Nazla Thahs MM

Sec 8
ACTIMTY

AM
distance of the
To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying
source) on a LDR (L0ght Dependent Resistor).

Appagaras AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

LDR, two power supplies (12 Veach), key,

milliammeter (0-500mA).
voltmeter (0-10), a resistance of 47 2, a 12 Vlamp, cornecting
wires.

PRNCIPLE
Lighi dependeni resisLor Or
photoresistor is a device that is sensitive
to light. 0ts resistance varies according to
the intensity of light incident on it.It is
made from a semiconductor materialyith
light resistars ta have light sesitive
properties, one such materials is,
cadmium sulphide. Snake Jiketracks are
made of cadmium sulpide on thin metal
films [Fig. A 7., LDR has a high
Fig. A 7.l ALight Dependent resistance due te the fact that majority of
Resistance (LDR).electrons arelocked into the crystal lattice
and ngtfree tomove. As light falls on the
lattice, some of the electrons get sufficient energy to break free the
crystal lattice to conductélectricity. A typical LDR has a resistance
of 1 MQ in total d¡rkness and a few hundred ohm resistance in
bright light.

1. Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. A 7.2.

2 FIrst keep the lamp switched off. Plug in the key K.
3. Observe and record voltmeter andmlfammeter reaings.
 AcTTVITY 7

4. Calulate the reference me2surenent of DRresistance R.

5. Add this value of resistance to
all further
measurements. Thís
ensures that background
illumination has been taken
intoacoount.
6. Set up a 12V larmp on a
fixed
in vertical position facing stand
LDR.
47 W K LDR

Adfust ILDR normalBy below the

lamp at about 10cm (say).
7. Observe milliamnmeter and
voitmeter readings 12y

8. Changng the dístance between

lamp and LDR by 15 cm {say) Fig. A 7.2 Crcuit to study the effect of
Iepeat step 7. Record your intensty of tght on a LDR.
observation and calculate
resistarnce of LDR a different
distances of the lamp.

BERVATUNS ANÜ CALCJLAT1SiyZ

X Rangc of voltmctr =0yo..V
Least count of voltrpeter=..V
ARange of nlliameter = 9 mAto...nA
Least countóf mílfiameter=...mA
Table A7.1:Variation in resistance of LDR ith
distance
SI. No. Distance Volumeter milliammeter Acttual vahue of
ISSTuCe
DRand VY R R

2
1k

REsuLT
/As distance increases, intensity of incident úght decreases and resist
dnce of LDR increases.
165
 ZCTIVITIO

(al Tonk for calar hands, ifit has a typical set af three calour
bands followed by a siver or gold band. the component is a
esisto

bË Connect the multímeter terminals (in resistance mode

highest range) tothe componentterminals and watch for
RWimeter defleetion. Alss repeat by reversirg tke
cOmponeat terminals.
both the
II the muitimneter shows an equal detlection in
directions, thecomponent is a resistor.
ithe defiection isaccompanied with emission of light, in one
( other
direction and a much less or zero deflection in the
direction the component is a LED.
one direction
(e tçe muimeter does notshow any deflection in
other
and shows deflection with no light emission in the
cürection then, the component is a diode.
conrtecting
If the muitimeter does not show any deflection on
0LS terminais eiher way to he component, it isa capacitor.
multimeter may show
But ifcapacitanceof capacitor is large.
a momentarv defiection.
and A8.2.
Record vour observaions in Table A8.i

NottoteaHers

Avid rng ar ICWith tiee terminals.

the digital
Preferabiy ase analog m°imeter and not
teru delecion in the
n I asc o diotamutmeter. the
nstucions mnay be read as reading

CDE

aumber of terminals
Table A8.1: Checkingfor the
Aphrabet Tmarked Name of the Derice
No of taminals on the deviee

nsspacih
2 Three
3 More than thFEE
169

22
 LABORATORY MANUAL

Table A 8.2 : Checking for the state of conduction

SLNo: State ot DeviceCode Name o thederioe

Conducts ín ce trection

2
oniy wihout any enission diece
Conducts n one irectin
3. Three ierminal device:
conducts in one direction
only between cenirai

4
remaining two terminals
Couducts boih
Jránsihy
5 directiGns
Does not condúct, ghes an
initial deflection whiteh
juecays io zeru ResisjY,
Capacihy
Resir A diode, a EED, a transistor, an !C,
identified respectively from a mixedaresistor and a capacitor are
collection.

While obtaining resistance of any

leads properly. component, clean its

SoURCEs Ô6 ERROR
When the metal ends of a
multimeter leads are touched, the
multimeter should shÝw zero
it, bring the pointer to zero resistance. If it does not show
using 'Zero Adj knob' on the
multmeter. 1H isnot doe,
ihèxcsistancc mcasuremerts are
not reliable.
2. Whilechecktng resistance of a component, àvoid
of the metal ernds of the touching either
multimeter leads. Body resistance in
parallel with component resistance can affect the
meas1Irenent resistance

170

21
LABORATORY MANUAL

the circuit.
Repeat step 6 for a few more values of resistance R in
VI. biasedj and
Reverse the poiariiy of diode inowtùe ioe is reverse
Þ.
repeat steps 6 and7.
and
Identifying np-n and p-n-p transistors
(B) and (c) transistor (p-n-p or n-p-n) is in
checking whether the glven
working order
collectorCofthegiven trarnsistor
9.Adentify the emitter E,base B,and transistor near one of
mark on the body of
by observingdot or a schematic diagrams of the
given
Draw the base and
lts pins.
transistor in your notebook.
measuring mode
Xo! Set the multimeter in 'resistance
base
of the multimeter with the and
1l.ornect the positive (red) leademiller
wiih (or celecior) Lerminal
and negalive led (black Record the observations in Table
A9.4.
measure the resistance.
multimeter andagain measure the
12. Reverse the connections of the transistor's baseBand emitter E
resistarnce values between the
observtions in Table A 9.4.
(or collector C) terminals. Reord
ven transistor is in working
13. From Table A 9.4, checkwhetherthe
order or not.
using thc information
14. Fora transistorthatis m work¥ng ordcr, transistor (n-p
given in TablA 9.1, infer the nature of the given
nor p-n-p).

OesERVATIONS
1.Table A 9.2:Measurement of diode resistance

No Diode ternmínal connectedDiode terminat connected Resistance

ithhenasitve leadntbathe negaova tend of
o the nmultinmeter the mtltineter

2. Table A
9.3 : Unidirectional flow of current through a diode
ià)When diode is connected in forwardbias
SL No. Resistance (2) Current {mA).

178
 AcTIVITY 9

(b) When diode is connected in reverse blas

St No Resistarnce () Current {mmA)

3Table A 9.4: Resistance values between different transistor terminals

Connected with the Resistannce

No C with the negative
Ositive leadeftbe
muimeter
E

ResuL! Tue p- arid u-sides of ie jiver1 divde are ideuüied froun Tabie
A 9.2.
2. The given diode is/is not in working order (from Tables A 9.2
andÀ9.3)
3. The unidirectional flow of current in a diode has/has not been
realised (from Table,A9.3).
4. The three termialsoffhe given transistor have been identified
nd the pia diagàhas been shn in Fig. A 9.3.
5. The given tYansistor is n-p-n/p-n-p (from Table A 9.4).
6. The givn transistor is/is not in working order (from Table
A 9.4)

PaEcRECAUTNS
1. While obtaining resistance of any component, clean its leads
properly.
2 Use the selector switch of the multimeter caretully tor various
measuring modes.
179*