagsasaayos ng pangungusap. Sumasaklaw
pagbabago ng wika mula sa pagiging wikang katutubo patungo ito sa tamang pagkilala at paggamit ng mga bahagi ng
sa pagiging pambansang wika at kung paano ito lumago at pananalita upang masigurong malinaw at wasto ang
yumabong sa iba't ibang aspeto ng kultura at pagpapahayag ng ideya. Ang bawat bahagi ng pananalita ay
edukasyon. Halimbawa, ang papel ng mga baybayin at ang tinatalakay upang maipakita ang kanilang papel sa pagbuo ng
epekto ng mga kolonisasyon sa pagbuo ng modernong Filipino lohikal na pangungusap at sa epektibong komunikasyon.
at ang paglaganap ng iba't ibang rehiyonal na wika.
2. Mga Batas at Patakarang Pangwika sa Edukasyon
Dito tinatalakay ang mga mahahalagang batas at patakarang Mga Halimbawa ng Mga Bahagi ng Pananalita:
nagtataguyod ng wikang Filipino bilang pangunahing wika sa 1. Pangngalan – Tumutukoy sa mga pangalan ng tao,
edukasyon at komunikasyon sa bansa. Kasama rito ang lugar, bagay, hayop, pangyayari, at iba
Konstitusyon ng 1987 na nagtatakda ng Filipino bilang pa. Halimbawa: “Si Liza ay nag-aaral
pambansang wika at mga patakaran tulad ng Batas Republika sa paaralan araw-araw.”
Blg. 7104 na nagtatag ng Komisyon sa Wikang
Filipino. Halimbawa, sa mga paaralan, ang Bilingual Education 2. Pandiwa – Nagpapahayag ng kilos o
Policy na nagtatakda ng paggamit ng Filipino at Ingles bilang galaw. Halimbawa: “Tumatakbo si Ana tuwing
mga opisyal na wika sa pagtuturo, lalo na sa mga asignaturang umaga.”
Filipino at Araling Panlipunan.
3. Pang-uri – Naglalarawan sa pangngalan o
3. Balarila at Mga Prinsipyo ng Wastong Paggamit ng Wika panghalip. Halimbawa: “Ang aso
ay mabait at malambing.”
Nakatuon ang bahaging ito sa mga patakaran sa gramatika at
tamang gamit ng Filipino, kabilang ang tamang estruktura ng 4. Panghalip – Pamalit sa pangngalan. Halimbawa:
pangungusap, wastong paggamit ng mga bahagi ng pananalita “Siya ay masipag mag-aral.”
(hal., pandiwa, pangngalan, pang-uri, atbp.), at wastong
paggamit ng mga pangungusap sa iba't ibang 5. Pang-abay – Naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri, o
konteksto. Halimbawa, ang tamang paggamit ng panlaping kapwa pang-abay. Halimbawa: “Siya ay
“nag-” o “nang” sa mga pangungusap tulad ng, “Siya tumakbo nang mabilis.”
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CEP 1
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6. Pangatnig – Nag-uugnay ng mga salita, parirala, at Pagkakaiba ng Klaster at Diptonggo
pangungusap. Halimbawa: “Mag-aral
ka ngunit huwag kalimutan ang magpahinga.” Ang klaster ay binubuo ng magkasunod na katinig,
habang ang diptonggo ay binubuo ng magkasunod na
7. Pang-angkop – Nag-uugnay ng panuring sa salitang patinig.
tinuturingan. Halimbawa: “Masarap na pagkain ang
inihain sa amin.” Ang klaster ay nagpapahayag ng mga tunog na nag-
uugnay sa mga katinig, samantalang ang diptonggo
8. Pang-ukol – Nag-uugnay ng pangngalan sa iba pang ay nagpapakita ng pinagsamang tunog ng patinig.
salita sa pangungusap. Halimbawa: “Ang regalo
ay para sa kanya.” Mahalagang maunawaan ang klaster at diptonggo upang
mapabuti ang kasanayan sa pagbasa at pagsulat sa Filipino.
9. Pangawing o Pangawil – Nagpapakilala ng ayos ng
pangungusap. Halimbawa: “Siya ay mabuting
kaibigan.” Kasaysayan ng Wikang Filipino
Taon Kaganapan
Ang wastong paggamit ng mga bahagi ng pananalita ay Ang mga katutubong Pilipino ay gumagamit ng
mahalaga sa malinaw at makabuluhang komunikasyon. Pre-
iba't ibang lokal na wika at diyalekto, kabilang ang
kolonyal
Klaster at Diptonggo Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, at iba pa. Ang mga
(Bago ang
sistema ng pagsusulat tulad ng Baybayin ay
1. Klaster 1565)
ginagamit para sa pakikipag-ugnayan.
Ang klaster ay tumutukoy sa pagkakasunod-sunod ng
dalawang katinig na magkasunod sa isang salita. Sa Dumating ang mga Kastila sa Pilipinas,
Filipino, ang klaster ay maaaring lumitaw sa unahan, nagsimula ang kolonisasyon, at ang Espanyol
1565
gitna, o hulihan ng salita. Ang pagkakaroon ng klaster ang naging pangunahing wika ng administrasyon
ay nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba ng bigkas at at simbahan.
kahulugan ng mga salita.
Ang Saligang Batas ng Biak-na-Bato ay nagtakda
Mga Halimbawa ng Klaster: 1897 ng Filipino (na nakabatay sa Tagalog) bilang
isang pambansang wika ng mga Pilipino.
o “str” sa “istruktura”
Itinatag ang Konstitusyon ng 1935, na nagtakda
o “kr” sa “krus” 1935
sa Tagalog bilang batayan ng pambansang wika.
o “bl” sa “blusa” Pahayag ni Pangulong Manuel L. Quezon na
1937 nagtataguyod ng Tagalog bilang pambansang
o “pr” sa “prinsipe”
wika ng Pilipinas.
Sa mga halimbawa, makikita na ang klaster ay binubuo ng
Inilabas ang Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7
dalawang magkasunod na katinig na nagbibigay ng bagong
1940 na nag-aatas ng pagtuturo ng wikang pambansa
tunog at kahulugan sa mga salita.
(Tagalog) sa mga paaralan.
2. Diptonggo
Inilabas ang Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 24
Ang diptonggo naman ay ang pagsasama ng
na nagtakda ng "Pilipino" bilang pangalan ng
dalawang patinig na magkasunod sa loob ng isang 1959
pambansang wika upang mas magbigay-diin sa
silabikong bahagi ng salita. Ang diptonggo ay
pagkakaiba ng iba pang katutubong wika.
nagreresulta sa isang tunog na pinagsama ang
dalawang patinig, na nagiging isang tunog lamang sa Sa ilalim ng bagong Konstitusyon, ang Pilipino ay
bigkas. 1973 itinatag bilang pambansang wika, at ang Ingles ay
itinuturing na opisyal na wika.
Mga Halimbawa ng Diptonggo:
o “ay” sa “buhay” Ang Konstitusyon ng 1987 ay nagtakda ng
Filipino bilang pambansang wika at nagbigay-diin
1987
o “oy” sa “koy” sa pag-unlad nito, kasabay ng pag-uugali ng iba
pang katutubong wika sa bansa.
o “uw” sa “buwal”
Ang Batas Republika Blg. 7104 ay nagtatag ng
o “ei” sa “kain” 1991 Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) upang
pangalagaan at paunlarin ang wikang Filipino.
Sa mga halimbawa, ang diptonggo ay nagiging isang tunog
kahit na may dalawang patinig, na nagpapayaman sa tunog at 2009 Ipinahayag ang Buwan ng Wika tuwing Agosto 1-
bigkas ng mga salita. 31 bilang paggunita sa halaga ng wika at kultura
24
CEP 1
(MIDTERM)
Taon Kaganapan
ng mga Pilipino.
Inilabas ang KWF ng bagong Ortograpiyang
2012 Filipino na naglalaman ng mga pagbabago sa
ispeling at paggamit ng wikang Filipino.
Ipinakilala ang Bilinggwal na Edukasyon Policy,
2018 na nagtataguyod sa paggamit ng Filipino at Ingles
bilang mga wika ng pagtuturo sa mga paaralan.
Konklusyon
Ang kasaysayan ng wikang Filipino ay isang salamin ng
kasaysayan at kultura ng Pilipinas. Mula sa mga katutubong
wika, naging pambansang wika ito na patuloy na umuunlad at
umaangkop sa makabagong panahon. Sa bawat yugto,
naipakita ang halaga ng pagkilala at pag-preserba ng wika
bilang bahagi ng pagkakakilanlan ng mga Pilipino.
25