Expt.No.

ACTIVITY - 4 Page No. ..1n3.

Date

EFFECT OF IN TENSITY OF LIGHT ON A LDR

AIM
Ja study the eflect sf itonsity of liglkt
By waingdiatonce of the Bausce) en a LDR
eglt epandaht Rosistre)
APPARATUS AND MATERIL REQUIRED:

LDR, tuse pause, 'Buppio, (2V eoch), koy

mißliamaeto, (o- Soo mA) voltmeteg (o-1o V)aBesißtance

PRINCIPLE 2

iigkt dependast oasisto

Ldevice tlat 13 gengifive to OigltTtS 9e8istahce.
Vaies acAding to ibtab2tly of liakt incidet ou it
PROCEDURE

A&Bemlole the ciscit as shoLtn

"istkep lon Aeitcked off Plug in koy K
ORoleye pnd sQCod voltmete ahd milliammets, eading
Lalculate) the efeehce neasutlhneht of LDR e8istance R
Add skás wale oh aegistahce to oll futhet
mealunemeta. TAi8 eusuRs that loarkgouhd illuninalhm
 A12V

|2V
mA LDR
47W

A IGHT DEPENDENT 42V

RESISTANCE (LDR)
CIRUIT TO &TUDY THE EFFECT
ON LDE
OP IN TEN&ITY OP uG HT

OesERVAION:
Vasiatien in stesistanee o LDR wh distance.

|8-NO Distanes
Votnmater mrulliamnitn R:V 2Aclual vatu
aotwee Teading veading I(na) tesistanea (Re)
LDR E, te vU)
8ource(dem
I0 cm 2V |A 2K2

20 C 4V 2k
Expt.No. Page No......5.
Date

has loean taken into acciuht

Btohd n a
LDR. hoamally
yestical pesiäan facisg LDR. Alist 1DR
loeleus the lamia ot alset 1o cm (Bay
Olseve millianmpto,and voltmetes gueoding
"Chanaing tha distance loetuseon Lamp ahd LDR
loy 1s cm (Sau) epeot Btep. Z. Recosd yeus
Elokoevaien and calculate segistahce af LDR at
dilfozent distancegf the anp
RESULI:

Aa distance incezeasol , intansity af incidest liglt

decreaeg ahd gaes istance ef LDR inceease3

PRECA0TTONS

" LDR i8 placed. ngmally to the. Oiglt Bougce oo that

hgle ef incidence of ligkt sa& emain constant
-and nasnal. thseuglhsut teeinert.
Cezbeciezn& shauld. lse made tigkt
SouRCES OFERROR:

Bockgsnuant
ALactivity
Expt. No. Page No....Z.
AC TIVITY -5
Date

IDENIIEYING1 DroDE LED, TRANSIS TORS,Tc ,

RESISTOR. ANA A CAPACI TOR

AIM :
a diede, LED, tean&i&to, TC
hegibtn ahda caacitogleEm. a aired. collectioh.
of Sur. iten&

APPARATUS AND HATERIALS REQUIRED

Multimetes aCellerten el diede,LEDgtoahtiatos,

TC esitto ahd. cahocito

PRINCIPLE *

"A diode isa tus toiminal device T± çohducts

usheh auad Roiased and deesn't cenduct usheh eovese
oinsad. It deesy't cnit liglt ohile Cenducing
" A LED 19alse n tuse tominal device. TA Cahducts
uslan foszu9d loiaßed. Ahd doegn't ceduct usfeh
loiaged It onits Rigkit welile cenducting
a chip. But souae may hae anlly tloee tewinols
eg 78O5, 7806, 7804, 7912
"A e8igto % laitesuminal ahd. cenducts in bath disection&.
Asohacito i2 tuse tninal deviceT+ &toeg sabse
ekage usken de voltage isapplied.
DIODE:: TRANGISTÖR

RESISTOR:

A CARBON RESIsTOR WITH COLOUR CODE MARKIN Gn?

NUMBER OF NOU&HTS
ToLERANCE (ACCURACY)

RED VIOLET
DRANGEuvER
000
Lo.
Expt. No.
Page No. ....4.
Date

PROCEDURE

CHECKING PHYSICAL APPEARANCE:

QTf thae fous lase tesiainals

I it hal thrce tetuinals , the Compahent may

loe a. toronsistas To cenlte, set- the nutimote
in aucsisbahce, mede. (oialest gahge). Cannect ite lolack
OhCammen tesminal to Ene
e tecomponght and the 2ecend tosninal (sed as
poattive) to thecasteal ogChack the miltizmetos
multinatas taninnls Ie no dellectin ia alosesked, the
cempenet is a teansista9. Ropeat tbia tust loy
CEnoc kinq the mulimatos tamihals t the cetal
leg and. tlae athes eiteme leg. Te a Sinilas
loelareisus is ploßcoced, the Cemhenet ig a tonnsistog
Ir tae cempenent has tse tosuninals, it Could
Sse n egista9,a canacite,a diade and lED.
Studiegel the loasic cincuit cempenahta SuchAs
aog1atn cahacita aay se uhdostaken en he
fellesing lines
)RESISTORS 2
TYPESOF RESISTORS :
RESISTOR JheßeOe.
may Roe mace
 LOME DI0DES:
8HAPEe

TERMINALS 3
DI FFERENT TRAN1STOR

(a) (b)

CHECKING FOR THE NUMBER DF TERM(NA LS

SNONO. OF TERMINALS ALPHABET MARkED NA ME OF THE

ON THE DE VICE DEVICÉ':

LED, DIODE,
1. Two
RESISTDR, . CAPACITOR

2 THREE
TRANSIS ToR

3. MORE THAN TH REE

Expt. No. Page No..3
Date

cenducing matesiol The roatabial snauy loe any

(b) CARBON RESTSTOR : JaL ne. made B a mituee

ingulato, :ke specilied pesetin

)CAR BON ILM RESISTORS :Cagslen e818to218 a90
cheap ahd. casily asailalele.
d) THIN FIIM RESTSToRS : Hleße ne made les

COLOUR CoDE FoR RESLSTOR

Most cEmmEncekous Cede. used. los ge818tos cohaÍst&
of tfee Celeu, loands_at ere ehd
CIRe caleus abd. Beit huical meaings
Black -0 " BOue -6
" Vialet
" Red -2
Resisto usth, nly thee lecnds hase. tolesohce of
20 It8 actial value may vay 20
loem t& jndicated value. Ie a louetlloand
added Bepatatoly foem the fis&t t o then tRe
taleance ef the siesisto is Knouen fEm the coloug
oÆ he foug.th sand, If tho colou of the fouoth loand

Bfto patad On 2% ard l .

Onoliltag
 cONDUCTION
0F
CHECKING FOR THE TATE
DEVIE-CODE NAME Of THE
|S.No SATE OF cONDUCTION DEVICE

1. Cenducs in Sne doectien

DIODE
enly without any emission
| kight
Cenducts n ne diectien
eny wth emissien o light LED
3.The tominal deica;
cenducts in ene dieotion
eny between centrat LE D
tominal and either o te
temaining two uminats

4. Cenducts both diutiena TRANSIS TOR

5. Does not cenduct gues an RESISTORS

initial de|loctien wtch decays CA PPCITOR
Expt. No. Page No. ..33.
Date

2)CAPACITOR:
&totegplectoical chasge.
A cahacitos llecks to Dassnne Eh dc ushile it allous
Lac to fleus toeugl t.

Ais Cahacitaa (vasial gang capacitoh)

Mica copactoe (lous capacitan te)
Casomic capaciha (voy lous Capacitance)
papes capacitoa
plastic capocita
Electaalytic canacits (medium capacitana)
Oie piled cnpacitosChigh capacitakce)
L3) DIODE
2 Ta case af a ligkt emitting diode (LED), U8ually the
L&hate pin i8 n-gide ahd the lengch pin. i8 p-side
4) TRANSTSTORS:
In teis metled t í8 dinquiahed Roetuseah hepeh and
p-n-p type tnnâisto2 kas laeen gixeh, povided. t pin
diagham Bf te taansiatos 1g khoua

RESUATL
A diode., aLED, a tsansfomes,atansi&tos, cn IC,
Aa sasistn ahd a capacita Aue identifed c}pectively

PREEALTTON:
ile oktaining ERIBtahce,clean& ita leod poapealy
 ME TAL CAPPED
SEMI CoND UCTOR TYPICHL
JUNCTION DIODE CYLINDERICHL TRANTS TOR
B
C
R

P n
mA

RESISTANCE. VALUES 8E TWEE N

NATURE OF TERMINALS,.
TRANSTSTOR.
DIFFERENT
(when pin. diag 9am is not Known)
aSBwn
wm ed al bale pîn)
NOTE: (Hee tosninal
T91ansisto Teuninal Tran8is ta Teuninal
Connected oith the Nature of
Con nected oith the Registan e
positive Lead of the hegabi ve Lead of the
multim ete mutimeter

(A) Fo n-p-n tansisto

2 Vesy high
Vesy high
Low
2

3 Low
5 3 Voy high
2
Vesy hig h
(B) Fo p-n-p transitos
Low
2 Vosuy higk
3
3
3 Vsy igh.
Visy higB
2
Ney high
3 Low
Expt.No. Page No. ...25.
ACTIVITY- 6
Date

AcTIVIIY USING MULITME TER

AIM :

(2) Check ushotas tho diode. is in

diode
4) Tdoutiy cmitte loase cellectos, ela oa&istol
c) rstinguiah loehseh hep-h Abd p-h-p tnnsi
toaLBiS ta8.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQU TRED 2

Amultingtoa diadeatahi8 to (ushose lsase

diagsam is knaus plug kau, a loaly ucsistanle
koac cemhec ling unies Ahd sand. paj1es.

PRINCIPLE 1

BJhe ctecuit indicatos the main ciscut campohehts :

sakeostatObd
a aV batey,a ficed esistace,l. leodab2
galsanEmptes G. Read Qnd. lelack
CEhectod at lied sasi3tahce ehds B AhdA u23pactuely
ooteeniol ushens pas emittes F hd. cellecta C
ye matos.iol.
 MODE
SCHEHATLC REPREENTHTLON
MU IMETER IN RESIS TÔNCE
(a)
n-p-n
n-p-h
tansistog
Black Lead Red Lead

C
E P
G
E

t9ansitos
3V zeNo adjußt (6) p-h-p
C
P nP

B
RESISTANCE VALUES BETWEEN DIFFE RENT TERMTNALS.
OF P-n-p ahd n-p-h T1ansis to S
One of the tansista
teminals (8,C o E) T9nsisto Tesuminal
S"NO Connected to negative Connected with BIAS
Lead (Blac k) of the positive (9ed) Lead RESTSTANCE
multimete of the multimete
(A) FoR D-p-n
Low
B Fo wasd
2 C B Fot wa9d Low

3 B Revere Vesy higk

B
Re verSe Vesy hiot
higk
(B) Fog p p tanststo :
Fo9was d Loy
B
2 C Fas wad
Revesse
Voy high
ReverSQ
Vesy high
Expt.No. Page No....81...
Date

dA gemi Cânducto incie

juncien diode nghen connected
in the fosuasd. diecticnelles a laus e8istahce.
Houseve ushen it ia loiagod te hevere diiection, it

ATh aehesal, eocl toAnaista, las thtce pins of

he Bane Size. In Sabme ton& tsAouAo det ng moak
the pin&Iis pia
8 the emitte,. he Enittes. E), Bosc. IB) hd Cellectas C)
of a taanäistns, Cah lee identliod using. ite pie diagiam
PROCEDuRE

# Set mltimeto in gesistance menauting mode.

# Cenect ta diode toainol wotth the tve lead
Le the multimetes and tesninol 2 uoth -ve lead. e
He mltinete Meo&ure the diode GesistahCeReve80.
diode CENnection. ahd again meoluse tae diode resistange
Recasd eleloavatian& in 'a Talole AlRo Cenclude

# IÊ loetl te Saeststahle values ie in. eveße and

lfountd dteectiongne lous tha it meDn& thot diode
188hat cicuitod. On the otbchand if leetf to
hesistance Valucs ase veey igh theh diode iunctien
not in wioskin pdes
mat
Tdotily the p-ahd n-teanibals af the given
diode loP theolesesaten&
#Cenpct thediode uiih fnecell and 28t8tance
 OBSERVATION8 :
OF DIODE RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT

DIODE TERMINAL DrODE TERMINAL

CONNECTED NITH RESISTANCE
SNO CONNECTED WITH THE
ÞosITTVE LE9D oF NE GIATIVE LERD oF (2)
MULTIHETER.
MULTIHETER

2.

UNIDIRECTO NAL FLON OF CURRENT

(9) when diode is Connected in Fowad Bias

S-NO CURRENT mA
RESISTANCE ()
4 mA
L40 20 mA

(b) when diode is COnnected in Reveuse Biag

RESISTANCE )
S-NO
|k 2
CURRENT (mA)
06 mA
2 2 K2 o-l mA

RES TSTANCE VALVES BETNE£N DIFFERENT

RES LS TORS
TRANSIS TOR TERHINAL TRANSES TOR TERMINAL RESTSTÊANCE
S-NO CONNECTED IH THE POSITIVE
CONNECTED WITH NEGgTIVE
LEAD OF MULTI METER LERD oF HULTIMETER

B
2 D
B
C B
Expt.No.
Page No. 39.
........M...

pate

ies cicuit itet kon. ON. Sot the

Loultimetes ihCuGtaht
cuetont bakaäuba.
meosugina aodo at a uitalsle
ange mA, stasat foem iah cuesant ange)
# Repeat stef. fas, n fouk moz. Valuesef sesistahce R
# Revesse the plasitu And. eheat thestap
# Tdatify onittas, Elsale B_and. cellectos C af the

and schematic diaag.om el the

t aiveh teanAistna
# Sot baultimcto9 inn Gzeg18 kahCe meoßuin moie
#Cenhect )ve uel lead ulkimetos, with loase and
elve lolack. leod wtth emittog Lcellec tns to9uninol nd
esis tance. Receed. te sloehvaion&

RESuLT :
" Jle p ahd. h aideg ef qiveh diode ae idontifted
Gaivek. diede s8 /ig nat p9king deg
1oidieectiobal fleue loas /as not loec identifted
Thaee tesuinala e giveh tocn&istas& have, lseon
idosif1ed ahd.pi. diagsQm as laeon, ghau
Giveh teoni8tn 18 nep-n p-n=p
The Givan tankis tnlia is not making. osdo

PRECAUTTONS 2

Lende
D8e
paapsly
Rolecton auwitch of he multimetoa cOeßlly
Use