LESSON 2: Research Paradigm

Research Paradigm

- It is an outline that guides the researcher in

conceptualizing and conducting the research.
● a. Research Foundations - fundamental
Sample Research Questions
components of research
● b. Research Methodology - describes how the
● FACTOR–ISOLATING QUESTIONS
researcher will answer the research question
(Descriptive Research) e.g. How many hours
do employees spend on Facebook per week?
● FACTOR–RELATING QUESTIONS
(Correlational Research) e.g. What is the
significant relationship between the nature and
economic status of the family and the social
status of junior students?
● SITUATION–RELATING QUESTIONS
(Experimental Research) e.g. What are the
effects of the traditional methods of teaching
on the level of performance of ABM students?
● SITUATION–PRODUCING QUESTIONS
Research Problem (Experimental/Non-experimental Research)
e.g. What part of the curriculum should be
● One of the research foundations is to establish enhanced or improved to prepare the senior
and determine the research problem. high school students for workplace?
What is a research problem? It states the area of
concern of the research paper. It sets the direction of
Research Title
the study - in establishing the:
Generally, the title should: summarize the main idea of
● Purpose the paper; be a concise statement of the main topic;
● Research Questions, and include major variable/s; show the relationship of the
● Framework main variables of the study; mention the participants (in
Research Questions in Formulating Research Title general manner) and the setting (if needed).

What are the criteria of a researchable problem? Researchers should be reminded that:
● Using words that serve no useful purposes and
● Solutions are available but not yet tested. can mislead indexers should be avoided.
● General problem when rewritten in statement
● No solutions are available. form can be used as research title. The title must
● When answers/solutions are have 10 to 15 words only.

untested/contradictory with each other. Research Methodology

● A phenomenon requiring an explanation has Another part of the research paradigm is the research
occurred. methodology - describes how the researcher will
answer the research question.
● There are several possible and plausible
explanations for the existence of a condition. How will you process the research methodology?
Through the process of understanding and selecting the:
Conditions in Formulating a Research Problem
● Literature Review
 ● Research Designs
● Data Collection Techniques

TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO

METHOD
Research Designs
QUALITATIVE - Naturalistic method of inquiry of
research which deals with the issue of human complexity
by exploring it directly.
QUANTITATIVE Traditional positivist scientific
method which refers to a general set of orderly,
disciplined procedures to acquire information.

What are the differences between Qualitative and

Quantitative Research Designs?
Terminologies:
● Literature Review - [up-to-date] process of
compiling, summarizing, and synthesizing
studies and literature related to your research.
● Research Designs - plans and the procedures for
research that span the decisions from broad
assumptions to detailed methods of data
collection and analysis.
● Research Data - pieces of information that are
collected during a study.
● Data Collection Techniques - involves
obtaining the necessary information to answer
the posed research question.experimentally
manipulated and with at least one dependent or
outcome variable.
Research Designs and Research Types
Research Designs are plans and the procedures for
research that span the decisions from broad assumptions
to detailed methods of data collection and analysis. We Qualitative Research Designs
have three types of designs (Creswell, 2009):
Case Study
● Qualitative Research
● Quantitative Research - The aim of this study is to identify why creature
● Mixed Methods Research acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular
manner.
- Case studies are a strategy of inquiry in which
the researcher explores in depth a program,
event, activity, process, or one or more
individuals. Cases are bounded by time and
 activity, and researchers collect detailed Historical Study
information using a variety of data collection
procedures over a sustained period of time. - This study is concerned with the identification,
location, evaluation and synthesis of data from
How do cancer survivors look at life? past events. Sources of data come from
documents, relics and artifacts or oral reports.
What are the characteristics of this single case?
What were the forms of Filipino-student activism from
● Purpose: to describe in-depth the experience
Spanish Era to the Contemporary period?
● Method: direct observation and interaction with
subject ● Purpose: to describe and examine events of the
● Analysis: synthesis of experience past to understand the present and anticipate
● Outcomes: in-depth description of the potential future effects
experience ● Method: investigative process
● Analysis: synthesis of all data (accept or reject);
Sample Research Titles:
reconcile conflicting evidence
● A Case Study of the Common Difficulties ● Outcomes: biography, chronology, issue paper
Experienced by High School Students in
Examples of Historical Research:
Chemistry Classroom in Gilgit-Baltistan
(Pakistan) ● A study of the factors leading to the historical
● Managing School Behavior: A Qualitative Case development and growth of cooperative learning
Study ● A study of the effects of the historical decisions
● School Violence: A Qualitative Case Study of the Philippine Supreme Court on Philippine
● Bullying and School Attendance: A Case Study prisons
of Senior High School Students in Ghana ● A study of the evolution of print journalism in
the Philippines through a study of collections of
Ethnography
newspapers
- It literally means “writing about people groups.”
Phenomenological Research
The researcher immerse with the people.
- Ethnography is a strategy of inquiry in which the - This type of research seeks to find the essence
researcher studies an intact cultural group or structure of [human] experiences by
(minorities) in a natural setting over a prolonged explaining how complex meanings are built out
period of time by collecting, primarily, of simple units of inner experiences (about a
observational and interview data. phenomenon as described by participants).
- This involves studying a small number of
What is the migratory adaptations of squatter families in
subjects through extensive and prolonged
Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City?
engagement to develop patterns and
● Purpose: to describe a culture's characteristics relationships of meaning.
● Method: immerse self in culture
What are the common experiences encountered by a
● Analysis: describe characteristics of culture
person with a spouse who is undergoing rehabilitation?
● Outcomes: description of culture
● Purpose: to describe experiences as they are
Examples of Ethnographic Research:
lived and examine the uniqueness of individual's
● A psychological case study with extensive notes lived situations
based on observations of and interviews with ● Method: triangulation (no specific steps to avoid
OFWs limitations)
● A study of primate behavior in the wild ● Analysis: classify and rank data, sense of
measuring the amount of time an animal wholeness, examine experiences beyond human
engaged in a specific behavior awareness
● A multi-case study of children of drug addicts ● Outcomes: describe from subject's point of view,
who excel despite early childhoods in poor identify themes, develop structural explanation
environment
Example of a Phenomenological Research:
 Daly (2005) studied the lived experiences of mothers of those schools The effects of exercising regularly
suicidal adolescents. She contended that, unfortunately, to body fitness
the mother's experience is often the hidden dimension in ● The effects of gender on college course choices
the family. Unstructured interviews were conducted with ● The effects of good family upbringing to good
6 mothers living with suicidal adolescents. Six themes performance in class
were identified: failure as a good mother, the ultimate
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
rejection, feeling alone in the struggle, helplessness, and
powerlessness in the strugle, cautious parenting, and
keeping and emotional distance.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH or SURVEY
Quantitative Research Designs RESEARCH
- describes the current status or existing condition
of an identified variable. Designed to provide
systematic information about a phenomenon.
- It answers the questions, “who, what, when,
where and how” and not the question “why”. It
does not seek to explain why certain things
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS happen. It is an analysis and synthesis of articles
related to the research topic being studied.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Examples of Descriptive Research
- adheres strictly to the procedures of scientific method
which involves manipulation of variables and ● A description of the tobacco use habits of
employment of a treatment or interaction. teenagers
● A description of the kinds of physical activities
● To prove cause – effect relationship among a that typically occur in nursing homes and how
group of variables that make up a study. frequently each occurs
● Independent variable is manipulated to ● A description of how parents feel about K – 12
determine its effect on the dependent variables. curriculum
● Subjects are RANDOMLY assigned to
experimental treatments rather than identified in CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
naturally occurring groups.
- defines the degree of relationship between two
Examples of True-Experimental Research or more variables using statistical data. It seeks
to interpret the relationships between and among
● The effect of counseling and medical treatment a number of facts.
on alcoholism - It distinguishes patterns in some data, but it does
● The effect of positive reinforcement on student’s not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for
attitude to excel in school these observed patterns. The variables are not
● The effect of a terror Math teacher on student’s manipulated.
attitude about attending Math classes under that
teacher Examples of Correlational Research

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ● The relationship between successful career and

educational attainment
- an independent variable is identified but not ● The relationship between high grades and having
manipulated. The effects of the independent on tutors
the dependent variable are measured. ● The relationship between smoking and
- The researcher does not randomly assign groups tuberculosis
but rather use those that are naturally formed or
pre – existing ones. DataCollection Techniques/Data Collection Procedures

Examples of Quasi-Experimental Research Before the researcher administer the research

instrument/s (e.g. questionnaires), he should ensure
● The effect of studying in Catholic schools on the its validity and reliability.
moral value system of those who graduate from
● Collecting data is regarded as the most important
step in the research process because it involves
obtaining the necessary information to answer
the posed research question.

● Data collection techniques – conducting

surveys, checklists, interviews and/or
observations, demographics, documents and
related literature and, test and experiments.