Introduction to Matrices and

Vectors
MATRIX: AN ALGEBRAIC
DEFINITION

1
 Definitions

• Algebraic definition of a matrix: a table of

scalars in square brackets.
• Matrix dimension is the width and height
of the table, w x h.
• Typically we use dimensions 2 x 2 ,3 x 3 ,
4 x4

2
 Definitions - vector

Vector: a single row or column of

numbers
– denoted with bold small letters
1 2 3 4 5
– row vector
a=
– column1vector

 2
 3
 4
b = 5
 Basic notations of matrices

• Element - each value in a matrix; either a

number, variable or a constant.
• Dimension - number of rows by number of
columns of a matrix.
• A matrix is named by its dimensions.
– 3 rows / 4 columns (this is 3 by 4 matrix)
 Square Matrices

• Same number as rows as columns.

• Entries mii are called the diagonal
entries. The others are called
nondiagonal entries

5
 Diagonal Matrices

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix

whose nondiagonal elements are zero.

6
 The Identity Matrix

The identity matrix of dimension n, denoted

In, is the n x n matrix with 1s on the diagonal
and 0s elsewhere.

7
 Zero Matrix

• If all elements are zero we called it as

Zero Matrix

0 0 0
• A= 0 0 0
0 0 0

8
 Symmetric Matrix

• If Anxn is a Symmetric Matrix then aij = aji

for all I and j

1 2
• A=
2 1

9
 Transpose of a Matrix

• The transpose of an r x c matrix M is a c

x r matrix called MT.
• Take every row and rewrite it as a
column.
• Equivalently, flip about the diagonal

10
 Facts About Transpose

• Transpose is its own inverse: (MT)T = M

for all matrices M.
• DT = D for all diagonal matrices D
(including the identity matrix I).

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 What you know

• All about (1x1) matrices

• Operation Example Result

• Addition 2+2 4
• Subtraction 5–1 4
• Multiplication 2x2 4
• Division 12 / 3 4
 Matrix Operations

• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Inverse
 Addition

1 2 5 6 6 8
3 4
+ 7 8
= 10 12

A + B = C
 Addition Conformability

To add two matrices A and B:

• # of rows in A = # of rows in B

• # of columns in A = # of columns in B
 Subtraction

5 6 1 2 4 4
7 8
- 3 4
= 4 4

B - A = C
 Subtraction Conformability

• To subtract two matrices A and B:

• # of rows in A = # of rows in B

• # of columns in A = # of columns in B
 Matrix Multiplication

Matrices A and B have these dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]
 Matrix Multiplication

Matrices A and B can be multiplied if:

[r x c] and [s x d]

c=s
 Matrix Multiplication

The resulting matrix will have the dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]

rxd
 Computation: A x B = C

a11 a12 
A =  [2 x 2]
a 21 a 22
b11 b12 b13 
B =  [2 x 3]
b 21 b 22 b 23
a11b11 + a12b 21 a11b12 + a12b 22 a11b13 + a12b 23 
C= 
a 21b11 + a 22b 21 a 21b12 + a 22b 22 a 21b13 + a 22b 23
[2 x 3]
 Multiplication Conformability

• Regular Multiplication

• To multiply two matrices A and B:

• # of columns in A = # of rows in B
 The Determinant of a Matrix

The determinant of a matrix A is denoted

by |A| (or det(A)).
Determinants exist only for square
matrices.
They are a matrix characteristic, and
they are also difficult to compute
The Determinant for a 2x2 matrix

If A =
a11 a12 
a 
 21 a22 
Then

A = a11a22 − a12a21
The Determinant for a 3 x 3 matrix

 a b c
 
detd e f  = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)
g h i 
 

25
Cramer’s Rule for Two
Equations in Two Variables

Given the system a1x + b1y = c1

a2 x + b2 y = c2
if then the system has the unique solution
Dx Dy
x= and y = ,
D D
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
where D = , Dx = , and Dy = .
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
 Inverse

• A number can be divided by another number -

How do you divide matrices?

• Note that a / b = a x 1 / b

• And that a x 1 / a = 1

• 1 / a is the inverse of a
• Inverse of (2 x 2) matrix
– Find determinant
– Swap a11 and a22
– Change signs of a12 and a21
– Divide each element by determinant
– Check by pre- or post-multiplying by inverse
• Find theInverse
determinant
of 2 x 2 matrix
= (a11 x a22) - (a21 x a12)
For

2 5
A = 1 3

det(A) = (2x3) – (1x5) = 1

 Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix

• Swap elements a11 and a22

Thus
2 5
A = 1 3

becomes
3 5
1 2
 Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix

• Change sign of a12 and a21

Thus
3 5
A = 1 2

becomes
3 -5
-1 2
 Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix

• Divide every element by the determinant

Thus

3 -5
A = -1 2

becomes

3 -5
-1 2

(luckily the determinant was 1)

 Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix

-1
• Check results with A A = I
Thus

3 -5 2 5
-1 2
x 1 3

equals
1 0
0 1
 Inverse Matrices

▪ Not all matrices have an inverse!

If the determinant = 0, the inverse does not
exist!
3 x 3 inverse

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Solving Systems of Equations
with Matrices
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF
EQUATIONS
WITH MATRICES
 A system of equations may be
represented as a matrix equation.
For example, the system of equations
3 x − 5 y = 1

 2 x + y = −2
may be represented by the matrix equation
 3 − 5  x   1 
2 1   y  =  − 2
    
Write the matrix equation that
represents the system:
x + y = 8

2 x + y = 1

1 1  x  8
=
2 1  y  1
    
Write the matrix equation that
represents the system:

 x + 3 y = 13

 2 x − y = −9

1 3   x   13 
=
2 − 1  y  − 9
    
Write the system of equations
represented by the matrix equation
 − 1 5 2   x   − 5
 1 2 0   y  =  − 4
    
 4 0 − 3  z   10 

− x + 5 y + 2 z = −5

 x + 2 y = −4
4 x − 3z = 10

 A matrix equation is in the form
AX = B, where A is the coefficient
matrix, X is the variable matrix,
and B is the constant matrix.
 3 − 5  x   1 
=
2 1   y   − 2
    
 3 − 5  x 1 
A=   X =  B= 
2 1   y  − 2
 Solving AX=B

Real Numbers
ax=b
(1/a)(ax) = (1/a)b
(๋1/a)(a)x = b/a
1x = b/a
x = b/a

Note: 1/a must exist to solve ax = b

 Solving AX=B

Real Numbers Matrices

ax=b AX=B
(1/a)(ax) = (1/a)b A-1(AX)=A-1B
(1/a)(a)x = b/a (A-1A)X=A-1B
1x = b/a IX=A-1B
x = b/a X=A-1B

Note: A-1 must exist to solve AX=B

Solve the system of equations using matrices.
−1
x + y = 8 X=A B
 −1
2 x + y = 1 1 1 8
X =   
2 1 1
x = -7  − 7
X = 
y = 15  15 
Solve the system of equations using matrices.
−1
4 x + 3 y = 1 X=A B
 −1
3x − 2 y = 5 4 3  1
X =   
 3 − 2 5
x=1 1
X = 
y = -1 − 1
Solve the system of equations using matrices.

2 y − z = −7 − 5 x

x − 2 y + 2z = 0
3 y = 17 − z
 x = -2
−1
5 2 −1  −7  y=4
 1 −2 2   0 
    z=5
0 3 1  17 
Now solve these equations:

1. x+y −z = 6
x + 2y − 3z = 11 x = 2, y = 3, z = −1
4x − 3y − 2z = 1

2x + y + z = 4
2. 1 1 5
x + 2y + z = 4
 x = ,y = , z =
3x − y + 2z = 6 2 2 2

x + y − z = −2
3.
3x − 4y − z = −1
 x = 3, y = 1, z = 6
2x − 5y + 2z = 13