The hydrological cycle includes processes such as evaporation, where water turns into vapor; transpiration, where water

absorbed
by plants evaporates; condensation, where vapor cools and forms clouds; precipitation, where water returns as rain or snow;
infiltration, where water soaks into the ground; and runoff, where water flows over land into rivers. Factors affecting a drainage
regime include climatic factors like rainfall patterns and temperature variations, physical factors such as geology, topography, and
vegetation cover, and human factors including urbanization, land use changes, and deforestation. Understanding river graphs
involves hydrographs that show discharge over time, peak rainfall, lag time between peak rainfall and peak discharge, and rising
and falling limbs indicating rates of increase and decrease in discharge. Case studies focus on channel shape, which influences flow
and erosion; valley profile, which is V-shaped in the upper course and wider and flatter in the lower course; velocity, which varies
with channel shape, slope, and roughness; and discharge, which is the volume of water flowing per second and increases
downstream. River landforms include V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, and gorges in the upper course; meanders and ox-bow lakes in
the middle course; and floodplains and deltas in the lower course. Uses of water encompass domestic uses like drinking and
sanitation, agricultural irrigation, industrial manufacturing processes, and recreational activities such as fishing and boating.
Reasons for variation in water quality stem from pollution sources like agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and sewage, with
monitoring assessing pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen levels. Flooding causes include heavy rainfall, snowmelt, and urbanization
leading to impervious surfaces, with flood management strategies ranging from soft engineering, like afforestation and wetland
restoration, to hard engineering, such as dams, levees, and flood relief channels. Fieldwork investigating rivers involves defining the
aim of the investigation, describing the methodology for data collection and analysis, identifying objectives, developing hypotheses,
selecting locations, identifying hazards, and outlining mitigation strategies. Sampling techniques include systematic sampling at
regular intervals, random sampling at randomly selected sites, and stratified sampling based on specific characteristics. Research
methods in physical geography consist of primary data collection through direct measurements and secondary data collection using
existing data from studies, maps, and reports. Qualitative methods involve descriptive observations and interviews, while
quantitative methods gather numerical data. Data analysis includes calculating averages, interquartile ranges to assess variability,
and percentage change to determine changes in river characteristics over distance. Data presentation involves using graphs and
charts to visualize data and creating thematic maps to illustrate findings. Evaluating data accuracy and reliability includes method
evaluation, bias consideration, and reliability assessment. Economic activity is classified into primary sectors involving extraction of
natural resources, secondary sectors involving manufacturing and processing, and tertiary sectors involving services. Reasons for
differences in employment relate to economic development levels, location factors, and the Clark-Fisher Model illustrating the
transition of economies from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors as they develop. Factors affecting employment in economic
sectors include economic changes, technological advances, and government policies. Case studies highlight economic sector shifts
in developing countries, which often see growth in primary sector jobs, emerging economies experiencing a rise in manufacturing,
and developed countries with a dominant tertiary sector. Energy demand and production are influenced by factors such as
population growth, urbanization, and technological advancements. Resources and energy types include renewable resources like
solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass, which offer advantages like sustainability and lower environmental impact but face
disadvantages such as intermittency and higher initial costs, alongside non-renewable resources like coal, natural gas, and oil,
which provide high energy output but have finite supplies and environmental degradation. Urban environments reflect trends in
urbanization over the last 50 years, with significant increases in urban populations, particularly in developing nations;
suburbanization, where populations move to outskirts for larger living spaces; and counter-urbanization, where individuals move
from urban areas to rural regions due to cost of living and lifestyle changes. Factors affecting urbanization rates include economic
opportunities, industrialization, migration, and government policies. The emergence of megacities, defined as urban areas with
populations exceeding 10 million, presents challenges such as overcrowding, environmental degradation, social issues, and
infrastructure challenges. Key issues in urban environments encompass congestion, transport, employment, crime, and
environmental issues like pollution and waste management. Factors affecting urban land use patterns include local needs,
accessibility, and land values. Case studies address challenges in developed countries focusing on food, energy, transport, waste
disposal, and resource consumption, as well as issues in developing/emerging countries like squatter settlements, informal
economies, and urban pollution. Urban fringe development strategies emphasize sustainable urban living and improving quality of
life through better waste management, transport, education, health, and housing, involving stakeholders like politicians, property
developers, and industrialists in urban management. Investigating urban environments requires fieldwork essentials including site
identification, risk assessment, and data collection methods that involve quantitative surveys and qualitative open-ended
questionnaires. Data collection techniques utilize systematic, random, and stratified sampling methods, while data analysis involves
calculating metrics like mean, average, range, and mode. Data presentation includes visualization through charts and graphs.
Responses to global warming and climate change vary between developed and developing countries, with individuals in developed
countries adopting renewable energy sources and participating in recycling, while organizations invest in carbon-neutral
technologies and governments implement policies to reduce carbon emissions. In emerging/developing countries, individuals
engage in local community initiatives for tree planting, with NGOs working on climate adaptation strategies and governments
promoting national policies aimed at increasing renewable energy production. Evaluating fragile environments and climate change
involves understanding causes of desertification, including natural factors like drought and human activities such as overgrazing and
agricultural expansion. Environmental issues like water scarcity and deforestation are addressed through technology and
conservation practices, while environmental impacts include loss of biodiversity and economic consequences like decreased
agricultural productivity. Approaches to climate change include regional assessments of climate risks and adaptation strategies for
disaster risk management. Effects of climate change on fragile environments encompass health challenges and environmental
challenges such as rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns affecting livelihoods.
(a) Describe TWO features of the influence of Rasputin. (6)One significant feature of Rasputin's influence was his close relationship
with the Romanov family, particularly with Tsarina Alexandra. Rasputin was seen as a mystical healer who could alleviate the
suffering of Alexei, the heir to the throne, who suffered from hemophilia. His ability to seemingly stop Alexei's bleeding during crises
earned him the trust and reliance of the Tsarina, which allowed him to gain considerable influence over the royal family and their
decisions.Another feature of Rasputin's influence was his controversial role in Russian politics. As Rasputin's power grew, he began
to interfere in political appointments and decisions, leading to significant public resentment. Many government officials, military
leaders, and ordinary citizens viewed him as a negative influence, attributing Russia's failures in World War I and the country’s
worsening social conditions to his meddling. This perception contributed to the decline of the Romanov dynasty's credibility and
fueled revolutionary sentiments against the monarchy.(b) How far does Source A support the evidence of Source B about the
reasons for the Kornilov Revolt? (8)Source A, from General Kornilov's appeal, emphasizes his belief that the Provisional
Government was failing Russia and that he needed to act to save the country from the Germans. Kornilov positions himself as a
patriotic leader willing to restore order and lead Russia to victory. This suggests that he viewed his actions as necessary for national
security and framed them positively to gain public support.In contrast, Source B, from Alexander Kerensky's memoirs, portrays
Kornilov's intentions as a betrayal of trust. Kerensky claims that Kornilov intended to use military force to overthrow the Provisional
Government and establish a dictatorship, which indicates a more sinister motive behind the revolt. Kerensky's account highlights the
internal conflicts within the leadership and suggests that Kornilov was influenced by powerful elites who sought to reverse the
February Revolution.Overall, Source A supports Source B to a certain extent by revealing Kornilov’s patriotic rhetoric, but it
downplays the conspiratorial elements described by Kerensky. While Source A presents Kornilov's actions as a response to the
government's weaknesses, Source B provides a clearer understanding of the political maneuvering and ambitions involved,
suggesting that the revolt was not merely a reaction to external pressures but also driven by Kornilov's desire for power.(c) How far
do you agree with the interpretation that the main reason for the overthrow of the Provisional Government was the actions of the
Bolsheviks? (16)Extract C argues that the overthrow of the Provisional Government was primarily due to the actions of the
Bolsheviks, who were determined and ruthless in their pursuit of power. This interpretation highlights the significant impact of the
Bolsheviks’ organized efforts, including their ability to mobilize support among workers and soldiers, and their effective propaganda.
The Bolsheviks capitalized on the Provisional Government's weaknesses, particularly its decision to continue fighting in World War I,
which was deeply unpopular among the populace.Sources A and B also provide context for the political instability that contributed to
the Bolshevik rise. Kornilov's revolt demonstrated the fragility of the Provisional Government and showcased its inability to maintain
order or command loyalty from military leaders. This chaos created an environment where the Bolsheviks could present themselves
as the viable alternative, appealing to the disillusioned public by promising peace, land, and bread.While I agree that the actions of
the Bolsheviks were crucial to the overthrow of the Provisional Government, it is important to consider other factors at play. The
Provisional Government's inherent weaknesses, such as its lack of legitimacy, failure to address key issues like land reform, and the
ongoing impact of World War I, created a backdrop that facilitated the Bolshevik takeover. The Kornilov Revolt, as described in
Source B, also highlighted the internal divisions and lack of support for the Provisional Government, which weakened its position
further.In conclusion, while the Bolsheviks' actions were a primary factor in the overthrow of the Provisional Government, the
broader context of political instability and dissatisfaction with the government’s policies played a significant role. Therefore, I partially
agree with Extract C’s interpretation, recognizing that the Bolsheviks were key players but not the sole reason for the Provisional
Government's downfall.

(a) Describe TWO features of the closure of the Constituent Assembly. (6 marks)One significant feature of the closure of the
Constituent Assembly was the Bolsheviks' determination to consolidate power. The Assembly was convened in January 1918,
following the October Revolution, but was swiftly dissolved by the Bolshevik government. The Bolsheviks believed that the
Assembly represented a threat to their authority and viewed its democratic mandate as counter to their revolutionary ideals. They
were particularly alarmed by the Assembly's support for the Social Revolutionary Party, which had won a majority. Therefore, the
closure of the Constituent Assembly demonstrated the Bolsheviks' commitment to maintaining control and suppressing any
opposition.Another feature of the closure was the reaction it provoked among the Russian populace. The abrupt dissolution led to
widespread protests and dissatisfaction among various political factions and the general public. Many citizens perceived the closure
as a betrayal of democratic principles, as the Assembly was expected to establish a new government reflecting the people's will.
This discontent contributed to further political unrest and opposition to Bolshevik rule. Consequently, the closure of the Constituent
Assembly not only highlighted Bolshevik authoritarianism but also fueled resentment and resistance among the populace.(b) How
far does Source A support the evidence of Source B about the situation in Russia in 1916? (8 marks)Source A, a description of
conditions in Petrograd during the summer of 1916, emphasizes the exhaustion of the Russian people due to the ongoing war and
the mistakes of their leaders. It highlights the scarcity of food, with long queues outside bread shops, and the growing discontent
regarding Rasputin’s increasing power. This source suggests a climate of frustration and distrust towards the government,
particularly towards Tsarina Alexandra, who was suspected of treachery.In contrast, Source B, a report from the secret police,
portrays a more severe situation, indicating that public opposition to the government was greater than it had been during the 1905
Revolution. It notes that despite wage increases, living conditions were deteriorating, and food shortages were exacerbating unrest
among workers. The emphasis on disease caused by hunger and the frustration of standing in queues reflects a deeper societal
crisis.Overall, Source A supports the evidence of Source B to a significant extent. Both sources depict widespread discontent and
highlight the challenges faced by the Russian populace in 1916. However, while Source A focuses on individual experiences and
perceptions, Source B provides a broader analysis of social conditions and unrest. Together, they illustrate the growing
dissatisfaction with the government and the brewing unrest that would eventually contribute to the revolutionary movements in 1917.
(c) How far do you agree with the interpretation that the main cause of Nicholas II’s abdication was his own mistakes? (16
marks)Extract C argues that the main cause of Nicholas II’s abdication was his own mistakes, particularly his decision to take direct
command of the Russian army in 1915. This decision led to him being blamed for every military failure, significantly damaging his
reputation and authority. With Nicholas away at the front, Tsarina Alexandra took a more active role in government, which further
fueled discontent among the populace, especially due to her association with Rasputin.Sources A and B provide additional context
for the situation in Russia leading to the abdication. Source A highlights the growing anger among the Russian people due to food
shortages and the increasing power of Rasputin, which contributed to a lack of confidence in the monarchy. Source B illustrates the
severe conditions in Petrograd, where discontent was rising and the government faced greater opposition than during previous
crises.While I agree that Nicholas II's mistakes played a significant role in his abdication, it is essential to consider other contributing
factors. The broader context of World War I, including the immense strain it placed on Russia and the army, cannot be overlooked.
Additionally, the political landscape was shifting, with various factions, including the Bolsheviks and Social Revolutionaries, gaining
support and advocating for change. The unrest and dissatisfaction were not solely the result of Nicholas's actions but also stemmed
from the failures of the Provisional Government and the socio-economic pressures facing the country.In conclusion, while Nicholas
II's personal mistakes were a primary factor in his abdication, they occurred within a complex environment of political unrest and
social upheaval. Therefore, I partially agree with Extract C’s interpretation, recognizing that while Nicholas's decisions contributed to
his downfall, they were not the only cause of the abdication.