CLL231: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical

Engineers

Somnath Ghosh
[email protected]

Video: https://www.youtube.com/
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Fluids in motion: description
Two ways to look at fluid motion.
a) Kinetics and b) kinematic
Kinetics: Study of the forces and torques that cause or change
motion.
Kinematics: Study of motion without considering the forces that
cause the motion
Two approaches or methods for kinematics of fluid motion.
a) Lagrangian method and b) Eulerian method
Lagrangian: described by following individual fluid particles.
Eulerian : described by focusing on a fixed point in space.
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Fluids in motion: description

B. R. Munson et. al., 6th Edition, Wiley-India (2010)

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Fluids in motion
ഥ (𝒕) = 𝑽
𝑽 ഥ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕 at any time ‘t’
Lagrangian Eulerian
In the limit of dt→0
ഥ (𝒕) = 𝒅𝑽
𝒅𝑽 ഥ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕
ഥ
𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽ഥ ഥ
𝝏𝑽 ഥ
𝝏𝑽
= 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒅𝒕
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
Dividing both side with ‘dt’,
ഥ 𝝏𝑽
𝒅𝑽 ഥ ഥ
𝝏𝑽 ഥ
𝝏𝑽 ഥ (General relation between
𝝏𝑽
= +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 Lagrangian and Eulerian )
Material /total/substantial/convective derivative 4
Fluids in motion
ഥ 𝝏𝑽
𝑫𝑽 ഥ Total rate of change of velocity of a fluid element
= ഥ . 𝛁)𝑽
+ (𝑽 ഥ
𝑫𝒕 𝝏𝒕 Time rate of change of velocity
rate of change of velocity in space
Different concepts in fluid motion: a) steady and unsteady flow b)
uniform and non-uniform flow
Fluid flow could be any combination of these flow types.
Steady and uniform: 𝑽ഥ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Unsteady and uniform: 𝑽 ഥ = 𝑽(𝒕)
Steady and non-uniform: 𝑽 ഥ = 𝑽(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)
Unteady and non-uniform: 𝑽 ഥ = 𝑽(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
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Acceleration
If there is a change in velocity, acceleration/deceleration occurs.
Fluid might have acceleration even at steady state.
Acceleration happens due to the rate of change in velocity
component or due to the change in position or due to both the
effects.
In case of steady and uniform flow, there will be no acceleration.
In kinematics, we can mathematically compute acceleration similar
like the derivation of material derivative expression.
Based on Eulerian concept, we describe the acceleration field as a
function of position and time without following any particle.
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Acceleration
෡
ഥ 𝒓ത , 𝒕 = 𝒖𝒊Ƹ + 𝒗𝒋Ƹ + 𝒘𝒌
𝑽
𝒖 = 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
𝟐 𝒗 = 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
𝒛 𝟏 𝒘 = 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕)
𝒓ത + 𝒅ത𝒓
𝒓ത
Due to the change in position in
time dt, each velocity component
𝒙 𝒚 will change in the respective
directions.

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Acceleration
u-component at point 2:
𝒖 + 𝒅𝒖
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
=𝒖+ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒅𝐭
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
𝒅𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒖
= + + +
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝒅𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
For dt→0, 𝒂𝒙 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
similarly, 𝒂𝒚 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝒂𝒛 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 8
Acceleration
𝒅𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝒂𝒙 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
𝒂𝒚 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝒂𝒛 = = +𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Acceleration depends on time→ local acceleration
Acceleration depends on position→ convective acceleration
total acceleration=temporal acceleration + convective acceleration
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Acceleration

Flow type Local component Convective component

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