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Generating random numbers

The document provides methods for generating random numbers in R, including functions for uniform and normal distributions. It explains how to generate random numbers from a uniform distribution with default and custom ranges, as well as random integers using the sample() function. Additionally, it discusses the rnorm() function for generating random numbers from a normal distribution and emphasizes the importance of setting a seed for reproducibility.

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4 views

Generating random numbers

The document provides methods for generating random numbers in R, including functions for uniform and normal distributions. It explains how to generate random numbers from a uniform distribution with default and custom ranges, as well as random integers using the sample() function. Additionally, it discusses the rnorm() function for generating random numbers from a normal distribution and emphasizes the importance of setting a seed for reproducibility.

Uploaded by

soloviovalada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generating random numbers

If you just need to generate basic random numbers in R, you can use the following simple
methods:

1. Random Numbers from a Uniform Distribution (Default Range)


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runif(n)

Example: Generate 5 random numbers between 0 and 1:


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runif(5)

2. Random Numbers from a Uniform Distribution (Custom Range)


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runif(n, min, max)

Example: Generate 5 random numbers between 10 and 50:


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runif(5, min = 10, max = 50)

3. Random Integers

Use sample() to generate random integers within a specific range:

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sample(min:max, size, replace = TRUE)

Example: Generate 5 random integers between 1 and 100:


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sample(1:100, 5, replace = TRUE)

4. Repeatable Random Numbers (Set a Seed)


To ensure reproducibility, set a seed before generating random numbers:
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set.seed(42) # Choose any number
runif(5)

Every time you run this code with the same seed, you will get the same random numbers.

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rnorm() is a function in R, commonly used to generate random numbers from a normal


(Gaussian) distribution. It is part of R's base package and does not require any additional
libraries to use.

Syntax
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rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1)

Arguments

● n: The number of random numbers to generate.


● mean: The mean (average) of the normal distribution (default is 0).
● sd: The standard deviation of the normal distribution (default is 1).

Return Value

A numeric vector of length n containing random numbers sampled from the specified normal
distribution.

Example Usage
Generate 10 random numbers from a standard normal distribution (mean = 0, sd = 1):
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rnorm(10)

1.

Generate 5 random numbers from a normal distribution with mean = 5 and sd = 2:


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rnorm(5, mean = 5, sd = 2)

2.

Store the results in a variable:


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random_numbers <- rnorm(100, mean = 50, sd = 10)
summary(random_numbers)

3.

This function is commonly used in statistical simulations and probabilistic modeling.

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Uniform Distribution

● runif(n, min = 0, max = 1): Generates n random numbers from a uniform


distribution between min and max(default: 0 and 1).

Normal Distribution

● rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1): Generates n random numbers from a normal


distribution with specified mean and standard deviation.

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